Geographical etymology. A dictionary of place-names giving their derivations

to

of

tt of Toronto

by
THE
ONTARIO ARCHIVES

DICTIONARY OF PLACE-NAMES

:AL ETYMOLOGY

A DICTIONARY

OF

PLACE-NAMES

GIVING THEIR DERIVATIONS

BY C BLACK IE

WITH AN INTRODUCTION

BY JOHN STUART BLACKIE

PROFESSOR OF GREEK IN THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH

THIRD EDITION, REVISED

522274

/>. 5 SI

LONDON

JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET
1887

PREFACE

THE Introduction, by which the present work is ushered
into public notice, renders any lengthened Preface on
my part quite unnecessary. Yet I wish to say a few
words with regard to the design and plan of this little
volume.

The subject, though no doubt possessing a peculiar
interest to the general reader, and especially to tourists
in these travelling days, falls naturally under the head
of historical and geographical instruction in schools ;
and for such use the book is, in the first place, specially
intended.

When I was myself one of a class in this city where
Geography and History were taught, no information
connected with etymology was imparted to us. We
learned, with more or less trouble and edification, the
names of countries, towns, etc., by rote ; but our teacher
did not ask us who gave the names to these places,
nor were we expected to inquire or to know if there
was any connection between their names and their

VI PREFACE

histories. Things are changed now ; and I believe
the first stimulus to an awakening interest in Geo-
graphical Etymology was given by the publication of
the Rev. Isaac Taylor's popular work, Words and
Places. About ten years ago, I found that the best
teachers in the English schools of Edinburgh did ask
questions on this subject, and I discovered, at the same
time, that a book specially bearing upon it was a
desideratum in school literature. As no one better
qualified came forward, I was induced to make the
attempt ; and I hope the following pages, the result of
much research and in the face of no small discourage-
ment, may prove useful to teachers, as well as to their
pupils.

The Index at the end of the volume, although it
contains many names not included in the body of the
work, does by no means include all that I have given
there. This did not seem necessary, because, the root
words being alphabetically arranged, an intelligent
teacher or pupil will easily find the key to the explana-
tion of any special name by referring to the head under
which it is naturally classed. I must, however, premise
that, with regard to names derived from the Celtic
languages, the root word is generally placed at the
beginning of the name that is, if it contain more than
one syllable. This is the case with such vocables as
pen, ben, dun, Us, rath, strath, etc.; e.g. Lismore, Ben-
more, Dungarvan, Strath-Allan. On the other hand,

PREFACE Vll

in names derived from the Teutonic or Scandinavian
languages, the root word comes last, as will be found
with regard to ton, dale, burg, berg, stadt, dorf, ford,
etc.

The index, therefore, may be expected to include
principally such names as, either through corruption or
abbreviation, have materially changed their form, such
as are formed from the simple root, like Fiirth, Ennis,
Delft, or such as contain more than one, as in Portrush,
it being uncertain under which head I may have placed
such names. Along with the root words, called by the
Germans Grundwb'rter, I have given a number of
defining words (Be stimmnngsw drier} such adjectives
as express variety in colour, form, size, etc.

It is to be regretted that many names have neces-
sarily been omitted from ignorance or uncertainty with
regard to their derivation. This is the case, unfortu-
nately, with several well-known and important towns
Glasgow, Berlin, Berne, Madrid, Paisley, etc. With
regard to these and many others, I shall be glad to
receive reliable information.

And now it only remains for me to express my
obligations to the gentlemen who have kindly assisted
me in this work, premising that, in the departments
which they have revised, the credit of success is due
mainly to them ; while I reserve to myself any blame
which may be deservedly attached to failures or omis-
sions. The Celtic portion of my proof-sheets has been

Vlll PREFACE

revised by Dr. Skene, the well-known Celtic scholar of
this city, and by Dr. Joyce, author of Irish Names of
Places. I have also to thank the Rev. Isaac Taylor,
author of Words and Places, for the help and encour-
agement which he has given me from time to time ;
and Mr. Paterson, author of the Magyars, for valuable
information which I received from him regarding the
topography of Hungary. I appreciate the assistance
given me by these gentlemen the more, that it did not
proceed from personal friendship, as I was an entire
stranger to all of them. It was the kindness and
courtesy of the stronger and more learned to one weaker
and less gifted than themselves ; and I beg they may
receive my grateful thanks, along with the little volume
which has been so much their debtor.

C. B.

EDINBURGH, July 1887.

INTRODUCTION

AMONG the branches of human speculation that, in
recent times, have walked out of the misty realm of
conjecture into the firm land of science, and from the
silent chamber of the student into the breezy fields
of public life, there are few more interesting than
Etymology. For as words are the common counters,
or coins rather, with which we mark our points in
all the business and all the sport of life, any man
whose curiosity has not been blunted by familiarity,
will naturally find a pleasure in understanding what
the image and superscription on these markers mean ;
and amongst words there are none that so powerfully
stimulate this curiosity as the names of persons and
places. About these the intelligent interest of young
persons is often prominently manifested ; and it is a
sad thing when parents or teachers, who should be in
a position to gratify this interest, are obliged to waive
an eager intelligence aside, and by repeated negations
to repel the curiosity which they ought to have en-
couraged. Geography indeed, a subject full of interest

b

INTRODUCTION

to the young mind, has too often been taught in such a
way as neither to delight the imagination with vivid
pictures, nor to stimulate inquiry by a frequent reference
to the history of names ; and this is an evil which, if
found to a certain extent in all countries, is particularly
rank in Great Britain, where the language of the country
is composed of fragments of half a dozen languages,
which only the learned understand, and which, to the
ear of the many, have no more significance than if they
were Hebrew or Coptic. The composite structure of
our English speech, in fact, tends to conceal from us
the natural organism of language ; so that in our case,
it requires a special training to make us fully aware of
the great truth announced by Home Tooke, that " in
language there is nothing arbitrary." Nevertheless, the
curiosity about the meaning of words, though seldom
cherished, is not easily extinguished ; and, in this age of
locomotion, there are few scraps of information more
grateful to the intelligent tourist than those which
relate to the significance of topographical names.
When, for instance, the London holiday-maker, in his
trip to the West Highlands, setting foot in one of Mr.
Hutchinson's steamboats at Oban, on his way to the
historic horrors of Glencoe, finds on his larboard side a
long, low island, green and treeless, called Lismore, he
will be pleased, no doubt, at first by simply hearing so
euphonious a word in a language that he had been
taught to believe was harsh and barbarous, but will be
transported into an altogether different region of intel-

INTRODUCTION xi

ligent delight when he is made to understand that this
island is wholly composed of a vein of limestone, found
only here in the midst of a wide granitic region skirted
with trap ; that, by virtue of this limestone, the island,
though treeless, is more fertile than the surrounding
districts ; and that for this reason it has received the
Celtic designation of Liosmor, or the great garden.
Connected with this etymology, not only is the topo-
graphical name made to speak reasonably to a reason-
able being, but it contains in its bosom a geological
fact, and an ceconomical issue, bound together by a
bond of association the most natural and the most
permanent. The pleasant nature of the intelligence
thus awakened leads us naturally to lament that, except
to those who are born in Celtic districts and speak the
Celtic language, the significance of so many of our most
common topographical names in the most interesting
districts is practically lost ; and it deserves consideration
whether, in our English and classical schools, so much
at least of the original speech of the country should
not be taught as would enable the intelligent student
to know the meaning of the local names, to whose
parrot-like repetition he must otherwise be condemned.
Some of the Celtic words habitually used in the
designation of places such as Ben, Glen, Strath, and
Loch have been incorporated into the common English
tongue ; and the addition to this stock is not very large,
which would enable an intelligent traveller to hang the
points of his picturesque tour on a philological peg that

xii INTRODUCTION

would most materially insure both their distinctness and
their permanence. Nay, more ; the germ of apprecia-
tion thus begotten might lead a sympathetic nature
easily into some more serious occupation with the old
language of our country ; and this might lead to a
discovery full of pleasant surprise, that in the domain
of words, as of physical growth, the brown moors, when
examined, often produce flowers of the most choice
beauty with which the flush of the most cultivated
gardens cannot compete, and that a venerable branch
of the old Indo-European family of languages, generally
ignored as rude and unlettered, is rich in a popular
poetry, as fervid in passion, and as healthy in hue, as
anything that Homer or Hesiod ever sang.

In the realm of etymology, as everybody now knows,
before Bopp and Grimm, and other great scholars, laid
the sure foundation of comparative philology on the prin-
ciples of a philosophy, as all true philosophy is, at once
inductive and deductive, the license of conjecture played
a mad part a part, it is only too evident, not yet fully
played out and specially raised such a glamour of
illusion about topographical etymology, that the theme
became disgusting to all sober-minded thinkers, or
ludicrous, as the humour might be. We must, there-
fore, approach this subject with a more than common
degree of caution, anxious rather to be instructed in
what is solid, than to be amazed with what is ingenious.
It shall be our endeavour to proceed step by step in
this matter patiently, as with the knowledge that our

INTRODUCTION Xlll

foot is on the brink of boggy ground, starting from
obvious principles given by the constitution of the
human mind, and confirmed by a large induction of
unquestioned facts.

The most natural and obvious reason for naming a
place so-and-so would be to express the nature of the
situation by its most striking features, with the double
view of impressing its character on the memory, and
conveying to persons who had not seen it an idea of
its peculiarity ; i.e. the most obvious and natural
topographical names are such as contain condensed
descriptions or rude verbal pictures of the object. Thus
the notion of the highest mountain in a district may
be broadly conveyed by simply calling it the big mount,
or, according to the order of words current in the
Celtic languages, mount big ; which is exactly what
we find in BENMORE, from mor, big, the name of
several of the highest mountains in the Highlands of
Scotland, specially of one in the south of Perthshire,
near Killin, of another in Mull, the highest trap moun-
tain in Scotland, and a third in Assynt. Again, to
mark the very prominent feature of mountains elevated
considerably above the normal height, that they are
covered with snow all the year round, we find LEBANON,
in the north of Palestine, named from the Hebrew
leban, white ; MONT BLANC, in Switzerland, in the
same way from an old Teutonic word signifying the
same thing, which found its way into Italian and the
other Romanesque languages, fairly ousting the Latin

xiv INTRODUCTION

albus ; OLYMPUS, from the Greek \dfji7r o/j,ai, to shine ;
the SCHNEEKOPPE, in Silesia, from schnee, snow, and
koppe, what we call kip in the Lowland topography of
Scotland, Le. a pointed hill, the same radically as the
Latin caput, the head. In the same fashion one of
the modern names of the ancient Mount Hermon is
Jebel-eth-TJielj, the snowy mountain, just as the Hima-
layas receive their names from the Sanscrit haima =
Greek %et/ta, winter.

The most obvious characteristic of any place, whether
mountain or plain or valley, would be its shape and
size, its relative situation high or low, behind or in the
front, its colour, the kind of rock or soil of which it is
composed, the climate which it enjoys, the vegetation
in which it abounds, and the animals by which it is
frequented. Let us take a few familiar examples of
each of these cases ; and, if we deal more largely in
illustrations from the Scottish Highlands than from
other parts of the world, it is for three sufficient reasons
because these regions are annually visited by the
greatest number of tourists ; because, from the general
neglect of the Celtic languages, they stand most in need
of interpretation ; and because they are most familiar
not from book -knowledge only, but by actual in-
spection to the present writer. In the matter of size,
the tourist will find at GLENELG (from sealg, to hunt),
in Inverness-shire, opposite Skye, where there are two
well-preserved circular forts, the twin designations of
GLENMORE and GLENBEG ; that is, Glenbig and Glen-

INTRODUCTION xv

little a contrast constantly occurring in the Highlands ;
the word beag, pronounced vulgarly in Argyleshire peek,
signifying little, evidently the same as piic in the Greek
pi/epos. As to relative situation, the root ard, in Latin
arduus, frequently occurs ; not, however, to express
any very high mountain, but either a bluff fronting the
sea, as in ARDNAMORCHUAN (the rise of the great
ocean, cuan, perhaps from w/ceai/o?), or more frequently
a slight elevation on the shore of a lake, what they
call in England a rise, as in ARDLUI, near the head
of Loch Lomond, ARDVOIRLICH, and many others.
The word lui, Gaelic laogh the gh being silent, as in
the English sigh signifies a calf or a fawn, and gives
name to the lofty mountain which the tourist sees on
his right hand as he winds up where the railway is
now being constructed from Dalmally to Tyndrum.
Another frequent root to mark relative situation is CUL,
behind, Latin culus, French cul, a word which gives
name to a whole parish in Aberdeenshire, to the
famous historical site of Culross, the reputed birthplace
of St. Kentigern, and many others. This word means
simply behind tJie headland, as does also CULCHENZIE
(from ceann, the head), at the entrance to Loch Leven
and Glencoe, which the tourist looks on with interest,
as for two years the summer residence of the noble-
minded Celtic evangelist Dr. Norman Macleod. But
the most common root, marking relative situation, which
the wanderer through Celtic countries encounters is
inver, meaning below, or the bottom of a stream, of

xvi INTRODUCTION

which aber is only a syncopated form, a variation
which, small as it appears, has given rise to large con-
troversy and no small shedding of ink among bellicose
antiquarians. For it required only a superficial glance
to observe that while Abers are scattered freely over
Wales, they appear scantly in Scotland, and there with
special prevalence only in the east and south-east of
the Grampians as in ABERDEEN, ABERDOUR, ABER-
LEMNO in Fife, and others. On this the eager genius
of archaeological discovery, ever ready to poise a
pyramid on its apex, forthwith raised the theory, that
the district of Scotland where the Abers prevailed had
been originally peopled by Celts of the Cymric or
Welsh type, while the region of Invers marked out the
ancient seats of the pure Caledonian Celts. But this
theory, which gave great offence to some fervid High-
landers, so far as it stood on this argument, fell to the
ground the moment that some more cool observer put
his finger on half a dozen or a whole dozen of Invers,
in perfect agreement hobnobbing with the Abers, not far
south of Aberdeen ; while, on the other hand, a zealous
Highland colonel, now departed to a more peaceful
sphere, pointed out several Abers straggling far west
and north-west into the region of the Caledonian Canal
and beyond it. But these slippery points are wisely
avoided ; and there can be no doubt, on the general
principle, that relative situation has everywhere played a
prominent part in the terminology of districts. North-
umberland and Sutherland, and Cape DEAS or Cape

INTRODUCTION xvil

South, in Cantire, are familiar illustrations of this
principle of nomenclature. In such cases the name,
of course, always indicates by what parties it was
imposed ; Sutherland, or Southern-land, having received
this appellation from the Orkney men, who lived to the
north of the Pentland Firth.

The next element that claims mention is Colour.
In this domain the most striking contrasts are black
and white. In ancient Greece, a common name for
rivers was MELAS, or Black-water ; one of which, that
which flows into the Malaic Gulf, has translated itself
into modern Greek as MAURO-NERO, pavpo in the
popular dialect having supplanted the classical /zeXa? ;
and vepo, as old, no doubt, as Nereus and the Nereids,
having come into its pre-Homeric rights and driven out
the usurping vScop. In the Scottish Highlands, dubh,
black or dark, plays, as might be expected, a great
figure in topographical nomenclature ; of this let BEN-
MUIC DUBH, or the mount of the black sow, familiar to
many a Braemar deer-stalker, serve as an example ;
while CAIRNGORM, the cradle of many a golden-gleaming
gem, stands with its dark blue (gorwi) cap immediately
opposite, and recalls to the classical fancy its etymo-
logical congeners in the CYANEAN rocks, so famous
in early Greek fable. Of the contrasted epithet white,
LEUCADIA (Xeu #09), where the poetess Sappho is famed
to have made her erotic leap, is a familiar example.
In the Highlands, ban (fair), or geal (white), is much
less familiar in topographical nomenclature than dubh ;

XVlll INTRODUCTION

BuiDHE, on the other hand (yellow), corresponding to
the %av06s of the Greeks, is extremely common, as in
LOCHBUIE at the south-east corner of Mull, one of the
few 'remaining scattered links of the possessions of the
Macleans, once so mighty and latterly so foolish, in
those parts. Among other colours, glas (gray) is very
common ; so is dearg (red), from the colour of the
rock, as in one of those splendid peaks that shoot up
behind the slate quarries at the west end of Glencoe.
Breac, also (spotted or brindled), is by no means un-
common, as in BEN VRACKIE, prominent behind Pit-
lochrie, in Perthshire, in which word the initial b has
been softened into a v by the law of aspiration peculiar
to the Celtic languages.

There remain the two points of climate and vegeta-
tion, of which a few examples will suffice. In Sicily,
the town of SELINUS, whose magnificence remains pre-
served in indelible traces upon the soil, took its name
from the wild parsley, cre\ivov, which grew plentifully
on the ground, and which appears on the coins of the
city. In the Scottish Highlands, no local name is more
common than that which is familiarly known as the
designation of one of the most genuine of the old Celtic
chiefs, the head of the clan Macpherson we mean the
word CLUNY (Gaelic cluain ; possibly only a variety of
grun, green), which signifies simply a green meadow, a
vision often very delightful to a pedestrian after a long
day's tramp across brown brae and gray fell in those
parts. The abundance of oak in ancient Celtic regions,

INTRODUCTION xix

where it is not so common now, is indicated by the
frequency of the termination darach (from which DERRY,
in Ireland, is corrupted ; Greek Spvs and Sopv), as in
the designation of one of the Campbells in Argyle,
AUCHIN-DARROCH, i.e. oak-field. The pine, giubhas,
appears in KlNGUSSiE, pine-end, in the midst of that
breezy open space which spreads out to the north-west
of the Braemar Grampians. In BEITH and AULTBEA
(birch-brook) we have death, Latin betula, a birch-tree ;
elm and ash are rare ; heather, fraoch, especially in the
designation of islands, as ElLEANFRAOCH, in Loch Awe,
and another in the Sound of Kerrera, close by Oban.
Of climate we find traces in AuCHNASHEEN (sian), on
the open blasty road between Dingwall and Janetown,
signifying the field of wind and rain ; in MEALFOUR-
VONIE, the broad hill of the frosty moor, composed of
the three roots maol (broad and bald), fuar (cold), and
mhonaid (upland) ; in BALFOUR (cold town), and in the
remarkable mountain in Assynt called CANISP, which
appears to be a corruption of Ceann-uisge, or Rainy-
head.

Lastly, of animals : madadh, a fox, appears in
LOCHMADDY and ARDMADDY; coin, of a dog, in ACHNA-
CHOIN, or Dog's-field, one of the three bloody spots
that mark the butchery of the false Campbell in Glen-
coe ; and, throwing our glance back two thousand
years, in CYNOSCEPHAI^E, or the Dog's-head, in Thes-
saly, where the sturdy Macedonian power at last bowed
in submission before the proud swoop of the Roman

xx INTRODUCTION

eagles ; the familiar cow (baa, Lat. bos] gives its name
to that fair loch, which sleeps so quietly in the bosom
of beautiful Mull ; while the goat, famous also in the sad
history of Athenian decline at AlGOSPOTAMi, or the
Goat's-river, gives its name to the steepy heights ot
ARDGOUR (from gobhar, Lat caper), a fragment of the
old inheritance of the Macleans, which rise up before
the traveller so majestically as he steams northward
from Ballachulish to Fort William and Banavie.

In a country composed almost entirely of mountain
ridges, with intervening hollows of various kinds, it
is only natural that the variety in the scenery, produced
by the various slopes and aspects of the elevated
ground, should give rise to a descriptive nomenclature
of corresponding variety. This is especially remarkable
in Gaelic ; and the tourist in the Scottish Highlands
will not travel far without meeting, in addition to the
Ben and Ard already mentioned, the following specific
designations :

Drum a ridge.

Scour a jagged ridge or peak.

Cruach a conical mountain.

Mam a slowly rising hill.

Maol a broad, flat, bald mountain.

Monagh an upland moor.

Tulloch or Tilly -a little hill, a knoll.

Tom a hillock, a mound.

Tor a hillock, a mound.

Bruach a steep slope (Scotch brae).

Craig crag, cliff.

Cairn a heap of stones.

INTRODUCTION xxi

Lairg a broad, low slope.

Letter the side of a hill near the water.

Croit a hump.

Clack a stone.

Lech a flagstone.

In the Lowlands, pen, law, fell, brce, hope, rise, edge,
indicate similar varieties. Among these pen, as dis-
tinguished from the northern ben, evidently points to a
Welsh original. Hope is a curious word, which a
south-country gentleman once defined to me as " the
point of the low land mounting the hill whence the
top can be seen." Of course, if this be true, it means
an elevation not very far removed from the level ground,
because, as every hill-climber knows, the top of a huge
eminence ceases to be visible the moment you get
beyond what the Greeks call the "fore -feet" of the
mountain.

In the designation of the intervening hollows, or
low land, the variety of expression is naturally less
striking. Glen serves for almost all varieties of a
narrow Highland valley. A very narrow rent or
fissured gorge is called a glachd. The English word
dale, in Gaelic dail, means in that language simply a
field, or flat stretch of land at the bottom of the hills.
It is to be noted, however, that this word is both Celtic
and Teutonic ; but, in topographical etymology, with
a difference distinctly indicative of a twofold origin.
In an inland locality where the Scandinavians never
penetrated, Dal is always prefixed to the other element
of the designation, as in DALWHINNIE, DALNACARDOCH,

xxil INTRODUCTION

and DALNASPIDAL, the field of meeting, the field of the
smithy, and the field of the hospital, all in succession
within a short distance on the road between the Spey
uplands and Blair Athol. On the other hand, a post-
fixed dale, as in BORROWDALE, EASDALE, and not a
few others, indicates a Saxon or Norse origin. The
word den or dean, as in the DEAN BRIDGE, Edinburgh,
and the DEN BURN, Aberdeen, is Anglo-Saxon denn,
and appears in the English TENTERDEN, and some
others. Another Celtic name for field is ack, the
Latin ag-er, which appears in a number of Highland
places, as in ACH-NA-CLOICHE (stone field), in Argyle-
shire. A hollow surrounded by mountains is called by
the well-known name of LAGGAN, which is properly a
diminutive from lag, in Greek Xa/c/co?, in Latin lacus,
a hollow filled with water, and in German a mere loch,
or hole, into which a mouse might creep. A special
kind of hollow, lying between the outstretched arms of
a big Ben, and opening at one end into the vale below,
is called in Gaelic coire, literally a cauldron a word
which the genius of Walter Scott has made a permanent
possession of the English language. In England such
mountain hollows are often denominated combs, as in
ADDISCOMBE, ASHCOMB, a venerable old British word
of uncorrupted Cornish descent, and which, so far as
I know, does not appear in Scottish topography, unless
it be in CUMMERTREES (on the shore, traigJi), near
Annan, and CUMBERNAULD ; but this I am not able
to verify by local knowledge. The word cumar appears

INTRODUCTION xxni

in O'Reilly's Irish dictionary as "the bed of a large
river or a narrow sea, a hollow generally," but seems
quite obsolete in the spoken Gaelic of to-day. The
termination holm is well known both in English and
Scotch names, and proclaims itself as characteristically
Scandinavian, in the beautiful ^metropolis of the Swedes.
In Gaelic districts a holm, that is, a low watery meadow,
is generally called a Ion, a word which has retained
its place in Scotch as loan LOANING, LOANHEAD,
LOANEND, and is fundamentally identical with the
English lane and lawn. The varieties of sea-coast are
expressed by the words traigh, cladach, camus, corran,
wick, loch, rutha, ross, caolas, stron, salen, among which,
in passing, we may specially note caimis, from the root
cam, Greek /ca/iTrrw, to bend : hence MORECAMBE
BAY, near Lancaster, signifies the great bend ; corran,
a scythe, evidently allied to the Latin curvtis, and used
in the Highlands to denote any crescent-shaped shore,
as at Corranferry, Ardgour, in Lochfinne ; wick, a
familiar Scandinavian word signifying a bay, and which,
with the Gaelic article prefixed, seems to have blundered
itself into NIGG at Aberdeen, and near Fearn in Ross-
shire ; caolas, a strait, combining etymologically the
very distant and very different localities of CALAIS and
BALLACHULISH ; stron or sron, a nose, which lends its
name to a parish near the end of Loch Sunart, in
Morvern, and thence to a famous mineral found in its
vicinity ; lastly, salen is nothing but salt, and appears
in the south of Ireland and the north-west of Scotland,

xxiv INTRODUCTION

under the slightly varied forms of KlNSALE and KlN-
TAIL, both of which words signify the head of the salt
water ; for Irish and Gaelic are only one language with
a slightly different spelling here and there, and a
sprinkling of peculiar words now and then.

The only other features of natural scenery that play
a noticeable part in topographical etymology are the
rivers, lakes, wells, and waterfalls ; and they need not
detain us long. The Gaelic uisge, water, of which the
Latin aqua is an abraded form, appears in the names
of Scottish rivers as Esk, and of Welsh rivers as Use.
The familiar English Avon is the Gaelic amhainn,
evidently softened down by aspiration from the Latin
amnis. This avon often appears at the end of river
names curtailed, as in GARONNE, the rough river, from
the Gaelic root garbh, rough. The DON, so common
as a river name from the Black Sea to Aberdeen,
means either the deep river or the brown river. A
small river, brook in English, gives name to not a few
places and persons. In the Scottish Highlands, and
in those parts of the Lowlands originally inhabited by
the Celtic race, the word alt performs the same functions.
Loch, in Gaelic, answering to the English mere (Latin
mare], appears most commonly in the Highlands, as
KiNLOCH, i.e. the town or house at the head of the
lake; and tobar, a well/ frequently, as in HOLYWELL,
connected with a certain religious sanctity, appears in
TOBERMORY, i.e. the well of the Virgin Mary, one of
the most beautiful quiet bits of bay scenery in Great

INTRODUCTION

Britain. Of places named from waterfalls (eas, from
esk\ a significant element in Highland scenery, INVER-
NESS, and MONESS near Aberfeldy, are the most notable,
the one signifying " the town at the bottom of the river,
which flows from the lake where there is the great
waterfall," i.e. FOYERS ; and the other, " the waterfall
of the moorish uplands," which every one understands
who walks up to it.

So much for the features of unappropriated nature,
stereotyped, as it were, at once and for ever, in the
old names of local scenery. But as into a landscape
an artist will inoculate his sentiment and symbolise
his fancy, so on the face of the earth men are fond to
stamp the trace of their habitation and their history.
Under this influence the nomenclature of topography
becomes at once changed from a picture of natural
scenery to a record of human fortunes. And in this
department it is plain that the less varied and striking
the features of nature, the greater the necessity of
marking places by the artificial differentiation produced
by the presence of human dwellings. Hence, in the
flat, monotonous plains of North Germany, the abun-
dance of places ending in hausen and heim, which are
only the Saxon forms of our English house and home.
Of the termination hausen, SACHSENHAUSEN, the home
of the Saxons, and FRANKENHAUSEN, the home of the
Franks, are amongst the most notable examples. Heim
is pleasantly associated with refreshing draughts in
HOCHHEIM, i.e. high home, on the north bank of the

xxvi INTRODUCTION

Rhine a little below Mainz, whence a sharp, clear wine
being imported, with the loss of the second syllable,
and the transformation of ch into k, produced the
familiar hock. This heim in a thousand places of
England becomes ham, but in Scotland, where the Celtic
element prevails, appears only rarely in the south-east
and near the English border, as in COLDINGHAM and
EDNAM the birthplace of the poet Thomson con-
tracted from Edenham. Another root very widely
expressive of human habitation, under the varying forms
of beth, bo, and by, is scattered freely from the banks of
Jordan to the islands of the Hebrides in the north-west
of Scotland. First under this head we have the great
army of Hebrew bet/is, not a few of which are familiar
to our ear from the cherished teachings of early
childhood, as BETHABARA, the house of the ferry;
BETHANY, the house of dates : BETHAVEN, the house
of naughtiness ; BETHCAR, the house of lambs ; BETH-
DAGON, the house of the fish-god Dagon ; BETHEL, the
house of God ; BETHSHEMESH, the house of the sun
(like the Greek Heliopolis) ; and a score of others. Bo
is the strictly Danish form of the root, at least in the
dictionary, where the verb boe, to dwell, also appears.
Examples of this are found in SKIBO, in Ross-shire,
and BUNESS, at the extreme end of Unst, the seat of
the Edmonstones, a family well known in the annals
of Shetland literature ; but more generally, in practice,
it takes the softened form of by, as in hundreds of local
designations in England, specially in Lincolnshire,

INTRODUCTION xxvn

where the Danes were for a long time at home. Near
the English border, as in LOCKERBY, this same termina-
tion appears ; otherwise in Scotland it is rare. In the
Sclavonic towns of Mecklenburg and Prussia, it takes
the form of bus, as in PYBUS, while in Cornish it is bos,
which is a later form of bod (German bude, English
booth, Scotch bothy), which stands out prominently in
Bodmin and other towns, not only in Cornwall, but in
Wales. The termination bus appears likewise in not a
few local designations in the island of Islay, where the
Danes had many settlements. In Skye it appears as
bost, as in SKEABOST, one of the oldest seats of the
Macdonalds. The other Saxon or Scandinavian terms
frequently met with throughout England and in the
north-east of Scotland are ton, setter or ster, stead,
stow, stoke, hay, park, worth, btiry, thorp, toft, thwaite.
In Germany, besides heim and hausen, as already
mentioned, we have the English hay, under the form
hagm, a fence ; and thorp under the form dorf, a village ;
and worth under the forms worth and werth, which are
merely variations of the Greek ^0/3x09, English yard,
and the Sclavonic gard and gorod, and the Celtic garad,
the familiar word in the Highlands for a stone wall or
dyke. In Germany, also, weiler, from weilen, to dwell,
and leben, to live, are thickly sprinkled ; hof, also, is
extremely common, signifying a court or yard a suffix
which the French, in that part of Germany which they
stole from the Empire, turned into court or ville, as in
Thionville from Diedenhofen.

xxvill INTRODUCTION

So much for the Teutonic part of this branch of

topographical designation. In the Highlands tigh and

bail are the commonest words to denote a human

dwelling, the one manifestly an aspirated form of the

Latin tignum (Greek o-reyo?, German dacJi), and the

other as plainly identical with the TroXt? which appears

in Sebastopol, and not a few cities, both ancient and

modern, where Greek influence or Greek affectation

prevailed. With regard to bal t it is noticeable that in

Ireland it generally takes the form of bally, which is

the full form of the word in Gaelic also, baile, there

being no final mute vowels in that language ; but in

composition for topographical use final e is dropped, as

in BALMORAL, the majestic town or house, from morail,

magnificent, a very apt designation for a royal residence,

by whatever prophetic charm it came to be so named

before her present Majesty learned the healthy habit of

breathing pure Highland air amid the fragrant birches

and clear waters of Deeside. Tigh y though less common

than bal, is not at all unfrequent in the mountains ; and

tourists in the West Highlands are sure to encounter

two of the most notable between Loch Lomond and

Oban. The first, TYNDRUM, the house on the ridge,

at the point where the ascent ceases as you cross from

Killin to Dalmally ; and the other TAYNUILT, or the

house of the brook, in Scotch burnhouse, beyond Ben

Cruachan, where the road begins to wend through the

rich old copsewood towards Oban. I remember also a

curious instance of the word tigh in a local designation,

INTRODUCTION xxix

half-way between Inveraray and Loch Awe. In that
district a little farmhouse on the right of the road is
called TlGHNAFEAD, i.e. whistle-house (fead, a whistle,
Latin fides], which set my philological fancy immediately
on the imagination that this exposed place was so called
from some peculiar whistling of the blast down from
the hills immediately behind ; but such imaginations
are very unsafe ; for the fact turned out to be, if some-
what less poetical, certainly much more comfortable,
that this house of call, in times within memory, stood
at a greater distance from the road than it now does,
which caused the traveller, when he came down the
descent on a cold night, sharp-set for a glass of strong
whisky, to make his presence and his wish known by
a shrill whistle across the hollow.

So much for tigh. The only other remark that I
would make here is, that the word clachan, so well
known from Scott's Clachan of Aberfoyle, does not
properly mean a village, as Lowlanders are apt to
imagine, but only a churchyard, or, by metonomy, a
church as the common phrase used by the natives,
Di domhnaich dot do'n cJilachan, " going to church on
Sunday," sufficiently proves the word properly meaning
only the stones in the churchyard, which mark the
resting-place of the dead ; and if the word is ever used
for a village, it is only by transference to signify the
village in which the parish church is, and the parish
churchyard.

But it is not only the dwellings of men, but their

xxx INTRODUCTION

actions, that make places interesting ; and as the
march of events in great historical movements generally
follows the march of armies, it follows that camps and
battle-fields and military settlements will naturally have
left strong traces in the topography of every country
where human beings dwell. And accordingly we find
that the Chester and the caster, added as a generic term
to so many English towns, are simply the sites of
ancient Roman castra or camps ; while Cologne, on
. the Rhine, marks one of the most prosperous of their
settlements in Germany. Curiously analogous to this is
the Coin, a well-known quarter of Berlin, on the Spree,
where the German emperors first planted a Teutonic
colony in the midst of a Sclavonic population. In the
solemn march of Ossianic poetry, the word blar generally
signifies a field of battle ; but, as this word properly
signifies only a large field or open space, we have no
right to say that such names as BLAIR ATHOL and
BLAIRGOWRIE have anything to do with the memory
of sanguinary collisions. ALEXANDRIA, in Egypt, is
one of the few remaining places of note that took their
name from the brilliant Macedonian Helleniser of the
East. ALEXANDRIA, in the vale of Leven, in Dum-
bartonshire, tells of the family of Smollett, well known
in the annals of Scottish literary genius, and still, by
their residence, adding a grace to one of the most
beautiful districts of lake scenery in the world. ADRIAN-
OPLE stereotypes the memory of one of the most
notable of the Roman emperors, who deemed it his

INTRODUCTION xxxi

privilege and pleasure to visit the extremest limits of
his vast dominions, and leave some beneficial traces of
his kingship there. The name PETERSBURG, whose
Teutonic character it is impossible to ignore, indicates
the civilisation of a Sclavonic country by an emperor
whose early training was received from a people of
German blood and breed ; while CONSTANTINOPLE
recalls the momentous change which took place in the
centre of gravity of the European world, when the
declining empire of the Roman Caesars was about to
become Greek in its principal site, as it had long been
in its dominant culture. The streets of great cities, as
one may see prominently in Paris, in their designations
often contain a register of the most striking events of
their national history. Genuine names of streets in old
cities are a historical growth and an anecdotal record,
which only require the pen of a cunning writer to make
them as attractive as a good novel. London, in this
view, is particularly interesting ; and Emerson, I
recollect, in his book, How tJie Great City grew
(London, 1862), tells an amusing story about the great
fire in London, which certain pious persons observed to
have commenced at a street called PUDDING LANE,
and ended at a place called PYE CORNER, in memory
of which they caused the figure of a fat boy to be put up
at Smithfield, with the inscription on his stomach, " This
boy is in memory put up for the late fire of London,
occasioned by the sin of gluttony, 1666." Many a
dark and odorous close in Old Edinburgh also, to men

xxxn INTRODUCTION

who, like the late Robert Chambers, could read stones
with knowing eyes, is eloquent with those tales of Celtic
adventure and Saxon determination which make the
history of Scotland so full of dramatic interest ; while,
on the other hand, the flunkeyism of the persons who,
to tickle the lowest type of aristocratic snobbery, bap-
tized certain streets of New Edinburgh with BUCKING-
HAM Terrace, BELGRAVE Crescent, GROSVENOR Street,
and such like apish mimicry of metropolitan West
Endism, stinks in the nostrils and requires no comment.
But not only to grimy streets of reeking towns, but to
the broad track of the march of the great lines of the
earth's surface, there is attached a nomenclature which
tells the history of the adventurous captain, or the
courageous commander, who first redeemed these regions
from the dim limbo of the unknown, and brought them
into the distinct arena of cognisable and manageable
facts. In the frosty bounds of the far North- West, the
names of MACKENZIE, MACLINTOCK, and MACLURE
proclaim the heroic daring that belongs so character-
istically to the Celtic blood in Scotland. But it is in
the moral triumphs of religion, which works by faith in
what is noble, love of what is good, and reverence for
what is great, that the influence of history over topo-
graphical nomenclature is most largely traced. In
ancient Greece, the genial piety which worshipped its
fairest Avatar in the favourite sun-god Apollo, stamped
its devotion on the name of ApOLLONiA, on the Ionian
Sea, and other towns whose name was legion. In

INTRODUCTION xxxill

CORNWALL, almost every parish is named after some
saintly apostle, who, in days of savage vvildness and
wastefulness, had brought light and peace and humanity
into these remote regions. In the Highlands of Scot-
land, the KlLBRIDES (kill from cella, a shrine), KlL-
MARTINS, KlLMARNOCKS, and KlLMALLIES everywhere
attest the grateful piety of the forefathers of the Celtic
race in days which, if more dark, were certainly not
more cold than the times in which we now live. In
the Orkneys the civilising influence of the clergy, or, in
some cases, no doubt, their love for pious seclusion, is
frequently marked by the PAPAS or priests' islands. In
Germany, MUNICH or MONACUM, which shows a monk
in its coat-of-arms, has retained to the present day the
zeal for sacerdotal sanctitude from which it took its
name ; and the same must be said of MUENSTER, in
Westphalia (from fj,ova<TTfjpi, in modern Greek a
cathedral, English minster), the metropolis of Ultra-
montane polity and priestly pretension in Northern
Germany.

But it is not only in commemorating, like coins,
special historical events, that local names act as an
important adjunct to written records ; they give likewise
the clue to great ethnological facts and movements of
which written history preserves no trace. In this respect
topographical etymology presents a striking analogy to
geology ; for, as the science of the constitution of the
earth's crust reveals a fossilised history of life in sig-
nificant succession, long antecedent to the earliest action

xxxi v INTRODUCTION

of the human mind on the objects of terrestrial nature,
so the science of language to the practised eye discloses
a succession of races in regions where no other sign
of their existence remains. If it were doubted, for
instance, whether at any period the Lowlands of Scot-
land had been possessed by a Celtic race, and asserted
roundly that from the earliest times the plains had
been inhabited by a people of Teutonic blood, and
only the mountain district to the west and north-west
was the stronghold of the Celt, the obvious names of
not a few localities in the east and south-east of Scotland
would present an impassable bar to the acceptance of
any such dogma. One striking instance of this occurs
in Haddingtonshire, where a parish is now called GARA-
VALT by the very same appellation as a well-known
waterfall near Braemar, in the hunting forest of the late
Prince Consort ; and with the same propriety in both
cases, for the word in Gaelic signifies a rough brook, and
such a brook is the most striking characteristic of both
districts. Cases of this kind clearly indicate the vanish-
ing of an original Celtic people from districts now
essentially Teutonic both in speech and character. The
presence of a great Sclavonic people in Northern
Germany, and of an extensive Sclavonic immigration
into Greece in mediaeval times, is attested with the
amplest certitude in the same way. A regular fringe
of Scandinavian names along the north and north-west
coast of Scotland would, to the present hour, attest
most indubitably the fact of a Norse dominion in those

INTRODUCTION xxxv

quarters operating for centuries, even had Haco and the
battle of Largs been swept altogether from the record
of history and from the living tradition of the people.
To every man who has been in Norway, LAXFIORD, in
West Ross-shire, a stream well known to salmon-fishers,
carries this Scandinavian story on its face ; and no man
who has walked the streets of Copenhagen will have
any difficulty, when he sails into the beautiful bay of
Portree, in knowing the meaning of the great cliff called
the STORK, which he sees along the coast a little
towards the north ; for this means simply the great
cliff, storr being the familiar Danish for great, as mor is
the Gaelic. Ethnological maps may in this way be
constructed exactly in the same fashion as geological ;
and the sketch of one such for Great Britain the reader
will find in Mr. Taylor's well-known work on Names
and Places.

With regard to the law of succession in these ethno-
logical strata, as indicated by topographical nomencla-
ture, the following three propositions may be safely laid
down : i. The names of great objects of natural
scenery, particularly of mountains and rivers, will
generally be significant in the language of the people
who were the original inhabitants of the country. 2.
Names of places in the most open and accessible districts
of a country will be older than similar names in parts
which are more difficult of access ; but 3, these very
places being most exposed to foreign invasion, are apt
to invite an adventurous enemy, whose settlement in

xxxvi INTRODUCTION

the conquered country is generally accompanied with a
partial, sometimes with a very considerable, change of
local nomenclature.

In reference to this change of population, Mr.
Taylor in one place uses the significant phrase, " The
hills contain the ethnological sweepings of the plains."
Very true ; but the effect of this on the ethnological
character of the population of the places is various, and
in the application requires much caution. It is right,
for instance, to say generally that the Celtic language
has everywhere in Europe retreated from the plains into
the mountainous districts ; but the people often still
remain where the language has retreated, as the ex-
amination of any directory in many a district of Scotland,
where only English is now spoken, will largely show.
In Greece, in the same way, many districts present only
Greek and Sclavonic names of places, where the popu-
lation, within recent memory, is certainly Albanian.
Inquiries of this nature always require no less caution
than learning ; otherwise, as Mr. Skene observes, what
might have been, properly conducted, an all-important
element in fixing the ethnology of any country, becomes,
in rash hands and with hot heads, a delusion and a
snare. 1

But the science of language, when wisely conducted,
not only presents an interesting analogy to geological
stratification ; it sometimes goes further, and bears

1 Ancient Books of Wales, vol. i. p. 144, with reference to
the famous work of Chalmers, the Caledonia.

INTRODUCTION xxxvn

direct witness to important geological changes as con-
clusive as any evidence derived from the existing
conformation of the earth's crust. How this comes to
pass may easily be shown by a few familiar examples.
The words wold and weald originally meant wood and
forest, as the Anglo-Saxon Dictionary and the living
use of the German language wald alike declare ; but
the wolds at present known in Yorkshire, Gloucester-
shire, and other parts of England, are generally bare
and treeless, and in bad weather very cheerless places
indeed. If, then, "there is nothing arbitrary in lan-
guage," and all local names tell an historical tale, it is
certain that, at the time when those names were
imposed, these same sites were part of an immense
forest. The geologist, when, in the far-stretching bogs
east of Glencoe, and near Kinloch Ewe, and in many
other places of Scotland, he calls attention to the fact
of layers of gigantic trees lying now deeply embedded
under the peat, adduces an argument with regard to the
primitive vegetation of our part of the world not a whit
more convincing. The same fact of a lost vegetation
is revealed in not a few places of England which end
in the old word hurst, signifying a forest. Again, there
is a large family of places in and about the Harz
Mountains, in Germany, ending in ode, as OSTERODE,
HASSELRODE, WERNINGERODE, and so forth. Now
most of these places, as specially- HASSELRODE, are
now remarkably free from those leagues of leafy
luxuriance that give such a marked character to the

xxxvill INTRODUCTION

scenery of that mountain district It is certain,
however, that they were at one time in the centre of an
immense forest ; for the word rode, radically the same
as our rid, and perhaps the Welsh rhydd, Gaelic reidh,
simply means " to make clear " or " clean," and teaches
that the forest in that part had been cleared for human
habitation.

Once more : it is a well-known fact in geology that
the border limit between sea and land is constantly
changing, the briny element in some cliffy places, as to
the north of Hull, systematically undermining the land,
and stealing away the farmer's acreage inch by inch
and foot by foot ; while in other places, from the
conjoint action of river deposits and tidal currents, large
tracts of what was once a sea-bottom are added to the
land. The geological proof of this is open often to the
most superficial observer ; but the philological proof,
when you once hold the key of it, is no less patent.
In the Danish language which is a sort of half-way
house between high German and English the word oe
signifies an island. This oe, in the shape of ay, ea, ey,
or y, appears everywhere on the British coast, particu-
larly in the West Highlands, as in COLONSAY, TOROSAY,
ORANSAY, and in ORKNEY ; and if there be any locality
near the sea wearing this termination, not now sur-
rounded by water, the conclusion is quite certain, on
philological grounds, that it once was so. Here the
London man will at once think on BERMONDSEY and
CHELSEA, and he will think rightly; but he must not

INTRODUCTION xxxix

be hasty to draw STEPNEY under the conditions of the
same category, for the EY in that word, if I am rightly
informed, is a corruption from kithe, a well-known
Anglo-Saxon and good old English term signifying a
haven ; and generally, in all questions of topographical
etymology, there is a risk of error where the old
spelling of the word is not confronted with the form
which, by the attritions and abrasions of time, it may
have assumed.

These observations, which at the request of the
author of the following pages I have hastily set down,
will be sufficient to indicate the spirit in which the
study of topographical etymology ought to be pursued.
Of course, I have no share in the praise which belongs
to the successful execution of so laborious an investiga-
tion ; neither, on the other hand, can blame be attached
to me for such occasional slips as the most careful
writer may make in a matter where to err is easy, and
where conjecture has so long been in the habit of
usurping the place of science. But I can bear the
most honest witness to the large research, sound judg-
ment, and conscientious accuracy of the author ; and
feel happy to have my name, in a subsidiary way,
connected with a work which, I am convinced, will
prove an important addition to the furniture of our
popular schools.

COLLEGE, EDINBURGH,
February 1875.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Anc. (ancient).

Ar. (Arabic).

A.S. (Anglo-Saxon).

Bret, or Brez. (Brezric).

Cel. (Celtic).

Conf. (confluence).

Cym.-Cel. (Cymro-Celtic, includ-
ing Welsh).

Dan. (Danish).

Dut. (Dutch).

Fr. (French).

Gadhelic (including Gaelic, Irish,
and Manx).

Gael. (Gaelic).

Ger. (German).

Grk. (Greek).

Heb. (Hebrew).

Hung. (Hungarian).
Ind. (Indian).
It. (Italian).
Lat. (Latin).
Mt. (mountain).
Par. (parish).
Pers. (Persian).
Phoen. (Phoenician).
P. N. (personal name).
Port. (Portuguese).
R. (river).
Sansc. (Sanscrit).
Scand. (Scandinavian).
Sclav. (Sclavonic).
Span. (Spanish).
Teut. (Teutonic).
Turc. (Turkish).

A DICTIONARY OF PLACE-NAMES

A (Old Norse), a possession ; l e.g. Craika, Torfa, Ulpha ; A (Scand.)
also means an island v. EA, p. 71.

AA, A (Scand.), a stream ; from Old Norse a, Goth, aha, Old Ger.
aha (water). The word, in various forms, occurs frequently
in river names throughout Western Europe, especially in
Germany and the Netherlands, and often takes the form
of au or ach; e.g. the rivers Aa, Ach, Aach ; Saltach (salt
river) ; Wertach (a river with many islands) v. WARID,
etc. ; Trupach (troubled stream) ; Weser, i.e. Wesar-aha
(western stream) ; Lauter, i.e. Hlauter-aha (clear stream) ;
Danube or Donau, i.e. Tuon-aha (thundering stream) ; Main,
i.e. Magin-aha (great stream) ; Fisch-aha (fish stream) ;
Schwarza (black stream) ; Zwiesel-au (the stream of the
whirlpool) ; Erlach (alder-tree stream) ; Gron-aha (green
stream) ; Dachau (the clayey stream) ; Fulda, z.e. Fold-aha
(land stream) ; Rod-aha (reedy stream) ; Saale and Saala
from salz (salt stream). The simple a or <?, with a prefix
expressive of the character of the stream, is the most
frequent form of the word in Iceland and Scandinavia, and
in the districts of Great Britain colonised by Norsemen or
Danes ; e.g. Laxa (salmon river) ; Hvita (white river) ;
Brora (bridge river) ; Rotha (red river) ; Greta (weeping
river) ; Storaa (great river) ; Thurso (Thor's river), which
gives its name to the town ; Lossie, anc. Laxi-a (salmon
river).

1 A, signifying in possession, seems to be derived from a. Old Norse, I
have ; aga, I possess. The Old English awe, to own, is still retained in the-
north of England and in Aberdeenshire.

2 ABABER

. ( water ; e.g. Doab (the district of two waters) ;
AB (Sansc )

\p /' < Menab (the mouth of the water), on the Persian

''' ( Gulf ; Busheab or Khoshaub (good water), a river
in Hindostan, also an island in the Persian Gulf ; Neelab
(blue water) ; Punjaub (the district of the five streams) ;
Chinab or Chenaub R., said to be a corrupt, of its former
name Chaudra Bhagee (the garden of the moon), so called
from a small lake of that name from which it proceeds.
Cognate with this root is the Gadhelic abh, in its forms of
aw or ow. Thus in Scotland we have the River Awe and
Loch Awe ; in Ireland, Ow and Owbeg (little stream) ;
Ow-nageerah (the stream of the sheep) ; Finnow (clear
stream). Cognate with these root-words is the Lat. aq^^a
and its derivations in the Romance languages, as well as
ae or ea (A.S. water). Forsteman finds river names, allied
to the foregoing, throughout Germany and France, in such
forms as ap, op, ep, etc., as in the Oppa, Lennep, Barop,
Biberaffa.

ABAD (Pers. and Sansc.), a dwelling or town, generally connected
with the name of its founder ; e.g. Hyderabad (the town of
Hyder Ali, or of the Lion) ; Ahmedabad (of the Sultan
Ahmed) ; Furrackabad (founded by Furrack the Fortunate) ;
Agra or Akberabad (founded by Akber) ; Nujiabad (of
Nujibah-Dowlah) ; Auringabad (founded by Aurungzebe) ;
Jafferabad (the city of Jaffier) ; Jehanabad (of Shah Jehan) ;
Jellabad (of Jellal, a chief) ; Moorshedabad (the town of
Moorshed Khoolly-Khan) ; Moorabad (named after Morad,
the son of Shah Jehan) ; Shahabad (of the Shah) ; Abbas-
abad (founded by Abbas the Great) ; Dowladabad (the town
of wealth) ; Hajiabad (of the pilgrim) ; Meschdabad (of the
mosque) ; Islamabad (of the true faith) ; Allah-abad (of
God) ; Secunderabad (named after Alexander the Great) ;
Resoulabad (of the prophet) ; Asterabad (on the River
Aster) ; Futteabad (the town of victory) ; Sadabad or Suffi-
abad (the town of the sadi or suffi, i.e. the sage).

( a confluence of waters ; applied, in

ABER (Cym.-Cel.), ' ,

ff i \ < topography, to places at the conf. of
ABHIR and OBAIR (Gael.), ) r

" ( streams, or at the embouchure of a

river. The derivation of the term has been traced by some
etymologists to the conjunction of ath (Gael.), a ford, and

ABER 3

bior, water ; by others to Cym.-Cel. at (at) and bior (water).
This prefix is general in many of the counties of Scotland,
throughout Wales, and, in a few instances, in Ireland,
although in the latter country the synonyms inver and
cumar are more frequent. Both words are found in the
topography of the Picts, but the Scots of Argyleshire used
only inver before they came from Ireland to settle in that
district. The word aber seems to have become obsolete
among them ; and as there are no abers in Ayrshire,
Renfrew, and Lanarkshire, the word had probably become
obsolete before the kingdom of Strathclyde was formed.
Dr. Joyce, in his Irish Names of Places, traces its use as
prefix or affix to the Irish root abar (a mire), as in the
little stream Abberachrinn (i.e. the river of the miry place
of the tree). In Wales we find Aberconway, Aberfraw,
Aberistwyth, Aberavon, Aberayron, Aberdare, Aberdaron,
Abergavenny, at the embouchure of the Conway, Fraiv,
Istiuyth, Avon, Aeron, Dar, Daron, Gavenny. Barmouth,
corrupt, from Aber-Mowddy, a seaport in Merioneth, at the
mouth of the R. Mowddy. Berriew, corrupt, from Aber-
Rhiw (at the junction of the R. Rhiw with the Severn) ;
Aberdaugledden, the Welsh name for Haverford-west, at
the mouth of twin rivers resembling two swords (gleddeti),
which unite at Milford Haven. It is called by the Welsh
now Hwlford (the sailing road) because the tide comes up
to the town. Aberhonddu, at the mouth of the R. Honddi
or Honddu (the county town of Brecknock), and Aber-
dovey, at the embouchure of the R. Dovey in Wales. In
Scotland, Aberbrothwick or Arbroath, Abercorn, anc. Aeber-
curnig, Aberdour, Abergeldie, Abernethy, at the embouchure
of the Brothock, Cornie, Dour, Geldie, and Nethy. Aber-
chirder is Abhir-chiar-ditr (the conf. of the dark water) ; Aber-
crombie (the curved conf.) ; Aberfeldy, i.e. Abhir-feathaile
(the smooth conf.) ; Aberfoyle (the conf. of the pool, phuill} ;
Aberlemno (the conf. of the leaping water, leumnacK) ;
Arbirlot, anc. Aber-Elliot (at the mouth of the Elliot) ;
Applecross for Abhir - croisan (the conf. of trouble) ; Old
Aberdeen and New Aberdeen, at the mouths of the Don
and Dee, Lat. Devana-castra ; Fochabers (the plain, at
the river mouth), Gael, faigh, a plain ; Lochaber (at the

4 ABIABT

mouth of the loch) ; Barmouth, in Wales, corrupt, of Aber-
Mawdoch or Maw.

ABI (Turc.), a river ; e.g. Abi-shiran (sweet river) ; Abi-shur (salt
river) ; Abi-gurm (warm river) ; Abi-gard (yellow river) ;
Abi-kuren (the river of Cyrus) ; Ab- Allah (God's river).

_/-*_. ,, . T ,, .. ( These and similar words, in

ABT (Teut.), an abbot, Lat. abbatis.

/', < the Romance languages, de-

ABIE, an abbey.

( rived from the Heb. abba

(father), were introduced into the languages of Europe in
connection with the monastic system, and are attached to
the names of places founded for monks, or belonging to
church lands. Thus Absberg (abbot's hill) ; Apersdorf,
for Abbatesdorf (abbot's village) ; Absholz (abbot's wood) ;
Abtsroda (abbot's clearing), in Germany ; Appenzell, anc.
Abbatiscella (abbot's church), founded by the Abbot of St.
Gall, A.D. 647 ; Abbeville (abbot's dwelling), in France ;
Abbotsbury (the abbot's fortified place), Dorset ; Abbey-
dare (the abbey on the R. Dare in Hereford) ; Abbotshall,
in Fife, so called from having been the occasional residence
of the abbots of Dunfermline ; Abdie (belonging to the
abbey of Lindores) ; Abingdon, in Berks (abbot's hill),
Abington (with the same meaning), the name of two parishes
in Cambridge and a village in Lanarkshire, and of two parishes
in Ireland ; Abbotsford (the ford of the Tweed in the abbey
lands of Melrose) ; Abbotsrule (the abbey on the R. Rule in
Roxburghshire) ; Abbeyfeale (on the R. Feale) ; Abbeyleix
(the abbey of Lewy), an Irish chief Abbeygormacan (Irish
mainister) ; Ua-g Cormacain (the abbey of the O'Corma-
cans) ; Abbeylara, i.e. Irish abbey, leath-rath (the abbey
of the half-rath) ; Abbeyshrule, anc. Sruthair (the stream),
named for a monastery founded by one of the O'Farells ;
Abbeystro wry (with the same meaning), in Ireland; Abbensee
(the lake of the abbey), in Upper Austria ; Newabbey, a
Par in Kirkcudbright (named from an abbey founded in
1275 by Devorgilla, the mother of John Baliol) ; Badia-
San-Salvatore (the abbey of the Holy Saviour) ; Badia-
Torrita (the abbey with the little tower), in Italy ; Appin,
in Argyleshire, anc. Abbphon (abbot's land), and Appin,
in Dull, indicating probably the territory of a Celtic
monastery.

ACHAIN 5

ACH, or ICH, a form of the Teut. aha (water), p. i, as in Salzach
(salt stream), but it is also a common, affix to words in
the Teut. and Cel. languages, by which a noun is formed
into an adjective, signifying full of, or abounding in, equi-
valent to the Lat. terminations etum and iaciim. Thus, in
German topography, we find Lindach, Aichach, Aschach,
Buchach, Tannich, Fichtig, i.e. abounding in lime, oak, ash,
beech, fir, and pine wood ; Affaltrach (in apple-trees) ;
Erlicht (in alders) ; Heselicht (in hazels) ; Laubach (in
leaves). In Ireland : Darach, Farnach (abounding in oaks
and alders) ; Ounagh, in Sligo, and Onagh, in Wicklow
(watery place), from the adjective Abhnach (abounding
in streams). In the Sclav, languages, again, the affix zig
has the same meaning, as in Leipzig (abounding in lime-
trees).

*r JT- v \ f a field, plain, or meadow; e.g. Aghinver
ACHADH (Gadhelic), I /4 , ,. '/ ' \ A u- 5

v J (the field of the confluence); Aghmdarragh

' ) (of the oak wood) ; Achonry, anc. Achadh-

\ Chonaire (Conary's field) ; Ardagh (high
field) ; Aghabeg (little field) ; Aghaboy (yellow field) ;
Aghamore (great field) ; Aghaboe (the cow's field) ; Agha-
down (of the fort) ; Aghadoe, i.e. Achadh-da-eo (of the two
yew-trees). In Scotland : Auchclach, Auchinleck, Auchna-
cloich (the stony field) ; Achray (smooth field) ; Auchinleith
(the physician's field) ; Auchindoire (the field of the oak
grove) ; Auchinfad (of the peats) ; Auchinrath (of the fort) ;
Auchincruive (of the tree, craoibhe) ; Auchline (of the pool) ;
Auchnacraig (of the rock) ; Auchindinny and Auchteany
(the field of the fire) teine, i.e. probably places where the
Beltane fires were kindled.
,* c \ ( tne ash-tree ; e.g. Ashton, Ashby, Askham (ash-

ASK CScancH < tree dwellin S) > Ashri gg (the ash-tree ridge), in
^ , 'i 1 j England. In Germany : Eschdorf, Eschweil,
^ ''' (, Eschweiller (ash-tree dwelling); Eschenbach
(ash-tree brook) ; Eschwege (ash-tree road).

AESP (A.S.), ( the aspen or poplar; e.g. Aspley, Aspden
ASP (Scand.), ( (poplar field or valley).

/c v \ ( a fountain ; e.g. Aenon (the fountains) ; En-

AIN (Semitic), 1 , . , , , / . , v , ' ',. , ,

v \ sn emish (the fountain of the sun) ; Engedi (of

( the goat) ; Enrogel (of the fuller's field) ; Dothan

6 AITE AL

(the two fountains) ; Aayn-el-kebira (the great fountain) ;
Ain-halu (the sweet fountain) ; Aayn-taiba (the good foun-
tain) ; Engannim (the fountain of the gardens) ; Enrimmon
(of the pomegranates).

//- ju r \ ( a place, a possession ; e.g. Daviot,
AITE, or AIT (Gadhehc), _ ' \ . . , ' & c ,

AFRT nr FTP nVnt\ \ anC< Damh - alte ( the P lace of the ox )>
AEHT, Or EIGEN (ICUt.), I . . , , , j i T

" [ in Aberdeenshire, and also in Inver-
ness ; Tynet, i.e. ait-an-taimhu (the place of the river), in
Banffshire. In Ireland the word is used in combination
with tigh (a house) ; e.g. Atty (the dwelling-place) ; Atty-
Dermot (the dwelling of Dermot) ; Atti-duff (the dark
dwelling) ; Oedt (the possession), a town in Prussia, on the
Niers ; Iberstolfs-eigen (the possession of Iberstolf) ; Iber-
stolfs-eigen, Smurses-eigen (i.e. the possession of Iberstolf
and Smurse) ; Souder-eygen (south possession).
AITH, or AED, or EID (Scand.), a headland ; e.g. Aithsvoe (the
bay of the headland) ; Aithsthing (the place of meeting on
the headland) ; Eidfoss (the waterfall on the headland).

,. . f an oak ; e.g. Acton, Acworth (oak town and

EK' or EG ( Scand \ manor ) ; Oakle y ( oak meadow) ; Oakham
' m t M i (oak dwelling) ; Auckland (oakland) ; Acrise

\_ .^' I (oak ascent); Wokingham or Oakingham

[ (the dwelling among oaks) ; Sevenoaks,
anc. Seovanacca, named from some oak-trees which once
occupied the eminence on which it stands, but Okehampton,
in Devon, is on the R. Oke. In Germany and in Holland
are Eichstadt, Eichdorf, Eikheim (oak dwelling) ; Ekholta
(oak wood) ; Eichhalden (oak height) ; Eichstegen (oak
path) ; Echehout, in Hainault (oak wood) ; Eykebusch (oak
thicket).

AK (Turc.), white ; e.g. Ak-tag, Ak-dagh (the white mountains) ;
Ak-su (white river) ; Ak-hissar (white castle) ; Ak- serai
(white palace) ; Ak-shehr (white dwelling) ; Ak-meschid
(white mosque) ; Ak-kalat (white fortress).

AL (the Arabic definite article) ; e.g. Alkalat (the fortress) ; Al-
maden (the mine) ; Alcantara (the bridge) ; Alkasar (the
palace) ; Almeida (the table) ; Almeria (the conspicuous) ;
Almazen (the storehouse) ; Alcarria (the farm) ; Alcana
(the exchange) ; Algezira (the island), anc. Mesopotamia
(i.e. between the rivers) ; Algeciras (the islands), in Spain ;

ALD ALP 7

Algarve (the west) ; Almansa (the plain) ; Almazara (the
mill) ; Alhambra (the red) ; Alhucen (the beautiful) ; Al-
puxarras (the grassy mountains).

ALD EALD (A S ) ( M ' e & ^> Oldham, Althorpe, Al-

', . ^ ''' J caster, Aldwark (old dwelling, farm, camp,

,'2\ T , . , , } fortress) : Audlem (old lyme or border) ;

OUDE, OLDEN (Dutch), I . ,. V i J u\ e j j T r*

' vAudley (old field), in England. In Ger-
many : Altenburg, Altendorf, Oldenburg (old dwelling) ;
Altenmarkt (old market) ; Altmark (old boundary) ; Alt-
stadt (old place) ; Altsattel (old seat) ; Altofen (old oven),
so called from its warm baths ; Oudenarde (old earth or
land) ; Oudenbosch (old thicket) ; Oude-capel (old chapel).
ALDEA (Span, and Port., from the Arabic), a village ; e.g. Aldea-
del-Cano (the dog's village); Aldea-vieya (old village);
Aldea-el-Muro (the walled village) ; Aldea-del-Rio (of the
river) ; Aldea Galliga (of the Gauls).

ATiT^rvm rvn ( a hei S ht or diff; *' A1Itmaur ( the S reat

ALT (Irish) ^height); Builth, in Wales, i.e. Bu-allt (the

( steep place of the wild oxen). The Alts

(heights or glen-sides), Monaghan ; Altachullion (the cliff

of the holly) ; Altavilla, i.e. Alt-a-bhile (the glen-side of the

old tree) ; Altinure (the cliff of the yew-tree) ; Altanagh

(abounding in cliffs) ; Altan (the little cliff).

ALP \ILPE (Celtic) ( a r ck r diff ; e ' g ' the Alps ; Albainn ( the
h < hilly or high land), the anc. name of Scot-

( land ; Albania, with the same meaning ;
Alpenach (the mountain stream), at the foot of Mount
Pilate ; Alva and Alvah (the rocky), parishes in Scotland ;
Cantal (the head of the rock), in France. In Ireland the
word ail takes the form of oil, aspirated foyle or faill;
e.g. Foilycleara (O'Clery's cliff) ; Foilnaman (the cliff of the
women) : but while the aspirated form of ail is confined to
the south, aill is found all over Ireland ; Ayleacotty, i.e.
Aill-a-choite (the cliff of the little boat) ; Ailla-gower (the
goat's cliff) ; Alleen (the diminutive) is found in Alleen-
Hogan and Alleen-Ryan (Hogan's and Ryan's little cliff).
When, however, foyle comes in as a termination, it is com-
monly derived from poll (a hole), as in Ballyfoyle and
Ballyfoile (the town of the hole). The anc. name of Britain,
Albion, has sometimes been traced to this root, but more

ALR AMBR

generally to the -white cliffs (Lat. albus) on the coast of
Kent, as seen first by the Romans.
/ A q\ ( ti 16 alder-tree ; e.g. Air-holt, Aldershot (alder-tree

L /T * \ ) wood) ; Alresford (Alderford) ; Alrewas (alder-
ALNUS (Lat.), < . \ AIJ / u

ATTNF (V \ ) e P asture ) ' Alderley (alder-tree meadow), in
' "* (England; Aulney, Aulnoy, Aulnois, Aunay,
Auneau (alder grove), in France.

ALT (Gadhelic), a stream ; e.g. the Alt, Aldan, Alta (river names) ;
Alt-dowran (otter stream) ; Aultsigh (gliding stream) ; Alt-
na-guish (the stream of the fir-trees) ; Aldivalloch, i.e. Allt-
a-bhealaich (the stream of the pass) ; Alness, i.e. Allt-an-
casa (of the cascade) ; Alltmore (great stream) ; Auldearn,
i.e. Allt-fearn (alder-tree stream) ; Cumbernauld, corrupt,
from Cumar-nan-alta (the confluence of the streams) ; Gara-
vault in Aberdeenshire, Garvault in East Lothian, and
Garvald in Dumfriesshire (rough stream) ; Altderg (red
stream).

ALTUN, or ALTAN (Tartar), golden ; e.g. the Altai, or golden
mountains ; Altanor (golden lake) ; Altan-su (golden river) ;
Alta-Yeen (the golden mountains) ; Altun-tash (golden rock) ;
Altun-kupri (golden bridge).

4.M, or AN, contrac. from Ger. an den (on the, or at the) ; e.g.
Amberg (at the hill) ; Amdorf or Ambach, Amsteg, Amwalde
(at the village, brook, path, wood).

AMAR (Old Ger.), a kind of grain ; e.g. Amarbach, Amarthal,
Amarwang, Amarveld (the brook, valley, strip of land,
field where this grain grew).

AMBACHT, or AMT (Ger.), a district under the government of an
Amtman or bailiff; e.g. Amt-sluis (the sluice of the Am-
bacht) ; Amthof (the court of the Amtman) ; Graven-Am-
bacht (the duke's district) ; Ambachtsbrug (the bridge of
the Ambacht).

AMBR, an Indo-Germanic word, signifying a river, allied to the
Sansc. ambu (water). According to Forsteman (v. Deutsche
Ortsnameti) the suffix r was added by most European nations
before their separation from the Asiatic tribes, as appears
in the Greek ombros and the Lat. imber (a shower). The
word appears in the names of tribes and persons, as well
as of places, on the European continent ; e.g. the Ambrones
(or dwellers by the water), and perhaps in Umbria ; Am-

ANGER AQUA

berloo and Amersfoort (the meadow and ford by the water),
in Holland ; and in such river names as the Ammer, Em-
mer, Emmerich, Ambra, etc.

ANGER (Ger.), a meadow or field ; e.g. Rabenanger (the raven's
field) ; Kreutzanger (the field of the cross) ; Moosanger
(mossy field) ; Wolfsanger (the wolfs field, or of Wolf, a
man's name) ; Vogelsanger (the birds' field) ; Angerhusen
(the field houses) ; Angerbach (the field brook) ; Anger
(the field), a town in Austria ; Angerburg (the fortress in
the field).

ANGRA (Port.), a creek or bay ; e.g. Angra (a sea-port in the
Azores) ; Angra-de-los-reyes (the king's bay).

AQUA(Lat), [;7 er; '* Aix ' anc AVM-S'***

AGUA (Span and Port ) ' (the warm s P rm s > said to have been
'" { discovered and named by Sextus Cal-

ACQLA(lt. ), s T-> A-

fFr -Old Fr AX^> V6nUS ' B ' C ' 12 ^> m Provence 5 Aix,

tri. , vyiu. J7 1 AA.I. I . -~ . . - Tr .

[ in Dauphmy, anc. Aqucz- Vocontiorum
(the waters of the Vocontii); Aix-les-bains (the bath waters),
in Savoy ; Aachen or Aix-la-Chapelle, celebrated for its
mineral springs, and for the chapel erected over the tomb
of Charlemagne ; Plombieres, anc. Aqucs-plombarice (waters
impregnated with lead); Veraqua, in New Granada, corrupt,
from Verdes-ag^tas (green waters) ; Aigue-perse (the bubbling
water), in Auvergne ; Aigue-vive (the spring of living water) ;
Aigue-belle (beautiful water); Aigue-noire (black water, etc.),
in France ; Dax, celebrated for its saline springs, corrupt,
from Civitas aqitensis (the city of waters) ; Aigues-mortes
(stagnant waters) ; Aguas-bellas (beautiful waters), Portugal ;
Aguas-calientes (warm waters), Mexico; Evaux, Evreux
(on the waters), France ; Evian, anc. Aquarum (the
waters), Savoy ; Entreves and Entraigues (between the
waters), anc. Interaqu/z; Yvoire, anc. Aquaria (the watery
district), on Lake Geneva ; Aas or Les Eaux (the waters),
Basses Pyrenees ; Nerac, anc. Aquce Neriedum (the waters
of the Nerii) ; Amboise and Amboyna (surrounded by
waters) ; Bordeaux (the dwelling on the water), borda, Low
Lat. (a dwelling) ; Vichy, anc. Agues calidcz (warm waters),
on the Allier ; Bex (upon the two waters), at the juncture
of the Rhone and Avengon ; Outre L'Eau (beyond the
water) ; Acalpulca, in Mexico, corrupt, from Portus aqua

io ARA ARD

pulchra (the port of beautiful waters) ; Agoa-fria (cold
water), Brazil ; Aqui, in North Italy, celebrated for its
baths ; Acireale, anc. aguas calientes (the warm waters) ;
Agoa-quente (hot spring), Brazil.

ARA, a frequent element in river names, with various and even
opposite meanings. Some of the river names may have
come from the Sansc. ara (swift, or the flowing), and in
Tamil aar means simply a river. There is another San-
scrit word arb (to ravage or destroy), with which the
Gadhelic words garw, garbh (rough) may be connected ;
and, on the other hand, there is the Welsh araf (gentle).
According to the locality and the characteristics of the
stream, one must judge to which of these roots its name
may belong. There are, in England, the Aire, Arre, Arro,
Arrow ; in France, the Arve, Erve, Arveiron, etc. ; in
Switzerland and Germany, the Aar, Are ; in Spain and
Italy, the Arva, Arno ; and in Scotland, the Ayr, Aray, Ir-
vine, etc. Many of these names may signify simply flowing
water (the river), while others beginning with the syllable
ar may be referred to the adjectival forms, araf, arb, ara,
or garbh, followed by another root-word for water, as in
Arrow (the swift stream) ; Yarrow (the rough stream) ; ow
(water) ; Arveiron (the furious stream) ; avon (water) ; Arar
(the gentle stream), now the Saone.

ARD, AIRD (Gadhelic), a height, or, as an adjective, high ; e.g. the
Aird (the height) on the south coast of the island of Lewis,
also in Inverness-shire ; Aird Point in the island of Skye ;
Aird-dhu (the black height), a hill in Inverness-shire ; the
Airds (high lands in Argyleshire) ; Airdrie, Gael. Az'rd-righ
(the king's height), or, perhaps, Aird-reidh (the smooth
height) ; Aird's Moss (a muirland tract in Ayrshire) ;
Ardbane (white height) ; Ardoch (high field) ; Ardclach
(high stony ground) ; Ardach and Ardaghy (high field) ;
Ardmore (great height) ; Ardeen and Arden (the little
height) ; Ardglass (green height) ; Ardfert (the height of the
grave or ditch, Irish ferf) ; Ardrishaig (the height full of
briers, driseach) ; Ardnamurchan (the height of the great
headland, ceann, or of the great ocean, cuari) ; Ardgower
(goat's height) ; Ardtornish (the height of the cascade, cas
and torr) ; Ardross (high point) ; Ardrossan (little high

ARD ARN

point) ; Ardchattan (St. Cathan's height) ; Ardersier, Gael.
Ard-ros-siar (the high western height) ; Ardlui (the height
of the fawn, laoidK) ; Ardentinny (of the fire, teine) ; Ardboe
(of the cow) ; Ardbraccan (of St. Brachan) ; Ardfinan (St.
Finan's height) ; Armagh, in Ireland, anc. Ard-macha
(the height of Macha, the wife of one of the early Irish
colonists) ; Arroquhar, in Dumbarton, i.e. Ardthir (the high
land) ; Ardmeanach (the mossy height or the black isle) ;
Ardgask (the hero's height, Gael, gaisgeach, a hero) ;
Ardnacrushy (of the cross) ; Ardtrea (St. Trea's height) ;
Ardnarea, i.e. Ard-na-riaghadh (the height of the execu-
tions, with reference to a dark tale of treachery and
murder) ; Ardgay (windy height) ; Ardblair (high field) ;
Ardwick (high town, a suburb of Manchester). The Lat.
root arduus (high) is found in Ardea, in Italy ; the Ardes
(or heights), in Auvergne ; Auvergne itself has been traced
to Ar-fearann (high lands), but Cocheris, A u Noms de Lieu^
gives its ancient name as Alverniacus (i.e. the domain of the
Auvergnt). Ardennes, Forest of (high-wooded valleys) ;
Ardwick-le-street (the high town on the great Roman
road), stratum. Ard, art, and artha are also Persian pre-
fixes attached to the names of places and persons ; e.g.
Ardboodha (the high place of Buddha) ; Aravalli (the hill
of strength) ; and such personal names as Artaxerxes,
Artabanes, Artamenes. In some cases it may refer to the
agricultural habits of the Indo-Germanic races (Lat. aro,
Grk. a/Dow, Goth, arfan, Old High Ger. aran, Cel. ar (to
plough), hence the Aryan tribes are those belonging to the
dominant race the aristocracy of landowners, as distin-
guished from the subject races v. Taylor's Names of Places.

ARN ERN fTeut ) f a plaCC ' farm ' dweIlin S ' & Heddern ( hid -

' ing-place) ; Beddern (sleeping-place) ;

Suthern (south place) ; Arne, a town
ARA (Lat.), a home, . ,,. . > . A.T. _1 / u it i \

v , ", , . < m Yorkshire ; Chiltern (chalk place) ;

AREA, bas (Lat.), i*n,-,.i, 117- *. AC riJi *

' F x | Whithorn, in Wigton, A.S. Whttern,

\g, Y' I Lat. Candida-casa (white house) ; As-

[ perne (the place of poplar-trees) ; Fe-
mern (of cattle) ; Domern (of judgment) ; Thalern (valley
dwelling) ; Mauthern (toll place) ; Bevern and Bevergern
(the dwelling on the R. Bever) ; Aire, Lat. Area-Atrebatum

12 ARNATH

(the dwelling of the Atrebates), on the Adour, in France ;
also Aire, on the Lys ; Les Aires (the farms) ; Airon, etc., in
France, Bavaria, Ger. Baiern (the dwelling of the Boii) ;
Aros, Gael, (the dwelling), in Mull ; Arosaig (corner dwell-
ing), Argyle.

ARN COld Ger} ( an eagle ' This WOrd is USed in to Pg ra P h y
AT \ ) either with reference to the bird itself, or to

ARI (Norse), < , . , , . , ,

ERYR (Welsh) ) a P ersonal name denved from ll ; *-g- Arnfels
\ (eagle's rock) ; Arnberg, Arnstein, Arlberg
(eagle mountain or rock) ; Arisdale (eagle valley, or the
valley of a person called Arix) ; Arnau (eagle meadow) ;
Arnecke (eagle corner) ; Arendal (eagle valley) ; Arenoe
(eagle island) ; Eryri (the eagle mountain), the Welsh
name for Snowdon.

ARX (Lat.), a fortress ; e.g. Arce, anc. ATX, a town in Italy with a
hill fortress called Rocca efArcd (the rock of the fortress) ;
Arcis sur Aube (the fortress on the R. Aube), in France ;
Arcole and Arcola, in Lombardy and Sardinia ; Saar-Louis,
anc. Arx-Ludovici-Sarum (the fortress of Louis on the
Saar), founded by Louis XIV., 1680; Arx-fontana or
Fuentes (the fortress of the fountain), in Spain ; Monaco,
anc. Arx-Monceci (the fortress of the Monaeci), on the Gulf
of Genoa ; Thours, anc. Tiied<z-Arx (the fortress on the
R. Thouet), in France.

AS, or AAS (Scand.), a hill ridge; e.g. Astadr (ridge dwelling);
As and Aas, the names of several towns in Sweden and
Norway ; Aswick, Aastrap, Aasthorp (the village or farm
on the ridge), in Shetland.

ASTA (Basque), a rock ; e.g. Astorga, in Spain, Lat. Asturica-
Augusta (the great city on the rocky water, ura) ; Astiapa
and Estepa (the dwelling at the foot of the rock), in
Spain ; Astulez and Astobeza, also in Spain ; Asti, a dis-
trict in Sardinia which was peopled by Iberians or Basques ;
Astura (the rocky river) ; Asturias (the country of the
dwellers by that river) ; Ecija, in Spain, anc. Astigi (on
the rock) ; Estepa and Estepona (rocky ground).

( a ford. This root-word is more common
ATH, AGH (Gadhehc), . T , , ., . c ., , , .

' < in Ireland than in Scotland, and is cosr-

ATIOH }

( nate with the Lat. vadum, and the
A.S. ivath or wade; e.g. Athy, i.e. Ath-Ae (the ford of

ATHELAUCHTER 13

Ae, a Munster chief who was slain at the spot) ; Athmore
(great ford) ; Athdare (the ford of oaks) ; Athenry (the
king's ford) ; Athlone, i.e. Ath Luaen (the ford of St.
Luan) ; Athleague (stony ford) ; Athane (little ford) ;
Aghanloo (Lewy's little ford) ; the town of Trim is in Irish
Athtruim (the ford of the elder trees) ; Agolagh, i.e. Ath-
goblach (the forked ford) ; Aboyne (the ford of the river),
on the Dee in Aberdeenshire ; Athgoe, i.e. Ath-goibhne
(the ford of the smiths), in Dublin.
.. ~ . /noble, or the nobles; e.g. Adelsdorf, Adels-

\ ' "'' I heim, Adelshofen, Attelbury (the nobles' dwell-
ADEL (Ger.), < . . ' . , ' . , ; \ ^ , . ,.

//- i.- \ I m g) > Athelney (the island of the nobles), in

ADELIG (Gothic), / C 6> ,. V ,, ^, /'

' ^ Somersetshire, formerly insulated by the rivers
Tone and Parret ; Addelsfors (the nobles' waterfall) ; Adels-
berg (the nobles' hill) ; Adelsclag (the nobles' wood-clear-
ing) ; Adelsoe (the nobles' island) ; Adelmanns-felden (the
nobleman's field).

, > (a. meadow, formed from aha (water), and
AU, AUE (Ger.), I , j . v , /J .

/T V . '' < frequently annexed to the name of a river;
AUGIA (Lat.), ) A TI r>u ^ n

[ e.g. Aarau, Ilmenau, Rhemau, Wetterau, Op-

penau, Muhrau (the meadow of the Aar, Ilmen, Rhine,
Wetter, Oppa, Muhr) ; Frankenau (the Franks' meadow) ;
Lichtenau (the meadow of light) ; Reichenau (rich meadow) ;
Schoenau (beautiful meadow) ; Greenau (green) ; Langenau
(long) ; Weidenau (pasture-meadow) ; Rosenau (the meadow
of roses) ; Lindau (of lime-trees) ; Herisau, Lat. Augia-
dominus (the Lord's meadow) ; Eu, anc. Augia (the
meadow), in Normandy ; Hanau (the enclosed meadow) ;
Nassau (the moist meadow) ; Iglau (the meadow of the R.
Igla, in Moravia) ; Troppau, in Silesia (the meadow of the
R. Oppa).

AUCHTER orOCHTER(Gadhelic),

UCHDER (Welsh), U PP e // e * Auchtertyre, anc.

( Auchterardoiver (the summit

on the water) ; Auchterarder (the upper high land) ; Auchter-
blair (upper field) ; Auchtercairn (upper rock) ; Auchter-
muchty (the upper dwelling, ttgh, of the wild boar, muc) ;
Auchterau (the upper water) ; Auchtertool (the upper land
on the R. Tiel), in Fife ; Auchterless (the upper side, slios).
In Ireland this word takes the form of Ottghter; e.g.

14 A VON BAAL

Oughterard (upper height) ; Oughter-lough (upper lake, in
reference to Loch Erne) ; Balloughter (upper town) ; Lis-
soughter (upper fort) ; Killoughter (upper church). The
Irish adjective uachdar is not unfrequently Anglicised water,
as in Clowater in Carlow, i.e. Cloch-uachdar (upper stone
or castle) ; Watree, in Kilkenny, i.e. Uachdaraighe (upper
lands) v. Joyce's Irish Names of Places.

AVON, AFON (Cym.-CeL), ( ter ' T

ABHAIN, ABHUINNE (Gael), J ^une, Auney, Inney, Ewenny, Aney,
, T _ / \ 1 Eveny, river names m England,

AMNIS (Lat. Sansc. ap.}, I , , , .

V Wales, and Ireland ; Avengorm

(red river) ; Aven-banna (white river) ; Avenbui (yellow
river) ; Avonmore (great river), in Ireland ; the Seine,
anc. Seimh-au (smooth river) ; the Mayenne or Meduana
(probably the middle river, from Cel. meadhoit). In
France there are from this root the Ain, Avenne, Vilaine,
Vienne ; the Abona, in Spain. In Scotland : the Almond
or Awmon; Devon (deep river) ; Doon (dark river) ;
Kelvin (woody river) ; Annan (quiet river) ; the Leith,
Leithen, Lethen (the broad or the gray river) ; the Don, in
Scotland and England (dark or brown river) ; Irvine and
Earn (the west-flowing river) ; Anwoth, in Kirkcudbright, i.e.
Avonwath (the course of the river) ; the Spey, speach-abhain
(swift river) ; the Allan (beauteous river, aluinri) ; the
Boyne, anc. Bouoninda (perhaps yellow river, buidhe).
Many towns derive their names from their rivers, or from
their vicinity to water : thus, Avignon and Verona (on the
water) ; Amiens, the cap. of the Ambiani (dwellers on the
water, i.e. of the Samara or Somme). Teramo, anc.
Interamnia (between the rivers), and Terni, with the same
meaning ; Avenay, anc. Avenacum (on the river) ; Avesnes,
celebrated for its mineral springs. But such names as
Avenay, Avennes, etc., may have been derived in many
cases from Lat. avena, Fr. avoine (oats) v. Cocheris's Noms
de Lieu.

B

BAAL, a prefix in Phoenician names, derived from the worship of
the sun-god among that people ; e.g. Baalath and Kirjath-
Baal (the city of Baal) ; Baal-hazor (Baal's village) ; Baal-

BAB BAD 15

Hermon (near Mount Hermon) ; Baal-Judah, etc., in Pales-
tine. Sometimes, however, the word is used as synonymous
with beth (a dwelling), as Baal-tamar and Baal-Meon (for
Bethtamar and Beth Meon). But Baal-Perazim, we are
told, means the place of breaches, and has no reference to
the sun-god, Baalbec (the city of the sun), in Syria.
BAB (Ar.), a gate or court ; Babel and Babylon, according to the
Arabic (the gate of God), or from a word signifying con-
fusion, Gen. xi. 9 ; Baab (the gate), a town in Syria ;
El-Baab (the gate), in the Sahara ; Bab-el-Mandeb, Strait
of (the gate of tears), so called by the Arabs from its
dangerous navigation ; Bab-el-estrecho (the gate of the
narrow passage), the Arabic name for the Strait of Gibraltar.

,, . fa brook ; e.g. Snail-

BACH, BATCH (Teut.), ' , f, , ,,

, c v , x '' batch and Caldbeck

BEC, BOEK (Scand.), , . , , , .,.

, ' 7 , v , . /J , , , < (cold brook or swift

but bach, by mutation jack or vacii, I > , . /7 . A

. _ ' . J ., ,.', brook); snell in A.S.

in Welsh names means small, little, , , j ,, ,. ,

[ and Old English means

active, sharp, quick ; and in Scotland, as applied to
the weather, it means sharp or severely cold ; Crumbeck
(crooked brook) ; Lauterbach (clear brook) ; Skurbeck
(dividing brook) ; Griesbach and Sandbach (sandy brook) ;
Gronenbach (green brook) ; Over-beck (upper) ; Reichen-
bach (rich) ; Marbeck (boundary) ; Schoenbach (beautiful
brook) ; Beckford (the brook ford) ; Bacheim and Beckum
(the dwelling at the brook) ; Beckermet (the meeting of
brooks) ; Bickerstith (the station at the brook) ; Laubach
and Laybach (the warm brook) ; but Laubach may also
mean rich in leaves v. ACH. Bee in Normandy is named
from a brook that flows into the Risle : Birkbeck in West-
moreland (the birch-tree brook) ; Ansbach or Anspach (at
the stream in Bavaria) ; Schwalbach (the swallow's brook),
in Nassau ; Houlbec, in Normandy, Holbeck, in Lincoln and
in Denmark (the brook in the hollow) ; Fulbeck (Lincoln)
and Foulbec, in Normandy (muddy brook).
., . ( a bath or mineral spring ; e.g. Baden, anc.

\ ir+ r i\ < ThermcE-Austricce (the Austrian warm
BADD (Cym.-Cel.), ) \ ,-. .,

' ( springs) ; Baden - Baden, anc. Livttas

Aquenses Aiirelia (the watering-place of Aurelius) ; Baden-
bei-Wien (the baths near Vienna) ; Baden-ober (the upper

1 6 BAGHBAHIA

baths) ; Franzens-bad (the bath of the Franks) ; Carlsbad
or Kaiser-bad (the bath-town of the Emperor Charles IV.
of Bohemia) ; Marien-bad, Lat. Balneum Maria (the bath-
town of the Virgin Mary) ; Wiesbaden, anc. Fontes-Mattiaci
(the baths or springs of the Mattiaci, dwellers on the
meadow) v. WIESE ; Badborn (bath well) ; Wildbad (wild
bath, i.e. not prepared by art), in the Black Forest ; Slangen-
bad (the bath of snakes), so called from the number of
snakes found in the mineral springs; Badsdorf (bath village),
Bohemia. The Celtic name of the English city Bath was
Caer-badon, or Bathan-ceaster (bath city or fortress) ; the
Anglo-Saxons made it Akeman-ceaster (the sick man's
camp), or Aqttce Lulis (dedicated to a British divinity,
Lulis, identified with Minerva).

BAGH (Ar. and Turc.), a garden ; e.g. Bag, or Baug, in Hindostan.
Bagdad superseded Seleucia, which, it is related, was reduced
to such a state of ruin as to have nothing remaining on the
spot where it stood formerly but the cell of the monk Dad ;
hence the name of the new city founded by the Caliph
Almazar, A.D. 762. Baghdad, i.e. the garden of Dad, a
monk who had his cell near the site of the city ; Bala-Bagh
(high garden), in Affghanistan ; Karabagh (black garden),
a district in Armenia, so called from its thick forests ;
Alum-bagh (the garden of the Lady Alum), in Hindostan ;
Baktschisarai (the palace of the garden), in Crimea.
.. , f from the Lat. balneum (a bath) ; e.g. Bagna-

/o \ I cavallo (the horses' bath) : Bagna-di-aqua
BANG (Span.), , v , . -

< (water bath) ; Bagnazo, Bagnara, Bagnari,

BANHO (Port ^

( F "\ I towns m I ta -ly> celebrated for their baths.

[_ In France there are Bagneres-de-Bigorre (the
baths of Bigorones, i.e. the dwellers between two heights) ;
Bagneres-de-Luchon (the baths on the R. Luchon) ; Bains-
les-du-mont-dore (the baths of the golden mount); with
numerous names with similar meanings, such as Bagneux,
Bagneaux, Bagnol, Bagnoles, Bagnolet, Bagnot, etc. In
Italy : Bagnolina (the little bath) ; Bagni-di- Lucca, Bagni-
di-Pisa (the baths of Lucca and Pisa).

BAHIA (Port.), a bay ; e.g. Bahia or St. Salvador (the town of
the Holy Saviour), on the bay, in Brazil ; Bahia-blanca
(white bay) ; Bahia-hermosa (beautiful) ; Bahia-honda

BAHNBAILE 17

(deep) ; Bahia-negra (black) ; Bahia-neuva (new bay) ;
Bahia-de-Neustra-Senora (the bay of Our Lady); Bahia-
Escosesa (Scottish bay), in Hayti ; Bayonna, in Spain, and
Bayonne, in France (the good bay), from a Basque word,
signifying good; Baia (the town on the bay), in Naples ;
Bahia-de-todos los Santos (All Saints' Bay), in Brazil.

BAHN (Ger.), a way or path ; e.g. Winter-bahn (winter path) ;
Langen-bahn (long path) ; Wild-bahn (wild or uncultivated
path).

BAHR, or BAHAR (Ar.), a sea, a lake, and sometimes a river ; e.g.
Bahar-el-Abiad (the white) ; Bahar-el-azrak (the blue river),
forming together the Nile ; Bahar-belame (waterless river),
in Egypt ; Baraach (the sea of wealth), in Hindostan ;
Bahari (the maritime district), Lower Egypt ; Bahr-assal
(salt lake), Africa ; Bahrein (the two seas), a district in
Arabia, between the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea ; also a
group of islands on the same coast.

BAILE, BALLY (Gadhelic), originally merely a place, a home, then
a fort, a town, allied to the Grk. polis. The word joined
with the article an is found as ballin for baile-an ; e.g.
Ballinrobe (the town of the R. Robe) ; Balbriggan (Brecon's
town) ; Ballintra and Ballintrae, in Ireland, and Ballantrae,
in Scotland (the dwelling on the strand) ; Ballinure (the
town of the yew) ; Ballintubbert (the town of the well) ;
Ballinakill (of the church or wood) ; Ballinahinch (of the
island) ; Ballinamona (of the bog), in Ireland ; Ballycastle
(castle town) ; Ballymena (middle town) ; Ballymony (of
the shrubbery) ; Balmagowan and Ballingown (of the
smiths) ; Ballymore and Ballmore (great town) ; Nohoval,
corrupt, from Nuachongbha.il (new dwelling), localities in
Ireland. In Scotland : Balvanie, anc. Bal-Beni-mor (the
dwelling of Beyne, the great first Bishop of Mortlach), in
Aberdeenshire ; Balmoral (the majestic dwelling, moratl) ;
Ballater (the dwelling on the hill-slope, leitir) ; Balmerino
(on the sea-shore, muir) ; Balachulish, Gael. Baile-na-caolish
(the dwelling on the narrow strait) ; Baldernock, Gael.
Baile-dair-cnoc (the dwelling at the oak hill) ; Balnacraig
(dwelling of the rock) ; Balfour (cold dwelling) ; Balgay
(windy dwelling, gaoth, wind) ; Balfron (of mourning,
bhroiri), so called, according to tradition, because a number

1 8 BALA BANYA

of children had been devoured by wolves at the place ;
Balgreen (the sunny place, grianacK) ; Balgarvie (of the
rough stream) ; Ballagan and Ballogie (the dwelling in the
hollow) ; Balgownie and Balgonie (of the smiths) ; Bal-
bardie (of the bard) ; Balmac Lellan (the dwelling of the Bal-
MacLellan), in Kirkcudbright ; Balmaghie (of the Maghies) ;
Balquhidder (the town at the back of the country) ; Bal-
blair (of the field or plain).

BALA (Turc.), high ; e.g. Bala-hissar (high castle) ; Bala-dagh
(high mountain) ; Bala-Ghauts (the high Ghauts) ; Balasore
(high dwelling) ; Balkan (high ridge), also called Mount
Haemus (the snowy mount), hima (Sansc.), snow ; Balkh
(high town), anc. Bactra.

BALKEN (Ger.), a ridge ; e.g. Griesen-balken (sandy ridge) ; Moes-
balken (mossy ridge) ; Schieren-balken (clear ridge) the
word is applied to chains of mountains in general.
, , , ( a strait or belt ; e.g. Balta (the island of the

BALTEUS (Lat \ } Strait ) ' Baltia ( the countr y of belts or straits )>
* " ( the ancient name of Scandinavia. The Great

and Little Belts, or straits.
BAN (Gadhelic), white, fair ; e.g. Rivers Bann, Bane, Bain, Bana,

Banon, Bandon, Banney, etc. ; Banchory (the fair valley).
BAN (Cym.-Cel.), a hill or height ; e.g. Cefn-y-fan (the hill-ridge) ;

Tal-y-fan (the face of the hill), in Wales. B by mutation

becomes f.

, x (a district or enclosure, from Old Ger.

BANT, BANZ (Ger.), , , ,, . . , ~

POINT and PAINT AM 1 pyndan (t confine )' c S nate wlth Cvm --

r vA JL tlllLL .t .TiHN i. ^jLftCf'. I /- i i t T i , 7^ 7 L *

' ( Cel. pant ; e.g. Brabant, i.e. Brach-bant
(the ploughed district) ; Altenbanz (the old) ; Ostrevant
(the eastern) ; Grunnenbant (the green district) ; Hasel-
point (hazel field) ; Pound- stock (the enclosed place), in
Germany ; Drenthe, corrupt, from Thri-banta (the three
districts), in Holland ; Bantz, in Bavaria. From pant we
have .in Monmouth, Panteg (beautiful valley, teg) ; Pant-y-
goitre (the valley of the town in the wood).

BANYA (Hung.), a mine; e.g. Uj-banya (new mine) ; Nagy-banya
(great mine), a town of Hungary with gold and silver
mines, named by the Germans Neustadt; Abrud-banya
(the mine on the R. Abrud, a district abounding in metals).

BARRBAUM 19

<r* ju v \ ( a summit; ^.if. Barmona (the summit or top
BARR (Gadhelic), I r ., \ t u u^ \

BAR (Cvm -Cel { ) g ) ' Barra - vore fe reat hei S ht ;wr ) 5

, . '" \ Barmeen (smooth summit), in Ireland. In
BARD (Scand.), / . . c .. /J , -

\ several counties in Scotland we have Barr

(the uplands), but Barr in Ayrshire took its name from St.
Barr ; Barbreac (spotted point) ; Barrie and Barra (the
head of the water, abJi) ; Barcaldine (hazel point, calltunri) ;
Barbeth (birch point) ; Barrglass (gray point) ; Bar-darroch
(the summit of the oak grove) ; Bardearg (red point) ; Bar-
caple (the horses' point) ; the Bard of Mousa and of
Bressay, in the Shetlands, is the projection on these islands ;
the ancient name of the town of Perth was Barr-Tatha (the
height of the R. Tay) ; Barwyn for Bar-gwn (a white-topped
mountain, or tipped with snow), in Wales. In France the
prefix bar is applied to strongholds, as in Bar-le-Duc (the
duke's citadel) ; Bar-sur Saone, Bar-sur Aube (the strong-
hold on the rivers Saone and Aube).

BARROW (Scand ) ( a mound of earth ' especially over a grave ;

BEORH (AS ) } e ' g ' Barrow - b y ( the dwellin g a t the mound) ;

{ Ingle-barrow (the mound at the grave of

Ingold). But, in some cases, barrow may be a form of

A.S. boerw (a grove), as in Barrow-den (the grove hollow),

in Rutland.

/ r \ ( a building; e.g. Brun-bau (the well-house);

r ) Neu-bau and Alten-bau (the old and new

BAUEN to build 1 buildin ) > Bui le (the building), a parish on
' (, the Solway Firth ; Tichel-boo (brick build-
ing) ; Forst-gebaude (the building in the forest). It takes
the form of bottle and buttel in Germany, and battle
in Britain v. p. 27 ; Newbattle (new building in Mid
Lothian) ; Wulfen-buttel (the dwelling of Ulpha) ; Bolton,
in Lancashire, anc. Botl.

fr "* / a tree, a post ; e.g. Baumburg (tree town) ; Baum-
A q \ J garten (the orchard) ; Baumgartenthal (orchard

BOOM (Dut \ ) valle y) > Baum-kriig (the tree inn) ; Schoen-
v ''' vbaum (beautiful tree) ; Heesbaum (the hazel-
tree), in Germany ; Bampton and Bempton (tree town),
in Oxford and Yorkshire ; but Bampton in Devon takes
its name from the R. Bathom its ancient name was
Bathom-ton.

20 BEDDBEG

BEDD (Welsh), a grave ; e.g. Bedd-gelert (the grave of a favourite
hound of Llewelyn, or, as others affirm, the grave of a saint
named Kelert).

//~ r- i \ f the birch-tree, cognate with the Lat. betula;
BEDW (Cym.-Cel.), I , i

BEITH (Gadhelic/ I**' Beddoe ( the birches )> Salop; Bed-

BEDWEN (Welsh? ) wdty ' *'' Bedw ~ff iva ^ ( the wild beast>s
" ^ dwelling among the birches), in Monmouth ;

Penbedw (birch hill), Monmouth. In Ireland : Beagh,
Beaghy, Behagh, Behy, i.e. (birch land) ; Kilbehey, i.e.
coill -beithne (birch wood); Behanagh (birch - producing
river) ; Ballybay, i.e. Bel-atha-beithe (the ford mouth of the
birch) ; Aghaveagh (birch field). In Scotland : Beith and
Beath, in Fife and Ayrshire ; Dalbeath, Dalbeth, Dalbeathie
(the birch field or valley) ; Barbeth (the summit of birches).

BEEMD (Dutch), a meadow ; e.g. Beemd and Beemte (on the
meadow) ; Haagschbeemden (enclosed meadow) ; Beem-
ster-polder (the meadow embankment).

BEER, BIR (Heb. and Ar.), a well ; e.g. Beer-sheba (the well of the
oath) ; Beer-Elim (the well of heroes) ; Beer-lahai-roi (the
well of the living sight) ; Beirout (the city of wells), in
Palestine ; Bir, a town of Asiatic Turkey.

RF or RFAR CTP.it ^ ( a farm ' cotta S e > or dwelling; e.g. Beer-
nh,iLK.. or rJfiiAK i i eui. i. IT-. . ,,, _ * \ T-. i .

BUR (AS) J glS ^ g ^ ' r ~ Alst0n

/r\ij r> \ Hthe dwelling of Alston) ; Beardon and

BYR (Old Ger.), ,. , ... " ....

^ Berewood (the dwelling on a hill and in

a wood) ; Aylesbear (the dwelling of Aegle) ; Biihren, in
Hanover and Switzerland ; Beuren, in Swabia ; Grasbeuren
(grassy dwelling) ; Sandbuur (sandy dwelling) ; Erlesbura
(dwelling among elms) ; Beerendrecht (the dwelling on the
pasture) ; Nassenbeuren (damp dwelling) ; Blaubeuren (the
blue dwelling) ; Benediktbeuren (the dwelling of the Bene-
dictines).

BEG, BEAG (Gadhelic), ( !!"! e ; <* Morb l ha " < the

, , 1 little sea), in Brittany ;
BACH or BYCHAN, by mutation/^ ^ Taafe . fe ^' han (the ^

orfychan (Cym.-Cel.), (^.^ Taaf ^ m Wales

In Ireland : Castlebeg (little castle) ; Downkillybegs (the
fortress of the little church) ; Bunbeg (small river mouth) ;
Rathbeg (little fort).

BEIMBEL 21

BEIM, a contraction of the Ger. bei-dem (by the) ; e.g. Beimbach,
Beimberg, Beimhofen (by the brook, the hill, the court).

*,TT <r A\, r \ ( a mountain, cognate with the Cym.-Cel.
BEINN (Gadhelic), ' , , ,. , v

< pen ; e.g. Beanach (a hilly place) ; Ben-

( more (great mountain) ; Ben-a-buird (table
mountain) ; Ben-a-bhaird (the bard's mountain) ; Benan,
i.e. Binnean (the peaked hill or pinnacle) ; Bencleuch (stony
mountain) ; Ben-cruachan (the stack- shaped mountain,
cruacK) ; Bendearg (red mountain) ; Bendronach (the
mountain with the hunch, dronnag) ; Bengloe (the moun-
tain with the covering or veil, glotK) ; Benamore and Bann-
more (the great peaks, beanna, peaks) ; Bennachie (the hill
of the pap, at its summit, ache) ; Benavoir (the mountain of
gold, or), in Jura ; Benclibrig (the hill of the playing trout) ;
Benloyal, i.e. Ben-laoghal (the hill of the calves) ; Ben-na-
cailleach (nun's hill) ; Ben Lomond, named from Loch
Lomond, quod vide ; Benmacdhui, i.e. Beinn-na-muc-dubh
(the mountain of the black sow) ; Ben Nevis (the cloud-
capped or snowy mountain) ; Benvenue (the little moun-
tain), as compared with Benledi ; Benwyvis (stupendous
mountain, uabhasacli) ; Benvrachie (spotted mountain) ;
Benvoirlich (the mountain of the great loch). In Ireland :
Benbo, i.e. Beannabo (the peaks of the cows) ; Dunmanway,
in Cork, corrupt, from Dun-na-mbeann (the fortress of the
pinnacles). In Ireland ben is more generally applied to
small steep hills than to mountains ; e.g. Bengore (the peak
of the goats, gabhar) ; Benburb, Lat. pinna superba (proud
peak), in Tyrone ; the Twelve Pins, i.e. bens or peaks, in
Connemara ; Banagh and Benagh (a place full of peaks) ;
Bannaghbane and Bannaghroe (white and red hilly ground) ;
Banaghar, King's Co., and Bangor, Co. Down, anc. Beann-
char (the pointed hills or rocks) ; but Bangor, in Wales,
signifies the high choir ; Drumbanagh (the ridge of the
peaks).

BEL, BELLE, BEAU (Fr.), { ^ Utifid ' ^ ^ * L ^

BELLO, BELLA (Port., Span., It.), 1 ff "*>'* ^amp, Belcastro

/( ( (beautiful field and camp); Belle-
isle and Belile (beautiful island) ; Beaufort, Beaulieu, Beau-
mont, Beaumanoir (fine fort, place, mount, manor) ; Beau-
maris (the fair marsh), so named in the reign of Edward I.

22 BEL

Some think it may have been formerly Bimaris (between
two seas), a name applied by Horace to Corinth ; Belvoir
(beautiful to see), in Rutland ; Bewley and Bewdley,
corrupt, from Beaulieu ; Beauley, a river and village in
Inverness-shire, named from Prioratus-de-bello-loco (the
priory of the beautiful place), founded in 1230; Beachy
Head, according to Camden, is the head of the beach, but
Holland, who published Camdeti's Britannia, says it was
called Beaucliff, or, more probably, Beauchef (beautiful
headland) ; Beaudesert (beautiful retreat) ; Belper, i.e.
Beau-repaire (with the same meaning), in Warwick and
Derbyshire ; Leighton-Buzzard, corrupt, of its ancient name
Legionbuhr (the fortress of the legion) ; Balaclava, corrupt,
from its ancient name Bella-chiava (the beautiful frontier
town, chiave), founded by the Genoese.

BEL, BIALA (Sclav.), white ; e.g. Biela (white stream) ; Bela, Belaia
(white place) ; Belowes and Belowiz (white village) ; was or
wies (a town or village) ; Belgrade, Ger. Weissenburg (white
fortress) ; Bialgorod, Turc. Akkermann (white castle) ; Belki
or Bielki (a name applied in Russia to snow-capped
mountains) ; Berat, in Albania, corrupt, from Belgrade
(white fort).

BEL, BEAL (Gadhelic), a mouth, in its literal sense, but in a second-
ary sense, signifying an entrance into any place. In
Ireland it is often united with ath (a ford), forming belatha
(ford entrance). The word bel itself is often used to denote
a ford ; e.g. Belclair, i.e. Bel-an-chlair (the ford or entrance
to the plain) ; Belatha (Anglicised Bella) is found in many
names, as in Bellanagare, i.e. Bel-atha-na-gcarr (the ford
mouth of the cars) ; Lisbellaw (the fort at the ford mouth) ;
Bel-atha is often changed in modern names to balli or
bally, as if the original root were baile (a town), as in
Ballinamore (the mouth of the great ford) ; Ballinafad
(the mouth of the long ford) ; Ballyshannon is corrupt,
from Bel-atha-Seanach (Shannagh's ford); Belfast, anc.
Bel-feirsde (the ford of the J "arse t or sandbank) ; Ballinaboy,
i.e. Bel-an-atha-buide (the mouth of the yellow ford) ;
Ballinasloe, Bel-atha-na-sluaigheadh (the ford mouth of the
armies) ; Bel (a ford) is not found in Scotland, but a word
with a kindred meaning as applied to land, bealach (a

BELEDBERG 23

pass or opening between hills), is frequent there, as well
as in Ireland, and takes the form of ballagh or balloch ; e.g.
Ballaghboy in Ireland, and Ballochbuie in Scotland (the
yellow pass) ; Ballaghmore (great pass) ; Ballaghkeen (the
beautiful pass, cceiri) ; Ballaghadereen (the pass of the little
oak grove) ; Balloch alone occurs in several counties of
Scotland, the best known being Balloch, at the entrance to
Loch Lomond ; Ballochray (smooth pass, retdh) ; Balloch-
myle (the bald or bare pass) ; Ballochgair (short pass) ;
Ballochcraggan (of the little rock); Balloch-nam-bo (the
pass of the cattle), etc.

BELED, or BELAD (Ar.), a district ; e.g. Beled-es-Shurifa (the dis-
trict of the nobles) ; Belad-es-Sudan (the district of the
Blacks) ; Belad-es-Sukkar (sugar district) ; Belad-t-moghrib
(the district of the West), the Arabian name for Morocco,
also called Beled-el-Djered (the land of dates) ; Beled-el-
Sham (the district of the north or on the left), the Arabic
name for Syria, to distinguish it from Yemen (to the south
or right). Syria was also called by the Turks Soristan,
and by the Greeks Suria, i.e. the country of Tyre (Tzur,
the rock). The word in its secondary sense means pros-
perous or happy hence the Greeks called it 'ApajSia r/ i>
Saifjuav, to distinguish it from Arabia deserta (Ar.), El-
Badiah (the desert), hence the Bedawees or Bedouins.

BENDER (Ar.), a market or harbour. Bender is the name of
several towns on the Persian Gulf, and also of a town on
the Dniester; Bender-Erekli (the harbour of the ancient
Heraclea), on the Black Sea.

BENI (Ar.), sons of; e.g. Beni-Hassan (a town named from the
descendants of Hassan) ; Beni-Araba (belonging to the sons
of the desert) ; Beni-Calaf (to the sons of the Caliph) ;
Beni-Sham (the sons of Shem), i.e. Syria ; Beni-Misr (the
land of Mizraim or Egypt).

PPP ^fVr ^ ( a hill a summit ; e -g- Ailberg (eagle

lERcVscand ^ J hill > ; BIe y ber S ( lead hill > ' Schneeberg

!V us x 1 (snowy hill) ; Walkenberg (the hill of

BRIG, BRAIGH (Celtic), \ V / r *v. J \

" v clouds) ; Donnersberg (of thunder) ;
Habsberg, Falkenberg, Valkenberg (of hawks) ; Finsterberg
(dark hill) ; Groenberg (green hill) ; Teufelsberg (the devil's
hill) ; Greiffenberg (the griffin's hill) ; Geyersberg (of the

34 BETH

vulture) ; Jarlsberg (of the earl) ; Dreisellberg (the hill of
three seats) ; Kupperberg (copper hill) ; Heilberg (holy
hill) ; Silberberg (silver hill, near a silver mine) ; Schoen-
berg (beautiful hill). The word berg, however, is often
applied to the names of towns and fortresses instead of
burg ; and, when this is the case, it indicates that the town
was built on or near a hill, or in connection with a fortress ;
e.g. Kaiserberg (the hill fort of the Emperor Frederick II.) ;
Wiirtemberg, anc. Wirtenberg (named from the seignorial
chateau, situated upon a hill). The name has been trans-
lated (the lord of the hill) from an Old Ger. word wirt (a
lord). Heidelberg is a corrupt, of Heydenberg (the hell of
the pagans), or from heydel myrtle, which grows in great
abundance in the neighbourhood ; Lemberg, Lowenburg,
or Leopolis (the fortress of Leo Danielowes), in Galicia ;
Nurnberg, anc. Norimberga or Castritm Noiicum (the
fortress of the Noricii) ; Lahnberg (on the R. Lahn) ;
Spermberg (on the Spree) ; Wittenberg (white fortress) ;
Koningsberg (the king's fortress), in E. Prussia and in
Norway ; Bamberg (named after Babe, daughter of the
Emperor Otho II.), in Bavaria; Havelberg (on the R.
Havel). There are several towns in Germany and Scan-
dinavia called simply Berg or Bergen ; e.g. Bergen-op-Zoom
(the hill fort on the R. Zoom), in Holland ; Bergamo (on a
hill), in Italy. Berg (a hill) sometimes takes the form of
berry, as in Queensberry, in Dumfries ; also of borough, as
in Flamborough Head and Ingleborough (the hill of the
beacon light). Gebirge signifies a mountain range ; e.g.
Schneegebirge (the snow-clad range) ; Siebengebirge (the
range of seven hills) ; Fichtelgebirge (of the pines) ; Erze-
gebirge (the ore mountain range) ; Glasischgebirge (of the
glaciers) ; Eulergebirge (of the owls).

, , . ( a house ; e.g. Bethany (the house of dates) ; Beth-

Bethsaida ( of fish ) 5 Bethoron

WAr

( (of caves) ; Bethabara (of the ford) ; Bethlehem

(the house of bread), but its present name, Beit-lahm,
means the house of flesh ; Bethesda (of mercy) ; Betharaba
(desert dwelling) ; Bethjesimoth (of wastes) ; Bethshemish
Grk. Heliopolis (the house or city of the sun) ; its Egyptian
name was Aun-i-Aun (light of light), contracted to On;

BETTWSBIRCE 25

Beit-Allah (the house of God), at Mecca; Beit-el-Fakih
(the house of the saint), on the Red Sea.

BETTWS (Cym.-Cel.), a portion of land lying between a river and
a hill, hence a dwelling so situated ; e.g. Bettws-yn-y-coed
(the dwelling in the wood) ; Bettws-disserth (the retreat
dwelling) ; Bettws-Garmon (of St. Germanus, where he led
the Britons to the famous Alleluia victory over the Saxons) ;
Bettws-Newydd (new dwelling).

BETULA (Lat ) f the birch - tree 5 e -S- Le Boulay, La Boulay,
BOULEAuCFr) ) Les Boula S es > Les Boulus, Belloy (places
v '* ( planted with birch-trees).

RIRFR RFVFR CTent ^ ( the beaver > *' the Biber, Beber,

isJBtK, SJiVli,K ( ieUt.1, I ., i_ T> u -u i. / /-

BOBR (Sclav.) ] Blbench > Beber-bach (rivers in Ger-

( many) ; Bober, Boberau, Bobronia
(beaver river), in Silesia and Russia ; Bobersburg (on the
R. Bober) ; Biberschlag (beaver's wood clearing); Biberstein
(beaver rock); Beverley, in Yorkshire, anc. Biberlac (beaver
lake), formerly surrounded by marshy ground, the resort of
beavers ; Beverstone, in Gloucester ; Beverloo (beaver
marsh), in Belgium.

BILL, an old German word, signifying plain or level ; e.g. Bilderlah
(the field of the plain) ; Billig-ham (level dwelling) ; Wald-
billig (woody plain) ; Wasser-billig (the watery plain) ;
Bilstein (level rock) ; Bielefeld (level field) ; Bieler-see
(the lake on the plain).

BIOR (Gadhelic), water, an element in many river names ; e.g.
the Bere, in Dorset ; Ver, Hereford ; Bervie, in Mearns.
The town of Lififord, in Donegal, was originally Leith-bhearr
(the gray water) ; Berra, a lake in France ; the Ebura or
Eure, in Normandy ; and in Yorkshire, the Ebro, anc.
Iberus ; Ivry, in Normandy, anc. Ebaroviczts (the town on
the Ebura).

<Teut ^ ( the birch - tree > e -S- Birkenhead (the head

BETULA J f the birCheS > ' BirChholt ( birch W d ) '
BtlULA, < _. . . ., .' , .. ,. . , .

BEORC (A S ) ) Berkelev ( birch field ) J Birchmgton,

(^Birkhoff (the birch-tree dwelling and
court) ; Birkhampstead (the home place among the birches) ;
Oberbirchen (the upper birches) ; but Berkshire is not from
this root ; it was called by the Anglo-Saxons Berroc-shyre,
supposed to be named from the abundance of berroc (box-

26 BLAENBOCA

wood), or the bare-oak-shire, from a certain polled oak in
Windsor Forest, where the Britons were wont to hold their
provincial meetings.

BLAEN (Cym.-Cel.), the source of a stream ; e.g. Blaene-Avon,
Blaen-Ayron, Blaen-Hounddu (river sources in Wales) ;
Blaen-porth (the head of the harbour) ; Blaen-nant (of the
brook); Blaen-Bylan, abbreviated from Blaen-pwll-glan
(the top of pool bank) ; Blaen-Sillt, at the top of a small
stream, the Sillt, in Wales ; Blaen-afon (of the river).

BLAIR, BLAR (Gadhelic), a plain, originally a battle-field ; e.g.
Blair-Athole, Blair-Logie, Blair-Gowrie (the battle-field in
these districts) ; Blairmore (the great) ; Blaircreen (the
little plain) ; Blairdaff (the plain of the oxen, daimh)
Blair-burn (of the stream) ; Blair-craig (of the rock) ; Blair-
linne (of the pool) ; Blair-beth (of birches) ; Blair-ingone
(the field of spears), in Perthshire ; Blair-glass (gray plain) ;
Blarney (little field), in Ireland ; Blair-Drummond, Blair-
Adam, modern places named after persons.

white ; e.g. Mont-Blanc, Cape-bianco, Sierra-

BLANC ( r T ] .

^ ft f \ blanca (white mountain-ridge); Castella-bianca

BLANCO (Span.), , , . v .. . _,. , . ' , .

(white castle) ; Villa- bianca (white town) ;

BIANCO (It.),
BRANCO (Port.),

Blankenburg (white town) ; Blankenham

,. . (white dwelling) ; Blankenhavn, Blankenloch,

>-. v Blankenrath, Blankenese (white haven, place,

BLANK (Ger.), , . . ' ' F

wood-clearing, cape), in Germany ; Bianchi-

mandri (white sheep-folds), in Sicily ; Branco (the white
stream), in Brazil; Los-Brancos (the white mountains);
Cata-branca (the white cove) ; Casa-branca (the white
house), in Brazil.

BLISKO (Sclav.), near ; e.g. Bliesdorf, Bliesendorf, Blieskendorf
(near village) ; Bliskau (near meadow).

BLOTO, BLATT (Sclav.), a marsh ; e.g. Blotto, Blottnitz (marshy
land) ; Wirchen-blatt (high marsh) ; Sa-blatt, Sablater,
Zablatt (behind the marsh) ; Na-blatt (near the marsh).
In some cases the b in this word is changed into p, as in
Plotsk and Plattkow (the marshy place) ; Plattensee or
Balaton (the lake in the marshy land).

BOCA (Span., Port., and It.), a mouth in topography, the narrow
entrance of a river or bay; e.g. Boca-grande, Boca-chica
(great and little channel), in South America ; La Bochetta

BOD BOLD 27

(the little opening), a mountain pass in the Apennines ;
Desemboque (the river mouth), in Brazil.

BOD (Cym.-Cel.), a dwelling ; e.g. Bodmin, in Cornwall, corrupt,
from Bodminian (the dwelling of monks) ; Bodffaris (the
site of Varis), the old Roman station on the road to Chester ;
Hafod, the name of several places in Wales, corrupt, from
Hafbod (a summer residence) ; Bosher or Bosherston,
corrupt, from Bod and hir, long (the long ridge abode), in
Wales.

BODDEN (Teut ) f a bay ' the Cean SweU ' e ' g ' Bodden ( an arm
*<-. j \ K of the sea which divides the island of Rugen

( from Pomerania) ; Bodden-ness (the headland
of the bay), on the east coast of Scotland.

BODEN (Ger.), the ground, soil in topography, a meadow ; e.g.
Gras-boden (grassy meadow) ; Dunkel-boden (dark meadow).
It may sometimes, however, be used instead of bant or
paint v. p. 1 8 ; and in Bodenburg, in Brunswick, it is a
corrupt, of Ponteburg (bridge town) ; and Bodenheim is
from a personal name, like Bodensee v. SEE.

BOGEN (Ger.), a bend or bow in topography, applied to the
bend of a river ; e.g. Bogen, anc. Bogana (the bending
river) ; Bogen, a town of Bavaria, on a bend of the Danube ;
Ellbogen or Ellenbogen, Lat. Cubitus (the town on the
elbow or river bend), in Bohemia ; Bogenhausen (the
houses on the river bend) ; Langen-bogen (the long bend) ;
Entli-buch (the bend on the R. Entle), in Switzerland.

BOLD, BATTLE, or BOTTLE, ( a dw f j \ **' Battle Newbottle,

BiiTTEL, BLOD (Teut), 1 N ?" ^1^!?% f I?*'?"

_ /c j \ ) guished from Elbottle (old dwelling) :

BOL, or BO (Scand.), I * , , , ... v , & ' '

V Morebattle (the dwelling on the marshy

plain); Bolton, in Lancashire, A.S. Botl ; Buittle, in Kirk-
cudbright ; Newbald, Yorkshire ; Harbottle (the dwelling
of the army, here), a place in Northumberland where, in
former times, soldiers were quartered ; Erribold (the dwell-
ing on the tongue of land, eir) ; Maybole, in Ayrshire, anc.
Minnibole (the dwelling on the mossy place, Cym.-Cel.,
mysivri) ; Exnabul, in Shetland (a place for keeping cattle) ;
yxn, Scand. (a bull or cow) ; Walfenbuttel (the dwelling
of Ulpha) ; Brunsbottle (of Bruno) ; Ritzbuttel (of Richard) ;

28 BONUS BRAS A

Griesenbottel (sandy dwelling) ; Rescbiittel (the dwelling

among rushes).
BONUS (Lat), ^
BUEN (Span ? g ; e ' g ' Bonavlsta > Boavista (good view) ;

^ * f Buenos-Ayres (good breezes), in South America ;

' xp v I Buenaventura (good luck), in California.

BOOM (Sansc.), Bhuma (land, country) ; e.g. Birboom (the land
of heroes) ; Arya-Bhuma (the noble land), the Sanscrit
name for Hindostan.

BOR (Sclav.), wood ; e.g. Bohra, Bohrau, Borowa, Borow (woody
place) ; Borovsk (the town in the wood) ; Sabor and
Zaborowa (behind the wood) ; Borzna (the woody district) ;
the Borysthenes, now the R. Dnieper (the woody wall),
from stena (a wall or rampart), the banks of the river
having been covered with wood ; Ratibor (the wood of the
Sclavonic god Razi).

BR4.CHE CTeut \ ( land broken U P for tilla S e > Old Ger - pracha

n AV cqX^rl \ \ ( to P lou S h ) 5 e -S- Brabant, anc. Bracbant (the

'' ( ploughed district) ; Brachstadt, Brachfeld,

Brachrade (the ploughed place, field, clearing) ; Brakel (the

ploughed land), in Holland ; Hohenbrack (high ploughed

land).

BRAND (Ger.), a place cleared of wood by burning ; e.g. Eber-brand
and Ober-brand (the upper clearing) ; Newen- brand and
Alten-brand (the old and new clearing) ; Brandenburg (the
burned city), so called, according to Buttman, by the Ger-
mans ; by the Wends corrupted into Brennabor, and in
their own language named Schorelitz (the destroyed city),
because, in their mutual wars, it had been destroyed by
fire. Bran and Brant, in English names, are probably
memorials of the original proprietors of the places, as in
Brandon, Cumbran, Brandeston ; Brantingham (the home
of the children of Brand) v. ING, INGEN.

BRASA CSclav ) f the birch - tree e -S- Briesnitz, Beresoff, Beresek,
* ''' < Beresenskoi, Beresovoi (places where birches
( abound) ; Gross-Briesen (great birch-tree town) ;
Bresinchen (little Briesen), a colony from it ; Birsa and
Beresina (the birch-tree river) ; Birsk, a town on the R.
Birsa ; Brzesce-Litewski (the house of mercy at the birches) ;
the letter b in this word is often changed into p by the Ger-

BRA Y BRIG A 29

mans, as in Presinitz for Brezenice (birch-tree village), in
Bohemia ; also Priebus, with the same meaning, in Silesia ;
Priegnitz, i.e. the town of the Brizanen (dwellers among
birches) ; Briezen (the place of birches), in Moravia, is
Germanised into Friedeck (woody corner) ; Bryezany
(abounding in birches), in Galicia.

BRAY (Cel.), damp ground, a marshy place ; e.g. Bray, in Nor-
mandy ; Bray sur Somme und Bray sur Seine, situated on
these rivers ; Bray-Maresch, near Cambray ; Bre C6tes-de-
Nord ; Bray-la-Campagne (calvados, etc.)

BREIT (Ger} ( broad ; ^fci Dutch ( a P lain ) 5 e -S- Breitenbach
\ <., y* J and Bredenbeke (broad brook) ; Breda (the flat

/o \\ \ meadowland), in Holland ; Breitenbrunn (broad
BRED (Scand.), / n\ . T> v.

V^ well) ; Breitenstem, Breitenburg (broad fortress) ;

Bradford, in Yorkshire, and Bredevoort, in Holland (broad
ford) ; Bredy (the broad water), in Dorset ; Brading, in
Isle of Wight, and Bradley (broad meadow) ; Bradshaw
(broad thicket) ; Broadstairs, corrupt, from its ancient name
Bradstow (broad place).
BRIA (Thracian), a town ; e.g. Selymbria, Mesymbria.

, , , ( a general name among the Celts for a town so
< called, apparently, from the Celtic words braigh,
\ brugh, brig (a heap, pile, or elevation), because
the nucleus of towns, among uncivilised tribes in early
times, were merely fortified places erected on heights ;
cognate with the Teut. and Scand. burg, byrig, the Sclav.
brieg (an embankment or ridge), and the Scottish brae (a
rising ground). Hence the name of the Brigantes (dwellers
on hills) ; the word Brigand (literally, a mountaineer) ;
Briangon, anc. Brigantium (the town on the height) ; Brieg,
a town in Silesia ; Braga and Braganga, fortified cities in
Portugal ; Talavera, in Spain, anc. Tala-briga, the town
on the tala, Span, (a wood clearing) ; Bregenz, anc. Bri-
gantium, in the Tyrol ; Breisach Alt and Neuf (the old
and new town on the declivity), in the duchy of Baden
the old fortress was situated on an isolated basalt hill ;
Brixen (the town among the hills), in the Tyrol. In Scotland
there are Braemar (the hilly district of Mar) ; Braidalbane
(the hill country of Albainn, i.e. Scotland) ; Braeriach (the
gray mountain, riabhacJt) ; the Brerachin, a river and dis-

30 BRINK BROEK

trict in Perthshire ; Brugh and Bruighean, in Ireland,
signifying originally a hill, was subsequently applied to a
palace or a distinguished residence. The term, as applied
to the old residences, presupposed the existence of a fortified
brugh or rath, several of which still remain. The word has
suffered many corruptions : thus Bruree, in Limerick, is
from Brugh-righ (the king's fort) ; and Bridghean (little
fort) has been transformed into Bruff, Bruis, Bruce, or
Bryan. The word briva, on the other hand, was generally
applied to towns situated on rivers as in Amiens, anc.
Samarabrina, on the R. Somme and was gradually
used as synonymous with pans (bridge), as in Pontoise,
anc. Briva-Isara (the bridge on the Ouse) ; Briare, anc.
Brivodttrum (the bridge over the water) ; Brionde, anc.
Brives.

BRINK (Ger.), a grassy ridge ; e.g. Osterbrink (east ridge) ; Mittel-
brink (middle ridge) ; Zandbrink (sand ridge) ; Brinkhorst
(the ridge of the thicket).

BRO (Cym.-Cel.), a district ; e.g. Broburg (the fort of the district),
in Warwickshire ; Pembroke (the head, pen, of the district,
it being the land's end of Wales).

BROC (A.S.), a rushing stream ; e.g. Cranbrook (the stream of the
cranes) ; Wallbrook (probably the stream at the wall) ;
Wambrook (Woden's stream).

/A c \ ( tne badger ; e.g. Brox-bourne and Broxburn, Brog-
' ' ''' -'. den, Brokenhurst, Brockley, Broxholme (the stream,
( hollow, thicket, meadow, and hill of the badger).

BROD (Sclav.), a ford ; e.g. Brod and Brody (at the ford), the
name of several towns in Moravia, Bohemia, Hungary, and
Turkey ; Brod-sack (ford dwelling) ; Brod-Ungarisch (the
Hungarian ford), on the Olsawa ; Brod-Deutsch (the Ger-
man ford), on the Sasawa ; Brod-Bohmisch (the Bohemian
ford), on the Zembera ; Krasnabrod (beautiful ford) ; Eisen-
brod (the ford of the Iser) ; Brodkowitz (ford station).

BROEK, BRUOCH (Teut.), a marsh ; e.g. Broek, a town in Holland ;
Bogen-brok (the bending marsh) ; Breiden-bruch (the broad
marsh) ; Aalten-broek (the old marsh) ; Eichen-bruch (the
oak marsh) ; Broekem and Broickhausen (marsh dwelling)
Bruchmiihle (the mill on the marsh) ; Brussels or Bruxelles,

BROG BRUEL 31

anc. Bruoch-sella (the seat or site on the marsh) ; Ober-
bruch and Niederbruch (upper and lower marsh).
,,., . , | a dam ; e.g. Biesenbrow and Priebrovv, from
''' 1 Pschibrog (elder -tree dam), by the Germans
( called Furstenberg, on the Oder ; Colberg,
Sclav. Kola-brog (around the dam).

BRON (Welsh), the slope or side of a hill ; e.g. Brongest (the slope
of the cest or deep glen) ; Bronwydd (the slope covered
with trees) ; Wydd, in Wales.

BRUCKEfGer) ( a brid S e; e 'S- Brugg-Furstenfeld (the

A <=; \ ) b^ge at th e prince's field) ; Brugg-an-der-

^ /o j x } Lei tha (the bridge across the Leitha) ;
BRO, BRU (Scand.), I _ . , v .. , & , . ,

/J \ Brugg-kloster (the bridge at the monas-
tery) ; Langenbriick, Langenbriicken (long bridge) ; Bruges,
in Belgium (a city with many bridges) ; Saarbrook (on the
R. Saar) ; Osnaburg, in Hanover, anc. Osnabriicke or Asen-
brticke (the bridge on the R. Ase) ; Voklabriick (on the R.
Vokle) ; Bruchsal, in Baden (the bridge on the Salzbach) ;
Zweibriicken or Deux-ponts (the two bridges) ; Zerbruggen
(at the bridge). In England : Bridgenorth, anc. Brugge-
Morfe (the bridge at the wood called Morfe, on the opposite
bank of the Severn) ; Brixham, Brixworth, and Brigham
(bridge town) ; Brixton, A.S. Brixges-stan (the bridge stone) ;
Cambridge, Cel. Caer-Grant (the fort and bridge on the R.
Granta, now the Cam) ; Tunbridge (over the R. Tun or
Ton), a branch of the Medway ; Colebrook, in Bucks (the
bridge over the R. Cole) ; Oxbridge (the bridge over the
water, uisge) ; Staley-bridge (at a bridge over the R. Tame),
named after the Staveleigh, a family who resided there ;
Bridgewater, corrupt, from Burgh-Walter (the town of
Walter Douay, its founder) ; Bridgend and Brigham, vill-
ages in different parts of Scotland ; Brora (bridge river),
in Sutherlandshire, named when bridges were rarities ;
Trowbridge, however, did not get its name from this root,
but is a corrupt, of its ancient name, Trutha-burh (the loyal
town).

.. . j a marshy place, overgrown with brushwood, cog-

''' < nate with the French breuil and bruyere (a

( thicket), the Welsh pryskle, and the Breton

briigek; e.g. Bruel, Bruhl, and Priel, in Germany ; Bruyeres,

32 BR UNNBR YN

Broglie, and Brouilly (the thicket), in France ; also Breuil,
Bruel, Breuillet, Le Brulet, etc., with the same meaning, or
sometimes a park. St. Denis du Behellan, in Eure, was
formerly Bruellant, i.e. the breuil or park of Herland.

BRUNN, BRUNNEN (Gen), j ^ ^f* * } ^ ' '*

BRONGA (Scand) 1 Heilbroun (holy well); Frau-brunnen,

( Lat. Fons-beatce-Virginis (the well of
Our Lady) ; Brunn-am-Gebirge (the well at the hill-ridge) ;
Haupt-brun (well-head) ; Lauter-brunnen (clear well) ;
Salz-brunn, Warm-brunn, Schoen-brunn, Kaltenbrunn (the
salt, hot, beautiful, cold, mineral wells) ; Baldersbrunnen,
Baldersbrond (the well of the Teutonic god Balder) ;
Cobern, corrupt, from Cobrunnen (the cow's well) ; Paderborn
(the well or source of the R. Pader), in Germany. In the
north of France, and in the departments bordering on
Germany, we find traces of this German word ; e.g.
Mittel-broun (middle well); Walsch-broun (foreign well) ;
Belle -brune (beautiful well) ; Stein -brunn (stony well),
etc.

BRYN (Cym.-Cel.), a hill - ridge ; bron (a round hill); e.g. Brin-
croes, Brin-eglwys, Bron-llys (the cross, church, palace, on
the hill) ; Bryn-gwynn (fair hill) ; Brynn-uchil (high hill) ;
Bron-Fraidd (St. Bridget's hill); Brown-Willy, in Corn-
wall, corrupt, from Bryn-huel (the tin mine ridge) ; Brindon-
hill, in Somerset (merely the hill), with synonymous word
dun added to Bryn ; and Brandon, in Suffolk, with the
same meaning ; Bryn-mawr (the great hill), in Wales ;
Bron-gwyn (white hill) ; Bryn-y-cloddian (the hill of fences,
clawd), so called from its strong fortifications ; Bryn-
Barlwm (the bare-topped mountain) ; Bryn-Gwyddon (the
hill of Gwyddon, a mythological philosopher) ; Bryn-kinallt
(a mountain without trees) ; Bryn-berian (the kite's hill, bert,
a kite) ; Bryn-bo, with the same meaning, boda in Wales ;
Bryn-chwarew (the hill of sports) ; here the ancient inhabit-
ants of Wales used to meet to play different games in
competition ; Brienne-la-chateau (the castle on the hill), in
France ; Brientz, in Switzerland, on the Brienz See (a lake
surrounded by hills) ; Brendenkopf (hill -head), and the
Brennen Alps, the culminating points in the mountains of
Tyrol.

BUCHEBUHIL 33

, p [" the beech-tree ; ^.^. Buch-au, Buch-berg, Buch-

' / A e \ e SS (th e meadow, hill, corner of the beeches) ;

^ ' *'' < Buchholtz and Bochholt (beech-wood) ; Bockum,

/' Bucheim (beech-dwelling) ; Butchowitz (the place

I of beeches), in Moravia ; Bochnia and Bucho-

wina (with the same meaning), in Poland ; Bickleigh

(beech-meadow). But Bocking in Essex, and the county of

Buckingham, as well as Bouquinheim in Artois, and Boch-

ingen in Wurtemberg, were named from the Bocingas (a

tribe), probably the dwellers among beeches.

* hut r dwelling ;*: Budin, Budzin,

BUDA, BUS (Sclav.),
BWTH, BOTH

BOD (Cym.-C
BUDE (Ger.),

BWTH BOTH (Gadhelic) Bautzen > or Budissen (the huts) ;
,' \ , " Budweis (the district of hut villages),

BOD (Cym.-Cel.), . , v .

-> in Bohemia ; Budzow, Botzen (the

BOTHY (Scotch) place f huts ) ' Briebus (birch-tree

AD \ dwelling) ; Trebus and Triebus (the

three dwellings) ; Putbus (under the

hut) ; Dobberbus (good dwelling, dobry, good) ; but Buda,
in Hungary, took its name from Buda, the brother of Attila,
as well as Bud-var and Bud-falva (Buda's fort and village).
The island of Bute, in the Firth of Clyde, is said to have
derived its name from the bwth or cell of St. Brandon, but
its earlier name was Rothsay, from a descendant of Simon
Brek (i.e. Rother's Isle), while its Gaelic name is Baile-
Mhoide (the dwelling of the court of justice) ; Bothwell,
anc. Both-uill (the dwelling on the angle of the R. Clyde).
In Ireland we meet with Shanboe, Shanbogh (the old hut,
scan) ; Raphae, in Donegal, is Rath-both (the fort of the
huts) ; Bodoney, in Tyrone, is Both-domhnaigh (the tent of
the church) ; Knockboha (the hill of the hut) ; Bodmin,
in Cornwall, anc. Bodmanna, p. 27 (the abode of monks,
the site of an ancient priory) ; Merfod, corrupt, from
Meudwy-bod (the dwelling of a hermit) ; Bodysgallen (the
abode of the thistle, ysgalleri) ; and Bod-Ederyryn (Edryn's
dwelling). In Lancashire the word takes the form of booth,
as in Barrowford booth and Oakenhead booth, etc.

BUHIL, BUCKEL (Ger.), a hill ; e.g. Dombiihil (the dwelling on
the hill) ; Griinbiihill (green hill) ; Eichenbiihil (oak hill) ;
Birchenbiihil (birch hill) ; Holzbiihil (wood hill) ; Dinkels-
biihil (wheat hill) ; Kleinbiihil (little hill).

34 BUHNEBURG

BUHNE, BOHEN (Ger.), a scaffold, sometimes in topography a
hill ; e.g. Hartbohen (wood hill) ; Biindorf (hill village) ;
Osterbeuna (east hill).

BUN (Gadhelic), the foot, in topography applied to the mouth 6f
a river ; e.g. Bunduff (at the mouth of the dark river,
dubJi) ; Bunderan and Bunratty, the mouth of the R.
Dowran and Ratty ; Bunowen (at the mouth of the water).
The town of Banff is a corrupt, of Bunaimh (the mouth of
the river) ; Bunawe (at the opening of Loch Awe) ; Buness
(of the cascade, cos).

BURG, BURGH (Teut.), * ^-TV
RnrcoTirR mmv fortified

BUKUUt-rrl, rJUKV, , - ,. ,._ ,

/0 , x to cover or protect. As these fortified
BORG (Scand.), > , . , ,.

v , , '' places were often erected on heights for
BOURG (rr. ), . ,. , , , . .

> T , jo \ security, as well as to enable their m-
BORGO (It. and Span.), , ,.

' [mates to observe the approaches of an

enemy, the word berg (a hill) was frequently used synony-
mously with burg, as in the name of Konigsberg and other
towns v. BERG. Burgh and borough are the Anglican
forms of the word in England and Scotland, while bury
is distinctively the Saxon form ; e.g. Sudbury (south town),
as also Sidbury in Salop, but Sidbury in Devon takes its
name from the R. Sid. Tewkesbury, from Theoc (a certain
hermit) ; Glastonbury, anc. Glastonia (a district abounding
in woad, glastum) ; Shaftsbury (the town on the shaft-like
hill) ; Shrewsbury, anc. Shrobbesbyrig (the fortress among
shrubs), being the Saxon rendering of the native name
Pengiverne (the hill of the alder grove), which the Normans
corrupted into Sloppesbury, hence Salop; Tenbury, on the
R. Teme ; Canterbury, i.e. Cant-ivara-byrig (the town of
the dwellers on the headland), Cantium or Kent ; Wans-
borough, in Herts ; Wanborough, in Surrey and Wilts ;
Woodensborough, in Kent ; Wednesbury, Stafford ; Wem-
bury, Devon (the town of the Saxon god Woden) ; Aide-
borough, on the R. Aide ; Marlborough, anc. Merlberga,
situated at the foot of a hill of white stones, which our
forefathers called marl, now chalk; Richborough, anc.
Ru-tupium (rock town) ; Aylesbury, perhaps church town,
ecclesia, or from a person's name ; Badbury (the city of
pledges, bad), in Dorset ; the Saxon kings, it is said, kept

BURG 35

their hostages at this place ; Malmesbury, the town of
Maidulf, a hermit ; Maryborough, named for Queen
Mary. Burg or burgh, in the names of towns, is often
affixed to the name of the river on which it stands in
Britain, as well as on the Continent ; e.g. Lauterburg,
Lutterburg, Schwartzburg, Salzburg, Saalburg, Gottenburg,
Rotenburg, and Jedburgh (on the rivers Lauter, Lutter,
Schwarza, Salza, Saale, Gotha, Rothbach, and Jed). Still
more frequently, the prefix is the name of the founder
of the town, or of a saint to whom its church was dedi-
cated ; e.g. Edinburgh (Edwin's town) ; Lauenburg, after
Henry the Lion ; Fraserburgh, in Aberdeenshire, founded
by Sir Alexander Fraser of Philorth in 1 570 ; Peterborough,
from an abbey dedicated to St. Peter ; Petersburgh,
named by its founder, Peter the Great ; Tasborough,
Norfolk, on the R. Thais ; Banbury, anc. Berinburig
(Bera's town) ; Queenborough, in the Isle of Sheppey, named
by Edward III. in honour of his queen; Helensburgh, in
Dumbartonshire, after the lady of Sir James Colquhoun ;
Pittsburg, U.S., after Mr. Pitt ; Harrisburg, U.S., after
the first settler in 1733 ; Sumburgh, in Shetland, and
Svendborg, Sweden (Sweyn's fortress) ; Oranienburg, in
Brandenburg (the fortress of the Orange family) ; Bury St.
Edmund's (in memory of Edmund the Martyr) ; Rabens-
burg (the fort of Hrafn, a Dane) ; Marienburg (the town
of the Virgin), founded by the Grand Master of the Teu-
tonic order in 1274 ; Rothenburg, in Prussia, Sclav. Rostar-
zewo (the town of the Sclav, god Razi) ; Duisburg, corrupt,
from Tuiscoburgum (the town of the Teut. god Tuesco) ;
Flesburg, in Sleswick, founded by the knight of Flenes ;
Cherbourg, supposed to be Caesar's town ; Augsburg (the
town of the Emperor Augustus) ; Salisbury, anc. Seares-
byrgg (the town of Sarum, a chief) ; Bamborough (the
town of Bebba, the Queen of Ida, of Northumberland) ;
Carrisbrook, corrupt, from Gwiihtgarabyrig (the fortress of
the men of Wight) ; Amherstburg, in Canada, named in
1780 after Lord Amherst ; Loughborough, anc. Leirburg
(the town on the R. Leir, now the Soar) ; Hapsburg or
Habichtsburg (hawk's fortress) ; Schassburg, Hung. Segevar
(treasure fort) ; Luneburg, in Hanover (the fort of the

36 BURNEBWLCH

Linones, a tribe) ; Aalburg (Eel-town) on the Lyme-fiord.
There are several towns in Germany named simply Burg
(the fortress), also Burgos in Spain, and Burgo in Italy.
As a derivative from this Teut. root, there is the Irish form
of the word, introduced by the Anglo-Normans buirghes,
Anglicised borris and burris, as in Borris in Ossory, Burris-
carra, Burrishoole (i.e. the forts erected in the territories
of Ossory, Carra, and Umhal) ; Borrisokane (O'Keane's
fortress).

BURNE (A S ^ ( a sma ^ stream 5 e -S- Milburn (mill stream) ;

_ ).-.' ,'/' ,. x < Lambourne (muddy stream, lam) ; Rad-

BURNE (Gadhehc), ) , , v ~ ,, }

' ( bourne and Redbourne (reedy stream) ;

Sherbourne (clear stream, or the dividing stream) ; Cran-
bourne, Otterbourne (the stream frequented by cranes and
otters) ; Libourne, in France (the lip or edge of the stream) ;
Bourne, in Lancashire (on a stream) ; Burnham (the dwell-
ing on a stream), in Essex ; Melburne, in Yorkshire, in
Doomsday Middelburn (middle stream) ; Auburn, for-
merly a village in Yorkshire, called Eleburn or Eelburn ;
Bannockburn (the stream of the white knoll) ; Sitting-
bourne, in Kent (the settlement on the stream) ; East-
bourne, contracted from its former name Easbourne (prob-
ably the stream of the water or the cascade, cas) ; Tiche-
burne (the kid's stream, ticcen, A.S. a kid).

BUSCH, BOSCH (Ger.), r a b " sh y P 1 ** or K S ro ; f e >

BOSC (A.S.), Low Lat Boscus, '* Boscabel < the beautlful

BUISSON (Fr.), BOIS,

BOSCO, BOSQUE (Span, and Port.),
BOD or BAD (Celtic),

grove) ; Bushey (a par. Co.
Hertford); Buscot(thehutin
the grove); Badenoch(aplace
overgrown with bushes), in

Inverness ; Breitenbusch (the broad grove) ; Hesel-boschen
(hazel grove) ; Eichbusch (oak grove) ; Ooden-bosch (old
grove), in Holland ; Auberbosc (Albert's grove), in France ;
Stellenbosch, in S. Africa, founded in 1670 by Van der
Stelle, the governor of the Dutch colony ; Biesbosch (the
reedy thicket), in Holland ; Aubusson (at the grove), France.
Boissac, Boissay, Boissiere, Boissey, etc., in France, from
the same root ; Bois-le-Duc (the duke's wood) ; Briquebosq
(birch-wood), in Normandy.
BWLCH (Welsh), a pass or defile ; e.g. Dwygyflch (i.e. the joint

B YSTRICAEL C 37

passes), in Wales ; Bwlch-newydd (the new pass) ; Bwlch-
y-groes (of the cross).

BYSTRI (Sclav.), swift ; e.g. Bistritza, Bistrica, Weistritz (the swift
stream) ; Bistritz (the town on this river), called by the
Germans Neusohl (new station).

/ (Scand.), a dwelling, a town from biga (Norse),
' ' ) to build. This word occurs frequently in town

BIGGEN-BO, < *v_ *' is r TT i 7 J

, F ' j names in the N.E. of England and in some
' "'' \ parts of Scotland formerly possessed by the
Danes or Normans ; e.g. Derby, i.e. Dearaby (deer town),
formerly called North Worthige (the northern enclosure) ;
its Celtic name was Durgvuent (the white water), from its
river ; Whitby (white town), A.S. Streones-heal (treasure-
hall, streone) ; Selby (holy town) ; Danby (Dane's dwelling) ;
Rugby, anc. Rochberie (the dwelling on the rock, in reference
to its castle) ; Appleby (the town of apple-trees) ; Sonderby
(southern town) ; Ormsby, Lockerby, Thursby, Grimsby,
Lewersby (the dwellings of Ormv, Loki, Ulf, Grimm,
Leward) ; Risby (beech-tree dwelling) ; Canisby, in Caith-
ness, and Canoby or Cannonbie, Dumfries (the dwelling
of the canon), or perhaps Canisby is Canute's dwelling ;
Haconby (of Haco) ; Harrowby, in Doomsday, is Herigerby
(the town of the legion), A.S. herige; Kirby, Moorby, Ashby
(church town, moor town, ash -tree town) ; Ashby -de- la-
Zouch was simply Ascebi or Esseby, perhaps the town of
the Asa, a tribe. It received the addition to its name
from the family of the Zouches, its proprietors. In France :
Dauboeuf, for Dalby (vale dwelling) ; Elbceuf (old dwelling) ;
Ouittebceuf (white dwelling); Quillebceuf (well town ); Linde-
bo2uf (lime-tree town) ; Karlby-gamba and Karlby-ny (old
and new Charles' town), in Finland ; Criqueboeuf (crooked
town).

CAE, KAE (Cym.-Cel.), an enclosure ; e.g. Ca-wood (wood-enclosure) ;

Cayton (wood town or hill). This root is frequently used

in Welsh names.
CAELC, or CEALC (A.S.), chalk or lime cognate with the Lat. calx,

Cel. cailc, stale j e.g. Challock, Chaldon, Chalfield (chalk

38 CAER

place, hill, and field) ; Chalgrove (the chalk entrenchment,
grab) ; the Chiltern Hills (the hills in the chalky district,
erri) ; Chockier, corrupt, from Calcharice (the lime kilns), in
Belgium ; Kelso, anc. Calchou (the chalk heiigh or height),
so called from a calcareous cliff at the confluence of the
Tweed and Teviot, now broken down.

/\ir i u\ ( an enclosed fortification, a castle,

CAER, CADAER (Welsh), , . T . , ' .

CATHAIR, CAHER (Gadhelic), J * ^ *** m Ir ? nd ClrCUlar

KAER, KER (Breton), I stcme fort ; e.g Caer-leon, anc.

\Isca-legtonem (the fort of the

legion), on the R. Usk j 1 Caerwent, in Monmouth, anc.
Venta-silurum (the fortress in the province of Gwent) ;
Caerwys (of the assizes, givys, a summons) ; Caermarthen,
anc. Maridunum (the fort on the sea -shore) ; Caernarvon,
Welsh Caer-yn-ar-Fon (the fortress opposite to Mona) ;
Cardigan (the fortress of Caredig, a chieftain) Cardigan
is called by the Welsh Aberteifi (the mouth of the R.
Teify) ; Cardiff, on the R. Taff ; Carriden, anc. Caer-aiden
or eden (the fort on the wing), in Linlithgow ; Caerphilly
(the fort of the trench, vallum), corrupt, into philly ;
Cader-Idris (the seat of Idris, an astronomer); Caer-
gyffin (the border fortress) ; Grongar, corrupt, from Caer-
gron (the circular fortress) ; Caer-^m or hun, corrupt,
from Caer-Rhun, named from a Welsh prince ; Carlisle,
anc. Caergwaivl (the fort at the trench) ; its Latin name
was Luguvallmn (the trench of the legion). It was
destroyed by the Danes in 675, and rebuilt by William
II. In Mid -Lothian, Cramond, i.e. Caer-Almond, on the
R. Almond ; Cathcart, on the R. Cart, Renfrew ; Crail,
anc. Carraile (the fort on the corner, aile), in the S.E.
angle of Fife ; Caerlaverock (the fort of Lewarch Ogg),
founded in the sixth century ; Sanquhar, i.e. Sean-cathair
(old fort) ; Carmunnock or Carmannoc (the fort of the
monks) ; Kirkintilloch, corrupt, from Caer-pen-tulach (the
fort at the head of the hill) ; Cardross (the promontory
fort); Kier, in Scotland, for Caer or Cathair ; Carew
(the fortresses), a castle in Wales ; Carhaix, in Brittany,
i.e. Ker-Aes (the fortress on the R. Aes now the
Hieres). In Ireland : Caher (the fortress) ; Cahereen
1 Caer-afon (the fortress on the water) was its ancient name.

CALA CAM 39

(little fortress) ; Cahergal (white fort) ; Cahersiveen,
i.e. Cathair-saidbhin (Sabina's fort) ; Carlingford, Irish
Caer-linn, fiord being added by the Danes ; its full
name is, therefore, the ford of Caer-linn. It was also
called Suamh-ech (the swimming ford of the horses) ;
Derry-na-Caheragh (the oak grove of the fort); Caer-
gwrle (the fortress of the great legion), i.e. Caer-gaivr-
lleon, with reference to the twentieth Roman legion sta-
tioned at Chester, or Caer-gwr-le (the boundary-place in
Flintshire).

CALA (Span.), a creek or bay probably derived from Scala (It.),
a seaport, Cel. cala (a harbour), and cognate with the
Teut. kille; e.g. Callao, in S. America ; Cale, the ancient
name of Oporto, and probably Calais; Scala (a seaport), in
Italy ; Scala-nova (new port), in Turkey ; Kiel, in Sleswick,
so called from its fine bay.

/ A c \ ( Da ld or b are synonymous with the

V ' ''' ,_ . , 1 Lat. calvus and the Fr. chauve; e.g.

KAHL (Ger.). KAEL (Dut.), ) , ~, . ,, , , , .*

v \ Caumont and Chaumont (bald hill),

in France ; Kahlenberg, anc. Mons Calvus (bald hill),
belonging to a branch of the Alps called Kahlen Ge-
birge.
(C i\\\ 1' \ f crooked; e.g. Rivers Cam, Camon, Camil,

' /' ) Cambad, Camlin, Cambeck (crooked stream) ;
CAM (Cym.-Cel.), < , .'.,. v

/' i Kembach, a parish in Fife, so called from the
CAMBUS, a creek, I f, '

^ R. Kem or Kame ; Cambusmore (the great

creek in Sutherland) ; Cambuscarrig, in Ross, near which
a Danish prince (Careg) was buried ; Cambuskenneth (the
creek of Kenneth, one of the kings of Scotland) ; Camelon
(on the bend of the water), near Falkirk ; Cambuslang (the
church or enclosure, lann, on the bending water), in Lanark ;
Cambus, in Clackmannan ; Cambusnethan (on the bend of
the R. Nethan) ; Campsie, anc. Kamsi (the curved water) ;
but Camus, a town in Forfarshire, is not from this root, but
in memory of a Danish general who was slain in battle
near the place ; Camlyn (the crooked pool), in Anglesea ;
Cambray or Cambrai, in France, anc. Camaracum (on a
bend of the Scheldt) ; Chambery, in Savoy, anc. Camber-
tacum, with the same meaning ; Morecambe Bay (the bend
of the sea).

40 CAMPUS CAPER

CAMPUS (Lat ) C a fidd r pkin ; ' g - Cam P ania '

j r> _L \ I Campagna, Champagne (the
CAMPO (It.. Span., and Port.), , , , ,

CHAMP (Fr ) I P r } ; Fecham P'

Lat. Campus-fiscii (the field
KAMPF (Ger.), r . -u . \ T

[ of tribute) ; Chamouni, Lat.

Campus-munitus (the fortified field) ; Kempen (at the field) ;
Kempten, Lat. Campodunum (the field of the fortress) ;
Campvere (the ferry leading to Campen), in Holland ;
Campo-bello, Campo-chiaro, Campo-hermoso (beautiful or
fair field) ; Campo-felici (happy or fortunate field) ; Campo-
frio (cold field) ; Campo-freddo (cold field) ; Campo-largo
(broad field) ; Campillo (little field) ; the Campos (vast
plains), in Brazil ; Capua, supposed to be synonymous with
Campus.

CANNA (Lat. and Grk.), a reed ; e.g. Cannae, in Italy ; Cannes,
in the south of France ; Canneto and Canosa (the reedy
place), in Italy.

. " , ... j a sound or strait; e.g. Caol-Isla, Caol-

IC '' J Muileach (the Straits of Isla and Mull) ; the

CAEL> ( Kyles or Straits of Bute ; Eddarachylis

(between the straits), in Sutherlandshire. As an adjective,

this word means narrow ; e.g. Glenkeel (narrow glen) ;

Darykeel (narrow oak grove).

(a chapel, derived from the Low Lat. capella ;
T^ \ e & How - ca P el ( the chapel in the hollow),
r -;> ( in Hereford; Capel-Ddewi (St. David's
chapel) ; Capel St. Mary and Maria-Kappel (St. Mary's
chapel) ; Capel-Garmon (St. Germano's chapel) ; Chapelle-
au-bois (the chapel in the wood) ; Capelle-op-den-Yssel
(the chapel on the R. Vessel), in Holland ; Kreuzcappel
(the chapel with the cross).

CAPER ^Lat ^ CHfeVRE CFr ^ f a g at 5 e ' g ' Capri} Cap '

R (Lat.), CHEVRE J* r.), Cabrera (goat island);

CAPRA, CABRA (Span., Port., and It), , x ' , . '

' ,~ , ... '' -; Chevreuse, anc. Capnosa
GABHAR, and GOBHAR (Gadhelic), ,

,~ > , x (the place of goats) ;

GAFR, or GAVAR (Cym.-Cel.), >,, f ~. . x ,

[ Chevry, Chevnere, Chevre-

ville, with the same meaning, in France ; Gateshead, in
Co. Durham, Lat. Caprce-caput, perhaps the Latin rendering
of the Saxon word (the head of the gat or passage) the

CARCARN 41

Pans ^Eliits of the Romans ; or, according to another mean-
ing, from the custom of erecting the head of some animal
on a post as a tribal emblem. In Ireland, Glengower (the
glen of the goats), and Glengower, in Scotland ; Ballynagore
(goat's town), in Ireland ; Gowrie and Gower, in several
counties of Scotland ; Ardgower (goat's height) ; Carnan-
gour (the goat's crag).

CAR (Cel.), crooked or bending ; e.g. the Rivers Carron, in several

parts of Scotland ; Charente and Charenton, in France ;

also the Cher, anc. Carus (the winding river).

CARN, CAIRN (Gadhelic), f ateapof stones thrown

CARN (Welsh), together in a conical

c . , form, also a rocky

CARNEDD, a heap of stones, such as was *

. , , ., l . . -r, . ., mount ; e.g. Carnac

erected by the ancient Britons over the , , j- - \

; , . ~ (abounding in cairns),

graves of their great men ; e.g. Carn- > . '

,. ,., . , , ,-, ,. ,f ,, < in Brittany; Carnmore
Ingli (the cairn of the English); Carn- ' , . . ,

T /*u c^ \ T4. (great cairn) ; Carnock

1 wrne (the cairn of the turnings). It ;, , ... , / , . .

, , j (the hill of the cairn) ;

was named from a stupendous monu- ;, , , '

,., i .,, Carntoul, Gael. Carn-

ment which stood on three pillars, . 7 , , . . ,.

... . . , . , t-sabhal (the cairn of

. within a circuit of upright stones. , , . v

the barn) ; Carntaggart

(of the priest) ; Carnrigh (of the king) ; Cairndow, Cairn-
glass, Cairngorm (the black, the gray, the blue moun-
tains) ; Caiman and Cairnie (little cairn) ; Carnwath (the
cairn at the ford) ; Carnoustie (the cairn of heroes) ;
Carnbee (the birch cairn), in Scotland. In Ireland : Carn-
tochar (the hill of the causeway) ; Carn-Tierno (Tiger-
nach's cairn) ; Carnbane (white cairn) ; Carnsore Point,
in Irish being simply the earn or monumental heap,
ore (a promontory) having been added by the Danes ;
Carnteel, Irish Carn-t-Siadhal (Shiel's monument). In
Wales : Carn-Dafydd (David's cairn) ; Carn -Llewelyn
(Llewelyn's cairn) ; Carnfach (little cairn), in Monmouth ;
Fettercairn, perhaps the deer's cairn, Gael, feidh (deers) ;
Chirnside (the side or site of the cairn), on one of
the Lammermuir Hills ; Carnoch (abounding in cairns),
a parish in Fife ; Boharm, in Banffshire, anc. Bocharin
(the bow about the cairn). The countries of Carniola
and Carinthia probably derived their names from this
Celtic root.

42 CARRAIGCASTEL

tr^ ji. i- \ /a rock. The words are usually

CARRAIG, CARRICK (Gadhelic), I .. , ^ , ,

/ITT- i i_\ J applied to large natural rocks,

CRAG, or CARREG (Welsh), < , , ~

, -iv 1 more or less elevated. Car-

CARRAG (Cornish), / . , , ~

^nck and Carng are the names

of numerous districts in Ireland, as well as Carrick in
Ayrshire ; Carrigafoyle (the rock of the hole, photll), in the
Shannon ; Carrickaness (of the waterfall) ; Ballynacarrick
(the town of the rocks) ; Carrigallen, Irish Carraig-aluinn
(the beautiful rock) ; Carrickanoran (the rock of the spring,
uarari) ; Carrickfergus (Fergus's rock), where one Fergus
was drowned ; Carrick-on-Suir (on the R. Suir) ; Carriga-
howly, Irish Carraig-an-chobhlaigh (the rock of the fleet) ;
Carrickduff (black rock) ; Carrigeen and Cargan (little
rock) ; Carragh (rocky ground) ; but Carrick-on-Shannon
is not derived from this root its ancient name was Caradh-
droma-ruise (the weir of the marsh ridge) ; Cerrig-y-Druidion
(the rock of the Druids), in Wales.

CARSE, a term applied in Scotland to low grounds on the banks
of rivers ; e.g. the Carse of Gowrie, Falkirk, Stirling, etc.

CASA (It. and bas Lat.), a house; e.g. Casa-Nova and Casa-
Vecchia (new and old house), in Corsica ; Casal, Les
Casals, Chaise, Les Chaises (the house and the houses), in
France ; Chassepiare (corrupt, from Casa-petrea (stone
house), in Belgium.

/words in the Romance languages de-

CASTEL, CHATEAU, \ * f , 77 /

j rived from the Lat. castellum (a castle).

CASTELLO, CASTILLO, < ~ . , . T . , ,

' ' \Caiseal, m the Irish language, either

el ' (cognate with the Lat. word or derived
from it, has the same meaning, and is commonly met with
in that country under the form of Cashel; e.g. Cashel, in
Tipperary ; Cashelfean and Cashelnavean (the fort of the
Fenians) ; Caislean-rth-Oghmaighe, now Omagh (the castle
of the beautiful field). It is often changed into the English
castle, as in Ballycastle, in Mayo (the town of the fort) ;
but Ballycastle, in Antrim, was named from a modern
castle, not from a caiseal or fort ; Castle-Dargan (of Lough
Dargan) ; Castlebar, Irish Caislean-an-Bharraigh (the fort
of the Barrys) ; Castle-Dillon, Castle-Dermot, and Castle-
Kieran were renamed from castles erected near the her-
mitages of the monks whose names they bear. Castel,

CASTEL CASTER 43

Lat. Castellum (the capital of the Electorate of Hesse-
Cassel) ; Castel Rodrigo (Roderick's castle), in Portugal ;
Castel-Lamare (by the sea-shore) ; Castel-bianco (white
castle) ; Castel del piano (of the plain) ; Castiglione (little
castle), in Italy. In France : Castelnau (new castle) ;
Castelnaudary, anc. Castrum-novum-Arianiorum (the new
castle of the Arians, i.e. the Goths) ; Chateaubriant, i.e.
Chateau-du-Bryn (the king's castle) ; Chateau-Chinon (the
castle decorated with dogs' heads) ; Chateau -Gontier
(Gontier's castle) ; Chateaulin (the castle on the pool) ;
Chateau-vilain (ugly castle) ; Chateau-roux, anc. Castrum-
Rodolphi (Rodolph's castle) ; Chatelandrew (the castle of
Andrew of Brittany) ; Chateaumeillant, anc. Castrum-Medio-
lanum (the castle in the middle of the plain or land, lanri) ;
Neufchatel (new castle) ; Newcastle- upon -Tyne, named
from a castle built by Robert, Duke of Normandy, on the
site of Monkchester ; Newcastle-under-Line, i.e. under the
lyme or boundary of the palatinate of Chester, having its
origin in a fortress erected by Edmund, Earl of Lancaster,
instead of the old fort of Chesterton ; Castleton, in Man, is
the translation of Ballycashel (castle dwelling), founded by
one of the kings of the island ; Bewcastle (the castle of
Buith, lord of Gilsland) ; Old and New Castile, in Spain,
so named from the numerous fortresses erected by
Alphonso I. as defences against the Moors. Cassel, in
Prussia, and various places with this prefix in England and
Scotland, owe the names to ancient castles around which the
towns or villages arose, as Castletown of Braemar, Castle-
Douglas, Castle -Rising, etc.; Castlecary, in Stirlingshire,
supposed to be the Coria Damnorum of Ptolemy, and the
Caer-cere of Nennius ; Barnard Castle, built by Barnard,
the grandfather of Baliol ; Castell-Llechryd (the castle at
the stone ford), on the banks of the R. Wye, in Wales ;
Cestyll-Cynfar (castles in the air).

a fortress > cit y> town > from the Lat - castrum

/ r ./- j i \ j j / \

( a fortmed P^ce), and castra (a camp) ; e.g.

/ , r^ r^i /,i . r

Caistor, Castor, Chester (the site of a
Roman fort or camp). The Welsh still called the city of
Chester Caerleon, which means the city called Legio, often
used as a proper name for a city where a Roman legion

44 CASTER CA FAN

was stationed ; Doncaster, Lancaster, Brancaster, Illchester,
Leicester, Colchester (i.e. the camps on the Rivers Don,
Lune, Bran, Ivel, Legre or Leir, Colne) ; Alcester, on the
Alne ; Chichester (the fortress of Cissa, the Saxon prince
of the province) ; Cirencester, anc. Corinium- ceaster (the
camp on the R. Churn) ; Exeter, Cel. Caer-Isc (the fortress
on the river or water, wysK) ; Towcester, on the R. Towey ;
Gloucester, Cel. Caer-glow (the bright fortress) ; Godman-
chester (the fort of the priest), where Gothrun, the Dane, in
the reign of Alfred, embraced Christianity ; Chesterfield
and Chester-le-Street (the camp in the field and the camp
on the Roman road, stratum} ; Winchester, Cel. Caer-
gwent (the camp on the fair plain), p. 38 ; Dorchester
(the camp of the Durotriges (dwellers by the water) ; Wor-
cester, Hwicwara-ceaster (the camp of the Huiccii) ; Sil-
chester, Cel. Caer-Segont (the fort of the Segontii) ; Man-
chester, probably the camp at Mancenion (the place of
tents), its ancient name ; Rochester, Cel. Durobrivae (the ford
of the water), k.S.Hrofreaster, probably from a proper name ;
Bicester (the fort of Biren, a bishop) ; Alphen, in Holland,
anc. Albanium-castra (the camp of Albanius) ; Aubagne, in
Provence, anc. Castrum-de-Alpibus (the fortress of the
Alps) ; Champtoceaux, Lat. Castrum-celsum (lofty fortress) ;
St. Chamond, Lat. Castrum-Anemundi (the fortress of
Ennemond) ; Chalus, Lat. Castrum-Luciits (the fortress by
Lucius Capriolus, in the reign of Augustus) ; Passau, in
Bavaria, Lat. Batavia-Castra (the Batavians' camp), corrupted
first to Patamum and then to Passau ; La Chartre, Chartre,
and Chartres (the place of the camps), in France ; Chartre-
sur-Loire, Lat. Carcer-Castellum (the castle prison or strong-
hold) ; Castril, Castrillo (little fortress) ; Castro-Jeriz
(Caesar's camp) ; Ojacastro (the camp on the R. Oja), in
Spain.

, T . , . fa hollow place, cognate with the Lat.

CAVAN, CABHAN (Irish),

f , | cavea or cavus; e.g. Cavan (the

CAVA, LA (it.), I hollow) the f c Cavan, and

CUEVA (Span.), a cave, '' , ,

,> JT, many other places from this root in

COFA (A.S.), a cove, T . J , r ,

I Ireland. Cavan, however, in some

parts of Ireland, signifies a round hill, as in Cavanacaw (the
round hill of the chaff, cathd) ; Cavanagh (the hilly place) ;

CEALDCEANN 45

Cavanalick (the hill of the flagstone) ; Covehithe, in Suffolk
(the harbour of the recess) ; Runcorn, in Cheshire, i.e.
Rum-cofan (the wide cove or inlet) ; Cowes (the coves), in
the Isle of Wight ; La Cava, in Naples ; Cuevas-de-Vera
(the caves of Vera) ; Cuevas-del-Valle (of the valley), in
Spain.

/cold ; e.g. Caldicott, Calthorpe, Calthwaite (cold

A ' '" J dwelling) ; Koudhuizon, Koudaim, with the

r m \ 1 same meanin S : Caldbeck, Kalbach, Kallenbach

'' ((cold stream); Kaltenherberg (cold shelter);

Calvorde (cold ford) ; Kaltenkirchen (cold church) ; Colwell

(cold well).

CEANN (Gadhelic), a head, a point or promontory in topography
kin or ken; e.g. Kinnaird's Head (the point of the high
headland) ; Kintyre or Cantire (the head of the land, tir) ;
Kenmore (the great point), at the head of Loch Tay ;
Kinloch (the head of the lake) ; Kincraigie (of the little
rock) ; Kinkell (the head church, rill) ; Kendrochet (bridge
end) ; Kinaldie and Kinalty (the head of the dark stream,
allt-dubK) ; Kingussie (the head of the fir- wood, guith-saitfi) ;
Kinnaird (the high headland), the name of a parish in Fife
and a village in Stirling. Kinross may mean the point
(ros) at the head of Loch Leven, with reference to the town
or with reference to the coiinty, which in early times formed
part of the large district called the Kingdom of Fife,
anciently called Ross; and in this sense it may mean either
the head of the promontory or of the wood, both of which
are in Celtic ros. The ancient name of Fife, Ross, was
changed into Fife in honour of Duff, Earl of Fife, to whom
it was granted by Kenneth II., and in 1426 Kinross was
separated from it, or, according to Nennius, from Feb, the
son of Cruidne, ancestor of the Picts. Kintore (the head
of the hill, tor) ; Kinneil, i.e. Ceann-fhail (the head of the
wall), i.e. of Agricola ; Kinell, Kinellar (the head of the
knoll) ; King-Edward, corrupt, from Kinedur (the head of
the water, dur) ; Kinghorn, from Ceann-cearn (corner head-
land) Wester Kinghorn is now Burntisland ; Kingarth, in
Bute, i.e. Ceann-garbh (the rough or stormy headland) ;
Kinnoul (the head of the rock, ail) ; Kintail (the head of
the flood, tuil), i.e. of the two salt-water lakes in Ross-

46 CEFNCERRIG

shire ; Boleskine (the summit of the furious cascade, boil
cos), i.e. of Foyers, in Inverness-shire ; Kinmundy, in Aber-
deenshire, corrupt, from Kinmunny (the head of the moss,
moine) Kinglassie, in Fife, was named after St. Glass or
Glasianus) ; Kenoway, Gael, ceann-nan-uatnh (the head of
the den) ; Kent, Lat. Cantium (the country of the Cantti,
or dwellers at the headland). In Ireland : Kenmare in
Kerry, Kinvarra in Galway, and Kinsale in Cork, mean
the head of the sea, i.e. ceann-mafa and ceann-saile (salt
water), the highest point reached by the tide ; Kincon (the
dog's headland) ; Kinturk (of the boar) ; Slyne Head, in
Ireland, is in Irish Ceann-leime (the head of the leap), and
Loop Head is Leim-Chonchuillinn (Cuchullin's leap);
Cintra, in Portugal, may mean the head of the strand,
traigh.

CEFN (Cym.-Cel.), a ridge, cognate with the Grk. Ke<f>aXr), a head ;
e.g. the Cevennes, the Cheviots ; Cefn-Llys (palace ridge) ;
Cefn-bryn (hill ridge) ; Cefn-coed (wood ridge) ; Cefn-coch
(red ridge) ; Cefn-y-Fan (the hill ridge) ; Cefn-Rhestyn (the
row of ridges) ; Cefn-cyn-warchan (the watch-tower ridge) ;
Cemmaes (the ridge of the plain), in Wales ; Cefalu (on the
headland), in Sicily; Chevin Hill, near Derby; Chevin (a
high cliff), in Yorkshire ; Cephalonia (the island of head-
lands), also called Samos (lofty) ; Cynocephale (the dog's
headland), in Thessaly.

CEOL (A S ) I a Ship ; e 'f' Keal and Keelh> y in Lincoln

KIELLE (Teat \ 1 ^ Ship station ) ; Ceolescumb, Ceoleswyrth,
'' ( Ceolseig, and perhaps Kiel, in Denmark ;
Chelsea, i.e. Ceolesig, on the Thames.

CEORL (A.S.), a husbandman ; e.g. Charlton (the husbandman's
dwelling) ; Charlinch (the husbandman's island), formerly
insulated.

CEOSEL (A.S.), sand, gravel ; e.g. Chesil (the sand-hill), in Dorset ;
Chiselhurst (the thicket at the sand-bank) ; Chiseldon (sand-
hill) ; Chiselborough (the fort at the sand -bank) ; Win-
chelsea, corrupt, from Gwent-ceoseley (the sand-bank on the
fair plain, gwenf), or, according to another etymology,
named after Wincheling, the son of Cissa, the first king of
the South Saxons ; Chiswick (sandy bay), on the Thames.

CERRIG (Welsh), a heap of stones; e.g. Cerrig-y-Druidion (the

CHRP C ILL 47

Druids' stones) ; Cerrig-y-Pryfaed (the crag of the teachers),
probably the Druids, in Wales.

CHEP, CHEAP, CHIPPING (Teut.), \\ ^ f me I Chai f Se '

KIOPING, KIOBING, 1 ^ "***%*' *"$?

( buy) ; e.g. Cnepstow, Chippen-

ham, Cheapside (the market-place or town) ; Chipping-
Norton and Chipping-Sodbury (the north and south market-
town) ; Chippinghurst (the market at the wood or thicket) ;
Copenhagen, Dan. Kioben-havn (the haven for merchan-
dise) ; Lidkioping (the market-place on the R. Lid) ;
Linkioping, anc. Longakopimgar (long market -town), in
Sweden ; Arroeskicebing (the market-place in the island
of Arroe) ; Nykoping, in Funen, and Nykjobing, in Falster,
Denmark (new market-place). The Copeland Islands on
the Irish coast (the islands of merchandise), probably used
as a storehouse by the Danish invaders ; Copmansthorpe
(the village of traders), in Yorkshire ; Nordkoping (north
market), in Sweden ; Kaufbeuren (market-place), in Ba-
varia ; Sydenham, in Kent, formerly Cypenham (market-
place).

CHLUM (Sclav.), a hill, cognate with the Lat. culmen, transposed
by the Germans into kulm and sometimes into golmj e.g.
Kulm, in W. Prussia (a town on a hill) ; Kulm, on the R.
Saale ; Chlumek, Chlumetz, Golmitz, Golmiiz (the little
hill).

a cell, a burying-ground, a church ; in

CILL (Gadhelic),

CELL (Cym.-Cel.), from
JLLA (Lat.), and ii
Provence languaj
CELLA, CELLULE,

Celtic topography, kil or kel; e.g.

Kilbnde (the cell or church of St.
CELLA (Lat.), and in the -< ~ ., . ^ f . T , ,

, Bridget), frequent in Ireland and

Provence languages, <.' -..?, , , _ ~ ,

Scotland ; Kildonan (of St. Donan) ;

Kilkerran (of St. Kieran) ; Kilpeter
(of St. Peter) ; Kilcattan (of St. Chattan) ; Kilmichael, Kil-
marnock, Kilmarten, Kelpatrick, Kilbrandon (the churches
dedicated to St. Michael, St. Marnock, St. Martin, St.
Patrick, St. Brandon) ; Kilmaurs, Kilmorick, Kilmurry (St.
Mary's church) ; I Columkil or lona (the island of Columba's
church) ; Kilwinning (St. Vimen's church) ; Kilkenny (of
St. Canice) ; Kilbeggan, in Ireland, and Kilbucho, in
Peeblesshire (the church of St. Bega) ; Kil-Fillan (of St.
Fillan) ; Killaloe, anc. Cill-Dahia (the church of St. Dalua) ;

48 CILLC1TTA

Killarney, Irish Cill-airneadh (the church of the sloes)
the ancient name of the lake was Lough Leane, from a
famous 'artificer who lived on its shores ; Killin, i.e. Cill-
Fhinn (the burying-ground of Finn, which is still pointed
out) ; Kilmany (the church on the mossy ground, moine) ;
Kilmelfort, Cel. Cill-na-maol-phort (the church on the bald
haven) ; Kilmore generally means the great church, but
Kilmore, Co. Cork, is from Coillmhor (great wood), and in
many places in Ireland and Scotland it is difficult to deter-
mine whether the root of the names is cill or coill ; Kildare,
from Cill-dara (the cell of the oak blessed by St. Bridget) ;
Kilmun, in Argyleshire, is named from St. Munna, one of
St. Columba's companions ; Kilrush, Co. Clare (the church
of the promontory or of the wood) ; Kells (the cells) is the
name of several places in Ireland, and of a parish in
Dumfries ; but Kells, in Meath and Kilkenny, is a contrac-
tion of the ancient name Ceann-lios (the head, it's, or fort) ;
Closeburn, in Dumfries, is a corrupt, of Cella-Osburni
(the cell of St. Osburn) ; Bischofzell and Appenzell (the
church of the bishop and of the abbot) ; Maria-Zell (of St.
Mary) ; Kupferzell, Jaxt-zell, Zella-am-Hallbach, Zell-am-
Harmarsbach (the churches on the rivers Kupfer, Jaxt,
Hallbach, and Harmarsbach) ; Zell-am-Moss (the church
on the moor) ; Zell-am-See (on the lake) ; Zella St. Blasii
(of St. Blaise) ; Sabloncieux, in France, anc. Sabloncellis
(the cells on the sandy place) ; but in France La Selle
and Les Selles are often used instead of cella or cellules,
as in Selle-St.-Cloud for Cella-Sanct.-Clotoaldi (the church
dedicated to this saint) ; Selle-sur-Nahon, anc. Cellula
(little church) ; Kilconquhar, in Fife (the church of St.
Conchobar or Connor) ; Kilbernie, in Ayrshire (the church
of Berinus, a bishop) ; Kilspindie (of St. Pensadius) ; Kil-
blane and Kilcolmkill, in Kintyre (of St. Blane and St.
Columba); Kilrenny(of St. Irenaeus); Kilchrenan, in Argyle-
shire (the burying-place of St. Chrenan, the tutelary saint
of the parish).

/T . (a. city or borough, derived

CITTA, CIVITA (It.), I , ' u T . ',

/o j TI \ ) from the Lat. ctvitos: e.g.
CIUDAD, CIDADE (Sp. and Port.), < ,~. j , ~. . ,,. 5
' . ) Cittadellaand Civitella (little

CIOTAT (Fr.), / . , ~. iX ,. ,-, . n \

V city) ; Cittk di Castello (cas-

CLACH 49

tellated city) ; Citta-Vecchia (old city), in Malta ; Civita
Vecchia (old city), in Central Italy, formerly named Cen-
tum-cellce (the hundred apartments), from a palace of the
Emperor Trajan ; Civita-de-Penne (the city of the summit),
in Naples ; Cividad-della-Trinidad (the city of the Holy
Trinity) ; Ciudad-Rodrigo (Roderick's city) ; Ciudad-Real
(royal city) ; Ciudad-de-Gracias 1 (the city of grace), in
Spain ; Ciudadella (little city), in Minorca.

CLACH, CLOCK, CLOUGH (Gadhelic), a stone ; e.g. Clach-breac
(the speckled stone); Clach-an-Oban (the stone of the
little bay) ; Clach-na-darrach (the stone of the oak grove) ;
Clachach (a stony place). The word clachan, in Scotland,
was originally applied to a circle of stones where the Pagan
rites of worship were wont to be celebrated ; and, after the
introduction of Christianity, houses and churches were
erected near these spots, and thus clachan came to mean a
hamlet ; and, at the present day, the expression used in
asking a person if he is going to church is " Am bheil-
thu'dol do'n clachan ?" (i.e. "Are you going to the stones ?")
There is the Clachan of Aberfoyle in Perthshire ; and in
Blair-Athole there is a large stone called Clack tfiobairt
(the stone of sacrifice). In Skye there is Clach-na-h-Annat
(the stone of Annat, the goddess of victory) ; and those
remarkable Druidical remains, called rocking-stones, are
termed in Gaelic Clach-bhraeth (the stone of knowledge),
having been apparently used for divination. There are
others called Clach-na-greine (the stone of the sun), and
Clach-an-t-sagairt (of the priest). The village of Clack-
mannan was originally Clachan-Mannan, i.e. the stone circle
or hamlet of the district anciently called Mannan. In
Ireland this root-word commonly takes the form of clogh
or dough, as in Cloghbally, Cloghvally (stony dwelling) ;
Clogher (the stony land) ; Clomony (the stony shrubbery) ;
Clorusk (the stony marsh) ; Cloichin, Cloghan, Clogheen
(land full of little stones) ; but the word clochan is also
applied to stepping-stones across a river, as in Clochan-na-
bh Fomharaigh (the stepping-stones of the Fomarians, i.e.
the Giant's Causeway) ; Cloghereen (the little stony place) ;
Ballycloch and Ballenaclogh (the town of the stones) ;
Auchnacloy (the field of the stone) ; Clochfin (the white

So CLAR CLUAN

stone) ; Clonakilty, corrupt, from Clough-na-Kiltey (the
stone house of the O'Keelys).

CLAR, CLARAGH (Irish), a board, a plain, a flat piece of land ;
Clare is the name of several places in different counties of
Ireland, sometimes softened to Clara. County Clare is
said to have derived its name from a plank placed across
the R. Fergus, at the village of Clare. Ballyclare, Ballin-
clare (the town of the plain) ; Clarbane (white plain) ;
Clarderry (level oak grove) ; Clarchoill (level wood) ;
Clareen (little plain).

CLAWDD (Cym.-Cel.). a dyke or embankment ; e.g. Clawdd-Offa
(Offa's Dyke).

n FFF fAS 1 * If d / /" ( a stee P b an k or rock, cognate with
, //- j c j\ < the Lat. clivus (a slope); Clive,

KLIPPE (Ger. and Scand.), ) . .^ ..*.. ' ' ....

" ( Cleave, Clee (the cliff) ; Clifton

(the town on the cliff) ; Clifdon (cliff hill) ; Clifford (the
ford near the cliff) ; Hatcliffe and Hockcliffe (high cliff) ;
Cleveland (rocky land), in Yorkshire ; Cleves (the town on
the slope), Rhenish Prussia ; Radcliffe (red cliff) ; Silber-
klippen (at the silver cliff) ; Horncliff (corner cliff) ; Under-
cliff (between the cliff and the sea), in Isle of Wight ;
Clitheroe (the cliff near the water), in Lancashire ; Lillies-
leaf, in Roxburghshire, a corrupt, of Lille? s-diva (the cliff of
Lilly or Lille).

CLERE (Anglo-Norman), a royal or episcopal residence, some-
times a manor ; e.g. King's-clere, Co. Hants, so called
because the Saxon kings had a palace there ; Burg-clere
(where the bishops of Winchester resided), High-clere.

CLUAN, CLOON (Gadhelic), a fertile piece of land, surrounded
by a bog on one side and water on the other, hence a
meadow ; e.g. Clunie, Cluny, Clunes, Clones (the meadow
pastures). These fertile pastures, as well as small islands,
were the favourite spots chosen by the monks in Ireland
and Scotland as places of retirement, and became event-
ually the sites of monasteries and abbeys, although at first
the names of these meadows, in many instances, had no
connection with a religious institution thus Clones, Co.
Monaghan, was Cluain-Eois (the meadow of Eos, probably
a Pagan chief), before it became a Christian settlement ;
Clonard, in Meath, where the celebrated St. Finian had his

CNOC COED 51

school, in the sixth century, was Cluain-Eraird (Erard's
meadow). In some instances Clonard may mean the high
meadow ; Clonmel (the meadow of honey) ; Clonfert (of
the grave) ; Clontarf and Clontarbh (the bull's pasture) ;
Clonbeg and Cloneen (little meadow) ; Clonkeen (beautiful
meadow) ; Cluainte and Cloonty (the meadows) ; Cloonta-
killen (the meadows of the wood) v. Joyce's Irish Names
of Places.
,_.,.. ( a knoll, hill, or mound ; e.g. Knock, a hill

y\ . -I in Banff; Knockbrack (the spotted knoll) ;
KNWC (Cym.-Cel.), ) T , , , ' i_j w j__j <*L

' ( Knockbane, Knockdoo, Knockglass (the

white, black, and gray hill) ; Carnock (cairn hill) ; Knockea,
Irish Cnoc-Aedha (Hugh's hill) ; Knocklayd, Co. Antrim,
i.e. Cnoc-leithid (broad hill) ; Knockan, Knockeen (little
hill) ; Knockmoyle (bald hill) ; Knocknagaul (the hill of
the strangers) ; Knockrath (of the fort) ; Knockshanbally
(of the old town) ; Knocktaggart (of the priest) ; Knocka-
tober (of the well) ; Knockalough (of the lake) ; Knockanure
(of the yew) ; Knockaderry (of the oak-wood) ; Knockane
(little hill), Co. Kerry ; Knockandow (little black hill),
Elgin ; Knockreagh, Knockroe, Knockgorm (the gray, red,
blue hill) ; Knockacullion (the hill of the holly) ; Knock-
ranny (ferny hill) ; Knockagh (the hilly place) ; Knock-
firinne (the hill of truth), a noted fairy hill, Co. Limerick,
which serves as a weather-glass to the people of the neigh-
bouring plains ; Ballynock (the town of the hill) ; Balder-
nock (the dwelling at the Druid's hill), Co. Stirling ; Knwc-y
Dinas (the hill of the fortress), in Cardigan.

COCH (Cym.-Cel.), red.

COED (Cym.-Cel.),

COID. This word was variously
written Coit, Coat, or Cuit-
goed. In Cornwall it is found
in Penquite (the head of the
wood) ; Pencoed, with the
same meaning, in Wales ;
Argoed (upon the wood),
in Wales ; Goedmore (great

a wood ; e.g. Coed - Arthur
(Arthur's wood) ; Coedcymmer
(the wood of the confluence) ;
Catmoss and Chatmoss (the
wood moss) ; Coitmore (great
wood) ; Selwood, anc. Coitmaur
(great wood) ; Callow (wood
hill) ; Cotswold (wood hill),
the Saxon wold having been

wood), in Wales ; Coed-llai added to the Cel. coed. The

COGNCOIRE

(short wood) ; Glascoed
(green wood), in Wales ; Cal-
decot, corrupt, from Cil-y-coed
(the woody retreat), in Wales ;
Coedglasen, corrupt, from
Coed-gleision (green trees).

forms of this word in Brittany
are Koat or Koad hence
Coetbo, Coetmen, Coetmieux,
etc. ; Llwyd-goed (gray wood),
in Wales.

COGN (Cel.), the point of a hill between two valleys, or a tongue
of land enclosed between two watercourses ; e.g. Cognat,
Cougny, Cognac, Le Coigne", Coigneur, Coigny, etc., in
various parts of France v. Cocheris's Noms de Lieu, Paris.

COILL (Gadhelic), a wood in topography it takes the forms of
kel, kil, kelly, killy, and kyle ; e.g. Kellymore, and sometimes
Kilmore (the great wood) ; Kelburn, Kelvin, Kellyburn, and
Keltic (the woody stream) ; Callander, Coille-an-dar (the
oak-wood) ; Guilty, Quilty, Kilty (the woods) ; Kilton (the
town in the wood), in Scotland. In Ireland : Kilbowie
(yellow wood) ; Kildarroch (the oak-wood) ; Kilcraig (the
wood of the rock) ; Kildinny (of the fire) v. TEINE ;
Killiegowan (of the smith) ; Kilgour (of the goats) ; Eden-
keille (the face of the wood) ; Kylebrach (the spotted
wood) ; Kylenasagart (the priest's wood) ; Kailzie (the
woody), a parish in Peebles ; but Kyle, in Ayrshire, is not
from this root, but was named after a mythic Cymric king ;
Loughill, in Co. Limerick, corrupt, from Leamhchoill (the
elm-wood) ; Barnacullia (the top of the wood), near Dublin ;
Culleen and Coiltean (little wood) ; Kilclare, anc. Coill-an-
chlair (the wood of the plain).

COIRE, or CUIRE (Gadhelic), a ravine, a hollow, a whirlpool ; e.g.
Corrie-dow (the dark ravine) ; Corrie-garth (the field at
the ravine) ; Corrimony (the hill, monadh, at the ravine) ;
Corrielea (the gray ravine) ; Corrie (the hollow), in Dum-
friesshire ; Corriebeg (the little hollow) ; Corryvrechan
whirlpool (Brecan's cauldron) ; Corgarf (the rough hollow,
garbK) ; Corralin (the whirlpool of the cataract) v. LIN ;
Corriebuie (yellow ravine) ; Corryuriskin (of the wild spirit) ;
but Cor, in Ireland, generally signifies a round hill, as in
Corbeagh (birch hill) ; Corglass (green hill) ; Corkeeran
(rowan-tree hill) ; Corog and Correen (little hill) ; while
Cora, or Coradh, signifies a weir across a river, as in

COL COMBE 53

Kincora (the head of the weir) ; Kirriemuir, in Forfar,
corrupt, from Corriemor (the great hollow) ; Loch Vena-
choir, in Perthshire, is the fair hollow or valley v. FIN,
p. 80.

COL, COLN (Lat. colonia), a colony ; e.g. Lincoln, anc. Lindum-
colonia (the colony at Lindum, the hill fort on the pool,
linne) ; Colne (the colony), in Lancashire ; Cologne, Lat.
Colonia-Agrippina (the colony), Ger. Koln. The city was
founded by the Ubii 37 B.C., and was at first called
Ubiorum-oppidum, but a colony being planted there in 50
A.D. by Agrippina, the wife of the Emperor Claudius, it
received her name.

//- jt, i- \ ( a confluence, often found as

COMAR, CUMAR (Gadhelic), I , ' ,

//- X i \ \ Cuniber or Comber; e.g. Com-

CYMMER, KEMBER (Cym.-Cel.), ) , _ ' *

' ( ber, Co. Down ; Cefn-coed-y-

cymmer (the wood ridge of the confluence), where two
branches of the R. Taff meet ; Cumbernauld, in Dumbar-
ton, Gael. Comar-n-uilt (the meeting of streams, alt).
Cumnock, in Ayrshire, may have the same meaning, from
Cumar and oich (water), as the streams Lugar and Glas-
nock meet near the village ; Comrie, in Perthshire, at the
confluence of the streams Earn, Ruchill, and Lednock ;
Kemper and Quimper (the confluence), and Quimper-le',
or Kember-leach (the place at the confluence), in Brittany.
The words Condate and Conde, in French topography,
seem to be cognate with this Celtic root, as in Conde, in
Normandy (at the meeting of two streams) ; Conde, in
Belgium (at the confluence of the Scheldt and Hawe) ;
Condate-Rhedorum (the confluence of the Rhedones, a Celtic
tribe), now Rennes, in Brittany ; Coucy, anc. Condiceacum
(at the confluence of the Lette and Oise) ; Congleton, Co.
Chester, was formerly Condate.

COMBE fA S *l ( a hollow valley between hills, a dingle ;

CWM,KOMB(Cym.-Cel.), \ e * Colcombe (the valley of the R.

CUM (Gadhelic), <?%> ; Cwmneath (of the Neath ;

\ Compton (the town in the hollow) ;
Gatcombe (the passage through the valley, got) ; Combs,
the hollows in the Mendip hills ; Wycombe (the valley of
the Wye) ; Winchcombe (the corner valley) ; Wivelscombe
and Addiscombe, probably connected with a personal name ;

54 CONFLUENTESCORNU

Ilfracombe (Elfric's dingle) ; Cwmrydol and Cwmdyli, in
Wales (the hollow of the Rivers Rydol and Dyli) ; Cwm-
eigian (the productive ridge) ; Cwmgilla (the hazel-wood
valley) ; Cwm-Toyddwr (the valley of two waters), near the
conf. of the Rivers Wye and Elain in Wales ; Cwm-gloyn
(the valley of the brook Gloyn) ; Cwmdu (dark valley) ;
Cwm-Barre (the valley of the R. Barre), in Wales ; Combe
St. Nicholas, in Somerset and in Cumberland, named for
the saint; Comb-Basset and Comb-Raleigh, named from
the proprietors ; Cwm-du (black dingle) ; Cwm-bychan
(little dingle), in Wales ; Corscombe (the dingle in the
bog). In Ireland : Coomnahorna (the valley of the barley) ;
Lackenacoombe (the hillside of the hollow) ; Lake Como,
in Italy (in the hollow).

CONFLUENTES (Lat.), a flowing together, hence the meeting of
waters ; e.g. Coblentz, for Confluentes (at the conf. of the
Moselle and Rhine) ; Conflans (at the conf. of the Seine
and Oise) ; Confluent, a hamlet situated at the conf. of the
Creuse and Gartempe.

COP (Welsh), a summit ; e.g. Cop-yr-Leni (the illuminated hill),
so called from the bonfires formerly kindled on the top.

,. . , . f a marsh ; e.g. Corse (the marsh) ;
CORCAGH, or CURRAGH (Irish), V u /-

,,,, , , . " Corston, Corsby, Corsenside (the

CORS (Welsh),

A , s ' { dwelling or settlement on the

CAR (Gael.), , . to ~

>, YX marsh) : Corscombe (marsh

KER (Scand.), ,. , ( . ~ , , T v T

[dingle), in England. In Ire-
land : Cork, anc. Corcach-mor-Mumham (the great marsh
of Munster) ; Curkeen, Corcaghan (little marsh) ; Curragh-
more (great marsh) ; Currabaha (the marsh of birches).
Perhaps Careby and Carton, in Lincoln, part of the Danish
district, may be marsh dwelling.

roRNU / Lat N ( a horn > a corner in topography,

u ^at.;, i Hed to headlands ; e.g. Corneto

KERNE, CERYN (Cym.-Cel.), < ,A, r , f . Ti ,

it* \\ I ( tne place on the corner), in Italy;

ieh " (Cornd, Cornay, Corneuil, etc., in

France, from this root, or perhaps from Cornus (the cornel
cherry-tree) ; Cornwall, Cel. Cernyu, Lat. Cormtbia, A.S.
Cormvallia (the promontory or corner peopled by the Weales,
Welsh, or foreigners) ; Cornuailles, in Brittany, with the

COTE COURT 55

same meaning its Celtic name was Pen-Kernaw (the head

of the corner).

/A c \ f a h ut 5 e -S- Cottenham, Cottingham, Coatham

COE (Caen (the village f huts) ; Chatham ' A ' S ' Coteham,
i W ^k l ^ e same meanm S 5 Bramcote (the hut

(W 1 M i

^ (r '' j among broom) ; Fencotes (the huts in the fen

r ''' [ or marsh ; Prescot (priest's hut) ; Sculcoates, in
Yorkshire, probably from the personal Scandinavian name
Skule; Saltcoats, in Ayrshire (the huts occupied by the
makers of salt, a trade formerly carried on to a great extent
at that place) ; Kothendorf (the village of huts) ; Hinter-
kothen (behind the huts), in Germany.

COTE, COTTA (Sansc.), a fortress ; e.g. Chicacotta (little fortress) ;
Gazacotta (the elephant's fortress) ; Jagarcote (bamboo fort) ;
I slam cot (the fort of the true faith, i.e. of Mahomet) ; Noa-
cote (new fort) ; Devicotta (God's fortress) ; Palamcotta
(the camp fort).

COTE (Fr \ ( a side r C0ast ' e ' g ' C6te d ' Or ( the

j r> .. \ \ golden coast), a department of France,

COSTA (Span, and Port.), ) & , , " . y , ... . , '

' ( so called from its fertility ; Cotes-du-

Nord (the Northern coasts), a department of France ; Costa-
Rica (rich coast), a state of Central America.

, XT x (a. place enclosed, the place occu-

COURT (Nor. Fr.), I j t , ,,

CWRT (Cym -Cel ) } pied . by a soverei g n > a lordl y

/T.. c j t) ^ \ j mansion ; from the Lat. cohors,

CORTE (It., Span., and Port.), I . .. ,

\ also cors-cortts (an enclosed yard),

cognate with the Grk. hortos. The Romans called the
castles built by Roman settlers in the provinces cortes or
cortem, thence court became a common affix to the names
of mansions in England and France thus Hampton Court
and Hunton Court, in England ; Leoncourt, Aubigne-court,
Honnecourt (the mansion of Leo, Albinius, and Honulf) ;
Aubercourt (of Albert) ; Mirecourt, Lat. Mercurii-curtis,
where altars were wont to be dedicated to Mercury. From
the diminutives of this word arose Cortiles, Cortina, Corti-
cella, Courcelles, etc. The words court, cour, and corte
were also used as equivalent to the Lat. curia (the place
of assembly for the provincial councils) thus Corte, in
Corsica, where the courts of justice were held ; but Corsica
itself derived its name from the Phoenician chorsi (a woody

56 CRAIG CROES

place). The Cortes, in Spain, evidently equivalent to the
Lat. curia, gives its name to several towns in that country ;
Coire, the capital of the Grisons, in Switzerland, comes from
the anc. Cttria Rhatiorum (the place where the provincial
councils of the Rhastians were held) ; Corbridge, in North-
umberland, is supposed to take its name from a Roman
curia, and perhaps Currie, in East Lothian.

CRAIG, CARRAIG, CARRICK (Gadhelic), I *

'',, h < Creich, Crathie, Gael.

CRAIG (Cym.-Cel.), ) ' , , , ' . ,

( Creagach (rocky), parishes

in Scotland ; Carrick and Carrig, in Ireland (either the rocks
or rocky ground) ; Carrick-on-Suir (the rock of the R. Suir)
v. p. 42 ; Craigengower (the goat's rock) ; Craigendarroch
(the rock of the oak-wood) ; Craigdou (black rock) ; Craig-
dearg (red rock) ; Craigmore (great rock) ; Craig-Phadric
(St. Patrick's rock), in Inverness -shire ; Craignish (the
rock of the island), the extremity of which is Ardcraignish ;
Craignethan (the rock encircled by the R. Nethan), sup-
posed to be the archetype of Tullietudlem ; Craigentinny
(the little rock of the fire) v. TEINE ; Criggan (the little
rock). In Wales, Crick-Howel and Crickadarn (the rock
of Howel and Cadarn) ; Criccaeth (the narrow hill) ; Crick,
in Derbyshire ; Creach, in Somerset ; Critch-hill, Dorset.

CREEK (AS} CRECCA (* SmaU bay ' *' g ' Cricklade > anc

KREEK WeutS \ Creccagelade (the bay of the stream) ;

CRlOUECFr 1 ) j Crayford (the ford of the creek);

^ Crique-bceuf, Crique-by, Crique-tot,

Crique-villa (the dwelling on the creek) ; Criquiers (the

creeks), in France. In America this word signifies a small

stream, as Saltcreek, etc.

, , fa cross, cognate with the Lat.

CROES, CROG (Cym.-Cel.), , ,,, , ...

// J-L. i- C crux; e.g. Crosby (the dwelling

CROIS, CROCK (Gadhelic), li_ \ /- u i /^

' . . v /c , n , . near the cross); Crossmichael (the

CROD (A.S.), KRYS (Scand.), < r Cl _ '.. , ., ~, \ ,

, r \ } cross of St. Michael's Church);

JT ^Tr \ Groes-wen for Croes-wen (the

b r ')' [ blessed cross), in Glamorgan ;

Crossthwaite (the forest -clearing at the cross) ; Croxton
(cross town) ; Crewe and Crewkerne (the place at the
cross) ; Croes-bychan (little cross) ; Kruzstrait (the road at
the cross), in Belgium ; Crosscanonby, Crosslee, Crossbill,

CROESCROM 57

places in different parts of Scotland, probably named from
the vicinity of some cross ; but Crossgates, Co. Fife, so called
from its situation at a spot where roads cross each other.
It was usual with the Celts in Ireland, as well as with the
Spaniards and Portuguese in America, to mark the place
where any providential event had occurred, or where they
founded a church or city, by erecting a cross as in St.
Croix, Santa-Cruz, and Vera Cruz (the true cross), in South
America. In Ireland : Crosserlough (the cross on the lake) ;
Crossmolina (O'Mulleeny's cross) ; Aghacross (the fort at
the cross) ; Crossard (high cross) ; Crossreagh (gray cross) ;
Crossmaglen, Irish Cros-mag-Fhloinn (the cross of Flann's
son) ; Crossau, Crossoge, and Crusheen (little cross) ;
Oswestry, in Shropshire, anc. Croes- Oswalt (the cross on
which Oswald, King of Northumberland, was executed by
Penda of Mercia). Its Welsh name was Maeshir (long
field), by the Saxons rendered Meserfield; Marcross (the
cross on the sea-shore), in Glamorgan ; Pen-y-groes, Maen-
y-groes, Rhyd-y-croessau (the hill, the stone of the cross,
the ford of the crosses), in Wales ; Glencorse, near Edin-
burgh, for Glencross, so named from a remarkable cross
which once stood there ; Corstorphine, in Mid-Lothian, cor-
rupt, from Crostorphin, which might mean the cross of the
beautiful hill, torr fioum, or the cross of a person called
Torphin. In the reign of James I. the church of Corstor-
phine became a collegiate foundation, with a provost, four
prebendaries, and two singing boys. Crotch in Gaelic means
a gallows thus Knockacrochy (gallows hill) ; Raheena-
crochy (the little fort of the gallows), in Ireland.

CROAGH (Gael.), a hill of a round form from cruach (a haystack) ;
e.g. Croghan, Crohane (the little round hill) ; Ballycroghan
(the town of the little hill), in Ireland ; Bencruachan (the
stack-shaped hill), in Argyleshire.

CROFT (A.S.), an enclosed field; e.g. Crofton (the town on the
croft) ; Thornycroft (thorny field).

<r ju v \ f crooked ; e.g. Cromdale (the winding

CROM, CRUM (Gadhehc), n- \ T-- /-

' ,_ )- i \ valley), in Inverness-shire; Croome, in

CRWM (Cym.-Cel), 117 /-> i- ^ v / t. j

v ' , " \ Worcester; Cromhn, Cnmlin (the wind-

KRUMM (Ger.), I . ' . . . ' T . . ,

CRUMB (A S } I mg g en ' sMinri), in Ireland ; Krum-
[ bach (the winding brook) ; Krumau and

58 CRUG DAIL

Krumenau (the winding water or valley) ; Ancrum, a village
in Roxburghshire, situated at the bend of the R. Alne at
its confluence with the Teviot.

CRUG (Welsh), a hillock ; e.g. Crughwel (the conspicuous hillock,
hywel) ; Crug-y-swllt (the hillock of the treasure), in Wales ;
Crickadarn, corrupt, from Crug-eadarn (the strong crag), in
Wales.

CUL \ f radhelic^ ( e & C u11 ' CultS ' P arishes in Scotland ;

i juac nc; i Cul Cul-tir (at the back of the land),

CUIL j (the corner), ) . T ^ . . , , .,

' v " ( in Lanarkshire ; Culcairn (of the cairn) ;

Culmony (at the back of the hill or moss, monadJi) ; Culloden
for Cul-oiter (at the back of the ridge) ; Culnakyle (at the
back of the wood) ; Cultulach (of the hill) ; Culblair (the
backlying field) ; Culross (behind the headland), in Scot-
land. In Ireland : Coolboy (yellow corner) ; Coolderry (at
the back or corner of the oak-wood) ; Cooleen, Cooleeny
(little corner) ; Coleraine, in Londonderry, as well as Cool-
raine, Coolrainy, Coolrahne, Irish Cuil-rathain (the corner
of ferns) ; Coolgreany (sunny corner) ; Coolnasmear (the
corner of the blackberries).

CUND (Hindostanee), a country ; e.g. Bundelcund, Rohilcund (the
countries of the Bundelas and Rohillas).

D

DAGH, TAGH (Turc.), a mountain; e.g. Daghestan (the mountainous
district) ; Baba-dagh (father or chief mountain) ; Kara-dagh
(black mountain) ; Kezel-dagh (red mountain) ; Belur-tagh
(the snow-capped mountain); Aktagh (white mountain);
Mustagh (ice mountain) ; Beshtau (the five mountains) ;
Tak-Rustan (the mountain of Rustan) ; Tchazr-dagh (tent
mountain) ; Ala-dagh (beautiful mountain) ; Bingol-tagh (the
mountain of 1000 wells) ; Agri-dagh (steep mountain) ;
Takht-i-Suliman (Solomon's mountain).

a valley, sometimes a field, English dale or
DAIL (Gadhelic), , ,, v - . . , t 4 ' , t ,

tc r i \ ' a often joined to the name of the river

,Q ", N which flows through the district ; e.g. Clydes-

, ''' 1 dale, Teviotdale, Nithsdale, Liddesdale, Dove-
THAL (Ger.), j i A j i V> r j i

f . '' dale, Arundel, Dryfesdale, corrupt, to Drys-

cav '^' \dale (the valley of the Clyde, Teviot, Nith,

DAIL 59

Liddel, Dove, Arun, Dryfe) ; Rochdale, on the Roch,
an affluent of the Trivell ; Dalmellington (the town
in the valley of the mill). It is to be noted that in
places named by the Teut. and Scand. races, this root-
word, as well as others, is placed after the adjective
or defining word ; while by the Celtic races it is placed
first. Thus, in Scandinavia, and in localities of Great
Britain where the Danes and Norsemen had settle-
ments, we have Romsdalen and Vaerdal, the valleys
of the Raumer and Vaer, in Norway ; Langenthal, on
the R. Langent, in Switzerland ; Rydal (rye valley), West-
moreland ; Laugdalr (the valley of warm springs), Iceland.
In districts again peopled by the Saxons, Avondale, Annan-
dale (the valleys of the Avon and Annan). This is the
general rule, although there are exceptions Rosen thai
(the valley of roses) ; Inn-thai (of the R. Inn) ; Freuden-
thal (of joy) ; Fromenthal (wheat valley) ; Grunthal (green
valley). In Gaelic, Irish, and Welsh names, on the
contrary, dal precedes the defining word ; e.g. Dairy and
Dalrigh (king's level field) ; Dalbeth and Dalbeathie (the
field of birches) ; Dalginross (the field at the head of the
promontory or wood) ; Dalness and Dallas (the field of
the cascade, cas) ; Dalserf (of St. Serf) ; Dailly, in Ayr-
shire, anc. Dalmaolkeran (the field of the servant, maol, of
St. Kiaran) ; Dalrymple (the valley of the rumbling pool,
ruaemleagji) ; Dalgarnock (of the rough hillock) ; Dalhousie
(the field at the corner of the water, i.e. of the Esk) ;
Dalwhinnie (the field of the meeting, coinneacK) ; Dalziel
(beautiful field, geal) Dalguise (of the fir-trees, giuthas) ;
Dalnaspittal (the field of the spideal, i.e. the house of enter-
tainment) ; Dalnacheaich (of the stone) ; Dalnacraoibhe
(of the tree) ; Dalbowie (yellow field). Dollar, in Clack-
mannan, may be from this root, although there is a tradition
that it took its name from a castle in the parish called
Castle-Gloom, Gael, doillair (dark) ; Deal or Dole (the
valley in Kent) ; Dol and Dole, in Brittany, with the
same meaning ; Doldrewin (the valley of the Druidical
circles in Wales) ; Dolquan (the owl's meadow) ; Dolau-Cothi
(the meadows of the River Cothi) ; Dolgelly (the grove
of hazels) ; Dalkeith (the narrow valley, caetJi) ; Codale

60 DAL DAN

(cow field) ; Grisdale (swine field) ; Gasdale (goosefield) ;
Balderdale, Silverdale, Uldale, Ennerdale, Ransdale (from
the personal names, Balder, Solvar, Ulf, Einer, Hrani) ;
Brachendale (the valley of ferns) ; Berrydale, in Caithness,
corrupt, from Old Norse, Berudalr (the valley of the pro-
ductive wood) ; Dalecarlia, called by the Swedes Dahlena
(the valleys) ; Dieppedal (deep valley) ; Stendal (stony
valley) ; Oundle, in Northampton, corrupt, from Avondle;
Kendal or Kirkby-Kendal (the church town in the valley of
the R. Ken) ; Dolgelly (the valley of the grove), in Wales ;
Dolsk or Dolzig (the town in the valley), in Posen ; Dolzen,
in Bohemia ; Bartondale (the dale of the enclosure for the
gathered crops), in Yorkshire ; Dalarossie, in Inverness,
corrupt, from Dalfergussie, Fergus'dale ; Dalriada, in
Ulster, named from a king of the Milesian race, named
Cairbe-Raida, who settled there. His descendants gradu-
ally emigrated to Albin, which from them was afterwards
called Scotland ; and that part of Argyleshire where they
landed they also named Dalriada. The three brothers,
Fergus, Sorn, and Anghus, came to Argyleshire in 503
A.D. Toul and Toulouse, situated in valleys, probably were
named from the same root-word ; Toulouse was anciently
called Civitas-Tolosatiiim (the city of the valley dwellers,
dol-saetas).

DAL or GEDEL ( A S ) \ * ^^ a district ' e & Kalthusertheil (the

T fr> t M district of the cold houses) ; Kerckdorfer-

'.- .'' -| theil (the district of the village church) ;

/T \ ,''' I Baradeel (the barren district), in Germany

DAL (Irish), , TT ,. v , , .

[_ and Holland. This word, rather than

dail, may be the root of Dalriada ; see above.

DALEJ (Sclav.), far ; e.g. Daliz, Dalchow, Dalichow (the distant
place).

DAMM (Teut.), an embankment, a dyke ; e.g. Rotterdam, Amster-
dam, Saardam, properly Zaandam (the embankment on the
Rivers Rotte, Amstel, and Zaan) ; Schiedam, on the R.
Schie ; Leerdam (the embankment on the field, lar) ;
Veendam (on the marsh, veeri) \ Damm (the embankment),
a town in Prussia ; Neudamm (the new dyke) ; Damm-
ducht (the embankment of the trench).

DAN, in topography, signifies belonging to the Danes ; e.g. Dane-

DAR 61

lagh (that portion of England which the Danes held after
their treaty with Alfred) ; Danby, Danesbury (the Danes'
dwellings) ; Danesbanks, Danesgraves, Danesford, in Salop,
where the Danes are believed to have wintered in 896 ;
Danshalt, in Fife, where they are said to have halted after
their defeat at Falkland ; Danthorpe, Denton (Danes'
town) ; Denshanger (Danes' hill or declivity) ; Dantzic (the
Danish fort, built by a Danish colony in the reign of
Waldemar II.); Tennstedt, in Saxony, corrupt, from Dan-
nenstedi (the Danes' station) ; Cruden, in Aberdeenshire,
anc. Cruor-Danomm (the slaughter of the Danes on the
site of the last battle between the Celts and the Danes,
which took place in the parish 1012). The Danish king
fell in this battle, and was buried in the churchyard of
Cruden. For centuries the Erroll family received an
annual pension from the Danish Government for taking care
of the grave at Cruden, but after the grave had been dese-
crated this pension was discontinued.

r

DAR, DERA, DEIR (Ar.), j ' . ' '

TIFH CPpr* \ *{ Dar - el - ha J ar (the rocky district), in

( Egypt ; Darfur (the district of the
Foor or Foorians, or the deer country), in Central Africa ;
Dera-Fati-Khan, Dera-Ghazi-Khan, Dera-Ismail-Khan (i.e.
the camps of these three chiefs, in the Derajat, or camp
district) ; Deir (the monk's dwelling), in Syria ; Diarbekr
(the dwellings or tents of Bekr) ; Dehi-Dervishan (the
villages of the dervishes) ; Deh-haji (the pilgrims' village) ;
Dekkergan (the village of wolves) ; Deir-Antonius (St.
Anthony's monastery), in Egypt ; Buyukdereh (Turc. the
great district on the Bosphorus).

DAR, DERO, DERYN (Cym.-CeL), '

DAIR (Gadhelic), \ Lat. drus and Sansc dru,

( amre, or datre, Gadhelic, an

oak-wood, Anglicised derry, darach, or dara, the gen. of
dair; e.g. Daragh (a place abounding in oaks) ; Adare, i.e.
Athdara (the ford of the oak) ; Derry, now Londonderry,
was originally Daire-Calgaigh (the oak-wood of Galgacus,
Latinised form of Calgaigli). In 546, when St. Columba
erected his monastery there, it became Derry-Columkille
(the oak-wood of Columba's Church) ; in the reign of James

62 DEICHDEN

I., by a charter granted to the London merchants, it obtained
its present name ; Derry-fad (the long oak-wood) ; Derry-na-
hinch (of the island, innis) ; Dairbhre or Darrery (the oak
forest), the Irish name for the Island of Valentia ; Derry-
allen (beautiful wood) ; Derrybane and Derrybawn (white
oak-wood) ; Derrylane (broad oak-wood) ; Durrow, Irish
Dairmagh, and Latinised Robereticampus (the plain of the
oaks) ; New and Old Deer (the oak-wood), in Aberdeenshire,
was a monastery erected in early times by St. Columba,
and given by him to St. Drostan. The old monastery was
situated near a wooded hill, still called Aikie-Brae (oak
hill), and a fair was held annually in the neighbourhood,
called Mercatus querceti (the oak market) v. Book of Deer,
p. 48 ; Craigendarroch (the crag of the oak-wood) ; Dar-
nock, or Darnick (the oak hillock), in Roxburghshire ; Dry-
burgh, corrupt, from Darach-bruach (the bank of oaks) ;
Dori, the name of a round hill covered with oak-trees, in
Wales ; Darowen (Owen's oak-wood), in Wales.

DEICH, DYK (Teut.), a dyke or entrenchment. These dykes were
vast earthen ramparts constructed by the Anglo-Saxons to
serve as boundaries between hostile tribes ; e.g. Hoorndyk
(the dyke at the corner) ; Grondick (green dyke) ; Wansdyke
(Woden's dyke) ; Grimsdyke and Offa's dyke (named after
the chiefs Grim and Offa) ; Houndsditch (the dog's dyke) ;
Ditton, Dixton (towns enclosed by a dyke) ; Zaadik, in Hol-
land, (the dyke) on the R. Zaad. Cartsdike, a village in Ren-
frewshire separated from Greenock by the burn Cart. Besides
Grimesdyke (the name for the wall of Antoninus, from the
R. Forth to the Clyde), there is a Grimsditch in Cheshire.

DELF (Teut.), a canal, from delfan (to dig) ; e.g. Delft, a town
in Holland, intersected by canals ; Delfshaven (the canal
harbour) ; Delfbriike (canal bridge).

DEN, DEAN (Saxon), a deep, wooded valley. This word is
traced by Leo and others to the Celtic dion (protection,
shelter) ; e.g. Dibden (deep hollow) ; Hazeldean (the valley
of hazels) ; Bowden or Bothanden (St. Bothan's valley), in
Roxburghshire ; Tenterden, anc. Theinwarden (the guarded
valley of the thane or nobleman), in Kent ; Howden (the
haugr or mound (in the valley), in Yorkshire ; Howdon,
with the same meaning, in Northumberland ; Otterden (the

DEORDEUTSCH 63

otter's valley) ; Stagsden (of the stag) ; Micheldean (great
valley) ; Rottingdean (the valley of Hrotan, a chief) ;
Croxden (the valley of the cross).

. A c x ( a wild animal English, a deer; e.g. Deerhurst

(\ ' A\ J (deer's thicket) ; Durham, in Gloucester (the

' (r /* \ dwelling of wild animals). For Durham on the

v /' ^ Wear, v. HOLM. Tierbach, Tierhage (the brook

and the enclosure of wild animals).

DESERT, or DISERT, a term borrowed from the Lat. desertum, and
applied by the Celts to the names of sequestered places
chosen by the monks for devotion and retirement ; Dyserth,
in North Wales, and Dyzard, in Cornwall ; e.g. Dysart, in
Fife, formerly connected with the monastery of Culross, or
Kirkcaldy near Dysart is the cave of St. Serf ; Dysertmore
(the great desert), in Co. Kilkenny ; Desertmartin in
Londonderry, Desertserges in Cork (the retreats of St.
Martin and St. Sergius). In Ireland the word is often
corrupted to Ester or Isert as in Isertkelly (Kelly's re-
treat) ; Isertkeeran (St. Ciaran's retreat).

DEUTSCH (Ger.), from thiod, the people, a prefix used in Germany
to distinguish any district or place from a foreign settlement
of the same name. In Sclavonic districts it is opposed to
the word Katholic, in connection with the form of religion
practised by their inhabitants as in Deutsch-hanmer (the
Protestant village, opposed to Katholic-hanmer, belonging
to the Catholic or Greek Church). In other cases it is
opposed to Walsch (foreign -v. WALSCH), as in Deutsch-
steinach and Walsh-steinach (the German and foreign towns
on the Steinach, or stony water). The Romans employed
the word Germania for Deutsch, which Professor Leo traces
to a Celtic root gair-mean (one who cries out or shouts) ;
e.g. Deutschen, in the Tyrol ; Deutz, in Rhenish Prussia ;
Deutschendorf, in Hungary ; Deutschenhausen, in Moravia,
i.e. the dwellings of the Germans. The earliest name by
which the Germans designated themselves seems to have
been Tungri (the speakers). It was not till the seventeenth
century that the word Dutch was restricted to the Low
Germans. The French name for Germany is modernised
from the Alemanni (a mixed race, and probably means other
men, or foreigners').

64 DIEPDIOT

fT v ( deep ; e.g. Deeping, Dibden, Dibdale (deep

UYTOFiieac.* i yall x Deptford (deep ford); Market-

DWFN (Cym.-Cel.), J j /^ i \

'* ( deeping (the market -town in the low

meadow) ; Devonshire, Cel. Dwfnient (the deep valleys) ;
Diepholz (deep wood) ; Dieppe, Scand. Duipa (the deep
water), the name of the river upon which it was built ;
Abraham's diep (Abraham's hollow), in Holland ; Diepen-
beck (deep brook) ; Tiefenthal and Tiefengrund (deep
valley) ; Teupitz (the deep water), a town in Prussia on a
lake of this name ; Defynock (a deep valley), in Wales.

DINAS, or DIN (Cym.-Cel.), a fortified height, a city, cognate with
the Gadhelic dun; e.g. Dinmore (the great fort), in Hereford ;
Dynevor, anc. Dinas-faivr (great fortress), in Carmarthen ;
Denbigh, Welsh Din-bach (little fort) ; Ruthin, in Co. Denbigh,
corrupt, from Rhudd-din (red castle) ; Dinas Bran, a moun-
tain and castle in Wales named after an ancient king named
Bran-Dinas-Powys, corrupt, from Denes Powys, a mansion
built by the Prince of Powys in honour of the lady whom
he had married, whose name was Denis ; Hawarden, i.e.
fixed on a hill, den, in Flint ; its ancient name was Penarth-
Halawig (the headland above the salt marsh) ; Dinefwr (the
fenced hill), an ancient castle in the vale of the R. Tywy ;
Tenby (Dane's dwelling) v. DAN ; Welsh Denbych-y-Pysod,
i.e. of the fishes to distinguish from its namesake in North
Wales ; Tintern, corrupt, from Din-Teyrn (the king's mount),
in Wales ; Dinan in France ; Dinant in Belgium (the fortress
on the water) ; Digne, anc. Dinia-Bodionticarium (the fort
of the Bodiontici), in France ; .London, anc. Londinum (the
fort on the marsh Ion, or perhaps on the grove llwyri).
Din sometimes takes the form of tin, as in Tintagel (St.
Degla's fort), in Cornwall ; Tintern (the fort, din, of the
prince, Welsh teyrri), in Monmouth.

DINKEL (Ger.), a kind of grain ; e.g. Dinkelburg, Dinkelstadt,
Dinkellage, Dinklar, Dinkelsbuhl (the town, place, field,
site, hill, where this grain abounded).

DIOT, or THEOD (Teut), the people ; e.g. Thetford, corrupt, from
Theotford (\h& people's ford) ; Detmold, corrupt, from Theot-
malli (the people's place of meeting) ; Diotweg (the people's
highway) ; Dettweiller (the town of the Diet, or people's

DIVADONK 65

meeting) ; Ditmarsh, anc. Thiedmarsi (the people's marsh) ;
Dettingen (belonging to the people) v. ING.

DIVA, or DWIPA (Sansc.), an island ; e.g. the Maldives (i.e. the
1000 islands); the Laccadives (the 10,000 islands); Java
or Yava-dwipa (the island of rice, jaiva, or of nutmegs,
jayaK) ; Socotra or Divipa-Sukadara (the island of bliss) ;
Ceylon or Sanhala-Divipa (the island of lions), but called
by the natives Lanka (the resplendent), and by the Arabs
Seren-dib (silk island) ; Dondrahead, corrupt, from Dewan-
dere (the end of the island), in Ceylon.

DLAUHY, DLUGY (Sclav.), long, Germanised dolge; e.g. Dlugen-
most (long bridge) ; Dolgenbrodt (long ford) ; Dolgensee
(long lake) ; Dolgen, Dolgow, Dolgenow (long place).

DOBRO, DOBRA (Sclav.), good ; e.g. Great and Little Dobern,
Dobra, Dobrau, Dobrawitz, Dobretzee, Dobrezin (good
place) ; Dobberstroh (good pasture) ; Dobberbus (good
village) ; Dobrutscha (good land), part of Bulgaria ; Dober-
gast (good inn).

DODD (Scand.), a hill with a round top ; e.g. Dodd-Fell (the
round rock), in Cumberland ; Dodmaen (the round stone),
in Cornwall, popularly called Dead Man's Point.

DOM (Ger.), a cathedral, and, in French topography, a house, from
the Lat. domus; e.g. Dom, in Westphalia ; Domfront (the
dwelling of Front, a hermit) ; Dompierre (Peter's house
or church) ; Domblain (of St. Elaine) ; Domleger (of St.
Leger) ; Dongermain (of St. Germanus), in France ; but
the word domhnach, in Ireland (i.e. a church), has another
derivation. This word, Anglicised donagh, signifies Sunday
as well as church, from the Lat. Dominica (the Lord's day) ;
and all the churches with this prefix to their names were
originally founded by St. Patrick, and the foundations were
laid on Sunday ; e.g. Donaghmore (great church) ; Don-
aghedy, in Tyrone (St. Caidoc's church) ; Donaghanie, i.e.
Domnach-an-eich (the church of the steed) ; Donaghmoyne
(of the plain) ; Donaghcloney (of the meadow) ; Donagh-
cumper (of the confluence); Donnybrook (St. Broc's church).

DONK DUNK ( a mound surrounded by a marsh ; e.g. Dong-

DONcVoid r' ^ \ we ' r ^^ e moun d f the weir) ; Dunkhof (the
" '" ( enclosure at the mound) ; Dongen (the dwelling
at the mound) ; Hasedonk (the mound of the brushwood).

66 DORF DROICHEAD

DORF, DORP, DRUP (Teut.), a village or small town, originally
applied to any small assembly of people ; e.g. Altendorf,
Oldendorf (old town) ; Sommerstorf (summer town); Baiars-
dorf (the town of the Boii, or Bavarians) ; Gastdorf (the
town of the inn, or for guests) ; Dusseldorf, Meldorf, Ohr-
druff, Vilsendorf (towns of the Rivers Dussel, Miele, Ohr,
and Vils) ; Jagersdorf (huntsman's village) ; Nussdorf (nut
village) ; Mattersdorf and Matschdorf, Ritzendorf, Otters-
dorf (the towns of Matthew, Richard, and Otho) ; Lindorf
(the village at the linden-tree) ; Sandrup (sandy village) ;
Dorfheim, Dorpam (village home).

,~ , , . ,, f the thorn; e.g. Dornburg, Dorn-

DORN (Ger.), DOORN (Dutch), , . ' * & '

THYRNfAsS I heim or Dornum, Dornburen,

J t ~" r i \ { Thornton (thorn dwelling); Doom,

DRAENEN (Cym.-Cel.), v .

^ / raclhpl :'\ the name f several P laces m the

UC) ' (_ Dutch colony, South Africa ; Dorn-

berg and Doornhoek (thorn hill) ; Dornach (full of thorns) ;
but Dornoch, in Sutherlandshire, is not from this root ; it
is said to be derived from the Gael, dorneich, in allusion to
a certain Danish leader having been slain at the place by a
blow from a horse's hoof. Thornhill, Thornbury, village
names in England and Scotland ; Thorney (thorn island) ;
Thome, a town in Yorkshire ; Yr Ddreinog, Welsh (the
thorny place), a hamlet in Anglesey ; but Thorn, a town in
Prussia Polish Torun is probably derived from a cognate
word for torres, a tower. In Ireland : Dreen, Drinan,
Dreenagh, Drinney (places producing the black thorn).
DRECHT (Old Ger.), for /?z/?, meadow pasture; e.g. Moordrecht,
Zwyndrecht, Papendrecht, Ossendrecht (the moor, swine,
oxen pasture, and the priest's meadow) ; Dort or Dordrecht
(the pasture on the water), situated in an island formed by
the Maas ; Maestricht, Latinised into Trajectus-ad-Moesum
(the pasture or ford on the Maas or Meuse) ; Utrecht,
Latinised Trajectus-ad-Rhenum (the ford or pasture on the
Rhine), or Ultra-trajectum (beyond the ford).
DRIESCH (Ger.), fallow ground ; e.g. Driesch and Dresche, in
Oldenburg ; Driesfelt (fallow field) ; Bockendriesch (the
fallow ground at the beech-trees).

DROICHEAD (Gadhelic), a bridge ; e.g. Drogheda, anc. Droichead-
atha (the bridge at the ford) ; Ballydrehid (bridge town) ;

DROOGDU 67

Knockadreet (the hill of the bridge) ; Drumadrehid (the
ridge at the bridge) ; Kildrought (the church at the bridge),
in Ireland ; Ceann-Drochaid (bridge end), the Gaelic name
for the Castleton of Braemar.

DROOG, or DURGA (Sansc.), a hill fort; e.g. Savendroog (golden
fort) ; Viziadroog (the fort of victory) ; Chitteldroog (spotted
fort) ; Calliendroog (flourishing fort) ; Sindeedroog (the fort
of the sun).

DROWO, or DRZEWO (Sclav.), j W d ' a f re t ; e t Dreb "

DRU (Sansc.), TRIU (Goth.), a tree, 1 Jf\ , Dre ' A 7 <

( Drohobicz (the woodyplace);

Drewiz, Drehnow, Drehna, with the same meaning ; Mis-
droi (in the midst of woods).

DRUIM, DROM (Gadhelic), a ridge, from droma, the back-bone of
an animal, cognate with the Lat. dorsum; e.g. Drumard
(high ridge) ; Dromeen, Drumeen, Drymen (little ridge) ;
Dromore (great ridge) ; Dromagh and Drumagh (full of
ridges) ; Dromineer, Co. Tipperary, and Drumminer in
Aberdeenshire (the ridge of the confluence, inbhir) ; Augh-
rim, Irish Each-dhruim (the horses' ridge) ; Leitrim, i.e.
Liath-dhruim (gray ridge) ; Dromanure (the ridge of the
yew-tree) ; Drumderg (red ridge) ; Drumlane (broad ridge) ;
Drumcliff, i.e. Druim-chluibh (the ridge of the baskets) ;
Drummond, common in Ireland and Scotland, corrupt,
from drumen (little ridge). In Scotland there are Drumoak
(the ridge of St. Mozola, a virgin) in Aberdeenshire it
was originally Dalmaile (the valley of Mozola) ; Meldrum-
Old (bald ridge), in Aberdeenshire ; Drem (the ridge in
East Lothian) ; Drumalbin, Lat. Dorsum-Britanniae (the
back-bone or ridge of Scotland) ; Drummelzier, formerly
Dunmeller (the fort of Meldredus, who, according to tra-
dition, slew Merlin, whose grave is shown in the parish) ;
Drumblate (the warm ridge, or the flowery ridge) ; Drum-
cliff, Co. Sligo, i.e. Druimcliabh (the ridge of the baskets).
DRWS (Welsh), a door or pass ; e.g. Drws-y-coed (the pass of the
wood) ; Drws-y-nant (of the valley) ; Drws-Ardudwy (of
the black water).

b' ac k ' e -S- Ddulas, a river in Wales; Douglas,
in Scotland ( the black stream); Dubyn (the
black lake).

68 DUB DUN

DUB (Sclav.), the oak ; e.g. Dubicza, Dubrau, Diiben, Dubrow
(the place of oak-trees) ; Teupliz, corrupt, from Dublize,
with the same meaning ; Dobojze, Germanised into Dauben-
dorf (oak village) ; Dubrawice (oak village) ; Dubrawka
(oak wood), Germanised Eichenivaldchen, a colony from
Dubrow. In Poland this word takes the form of Dom-
browo, Dombroka.

DUN (Gadhelic), a stronghold, a hill fort, cognate with the Welsh
din. As an adjective, dun or don means strong, as in
Dunluce, i.e. dun-lios (strong fort) ; Duncladh (strong
dyke). As a verb, it signifies what is closed or shut in,
dunadh, with the same meaning as the Teut. tun, as in
Corra-dhunta (the closed weir). Its full signification,
therefore, is a strong enclosed place, and the name was
accordingly applied in old times to forts surrounded by
several circumvallations, the remains of which are still found
in Ireland and Scotland. Many such places are called simply
doon or down; e.g. Doune Castle, in Perthshire ; Down-
Patrick, named from an entrenched dun near the cathedral ;
Down and the Downs, King's Co. and West Meath ;
Dooneen and Downing (little fort) ; Dundalk, i.e. Dun-
Dealgan (Delga's fort) ; Dundonald (the fort of Domhnall) ;
Dungannon (Geanan's fort) ; Dungarvan (Garvan's fort) ;
Dunleary (Laeghaire's fort), now Kingston ; Dunhill and
Dunally, for Dun-aille (the fort on the cliff) ; Downamona
(of the bog) ; Shandon (old fort) ; Doonard (high fort) ;
and many others in Ireland. In Scotland : Dumbarton
(the hill fort of the Britons or Cumbrians) ; Dumfries
(the fort among shrubs, preas, or of the Feresians, Caer
Pheris) v. Dr. Skene's Book of Wales ; Dunbar (the fort
on the summit, or of Barr, a chief) ; Dunblane (of St.
Blane) ; Dundee, Lat. Tao-dunum, probably for Dun-
Tatha (the fort on the Tay) ; Dunedin, or Edinburgh
(Edwin's fort), so named by a prince of Northumberland
in 628 its earlier names were Dunmonadh (the fort of the
hill), or in Welsh Dinas-Agned (the city of the painted
people), and the Castrum-Alatum of Ptolemy. The Pict-
ish maidens of the royal race were kept in Edinburgh
Castle, hence it was also called Castrum-Puellarumj Dun-
ottar (the fort on the reef, otter) ; Dunfermline (the fort of

DUNE 69

the alder-tree pool, or of the winding pool) ; Dundrennan
(the fort of the thorn bushes) ; Dunlop (the fortified hill at
the angle of the stream, hib) ; Dunkeld, anc. Duncalden
(the fort of hazels) ; Dunbeath (of the birches) ; Dunrobin
(Robert's fortress), founded by Robert, Earl of Sutherland ;
Dunure (of the yew-trees) ; Dunnichen, i.e. Dunn-Nechtan
(of Nechtan, a Pictish king) ; Dunsyre (the prophet's hill
or fort) ; Donegall, Irish Dungall (i.e. the fort of the
strangers, the Danes) ; Lexdon, in Essex, Lat. Legionis-
dunum (the fort of the legion) ; Ley den, in Holland, Lat.
Lugdunum-Batavorum (the fortress of the Batavians, in
the hollow, lug) ; Lyons, anc. Lugdunum (the fort in the
hollow) ; Maldon, in Essex, anc. Camelodunum (the fort of
the Celtic war-god Carnal) ; Melun, anc. Melodunum (bald
fort, maol), in France ; Nevers, Lat. Noviodunum (new
fort), in France ; Thuin, in Belgium, and Thun, in Switzer-
land {dun, the hill fort) ; Yverdun, anc. Ebrodunum (the
fort on the water, bior) ; Kempten, in Germany, anc
Campodunum (the fort in the field) ; Issoudun (the fort
on the water, uisge) ; Emden (the fort on the R. Ems) ;
Dijon, anc. Dibisdunum (the fort on two waters), at the
conf. of the Ouche and Suzon ; Mehun, Meudon, and
Meuny, in France (the fort on the plain), Lat. Magdunum ;
Verdun, anc. Verodunum (the fort on the water, bior), on
the R. Meuse, in France ; Verden, in Hanover, on the R.
Aller, with the same meaning ; Autun, corrupt, from
Augustodunum (the fortress of Augustus) ; Wimbledon, in
Surrey, anc. Wibbandun (from an ancient proprietor, Wibba);
Sion, in Switzerland, Ger. Sztten, corrupt, from its ancient
Celtic name Suidh-dunum (the seat of the hill fort). From
Daingeann (a fortress) are derived such names as Dangen
and Dingen, in Ireland ; also Dingle, in its earlier form
Daingean-ui-Chuis (the fort of O'Cush or Hussey) ; it re-
ceived its present name in the reign of Elizabeth ; Ballen-
dine and Ballendaggan (the town of the fort) ; Dangan was
also the ancient name of Philipstown.

DUNE, Or DOWN (A.S.), f a g SSy hil j r 5? 5 *f ^ WnS '

mm fC ] \ \ m south of England ; the Dunes,

( in Flanders ; Halidon Hill (the holy

hill) ; Dunham, Dunwick, and Dutton, originally Dunton

70 D URD YFFR YN

(hill town) ; Croydon (chalk hill) ; Dunkirk, in Flanders
(the church on the dunes) ; Snowdon (snowy hill), in Wales ;
its Welsh name is Creigiawr (the eagle's rock), eryr (an
eagle) ; Dunse, a town in Berwickshire, now Duns, near
a hill of the same name ; the Eildon Hills, in Roxburgh-
shire, corrupt, from Moeldun (the bald hill) ; Eddertoun, in
Ross-shire (between the hills or dunes).

/^ 11 ( water : e.g. Dour, Douro, Dore,
DUR, or DOBHR (Gadhehc), I _. . '

r, /r- c* \\ } Duir > THUR, Doro, Adour, Durance,
DWFR, or DWR (Cym.-Cel.), 4 ~ ' ,. \ , ', ,

' . v 3 ' \ Duron (river names) ; Glasdur (green

DOUR (Breton), / \ \~ u s* u /

V water) ; Calder, anc. Calaover( woody

water) ; Derwent (bright or clear water) ; Lauder (the gray
water) ; Ledder and Leader (the broad water) ; Dorking,
Co. Surrey, anc. Durchinges, or more correctly, Durvicingas
(dwellers by the water witian, to dwell) ; Briare, on the
Loire, anc. Briva-durum (the town on the brink of the
water, probably Dover, from this root) ; Dorchester (the
fortress of the Durotriges dwellers by the water), ttigo,
Cym.-Cel. (to dwell), called by Leland Hydropolis j Rother
(the red river) ; Cawdor, anc. Kaledor (woody water).

nttppp- (C^\ ( dr >"' sterile ; *' Diirren stein (the barren

/\V7 iU < rock) ; Diirrental (the barren valley) ; Diirr-

DROOG (Dutch), ) , , ' ' , v . .. ,. ''

n { wald (the dry or sterile wood) ; Droogberg

(the barren hill) ; Drupach (dry brook).

DWOR CSclav ) r a door or P enin g' an P en court > e -S- Dvoretz

//- \ (the town at the opening), in Russia ; Dwarka

THUR (Ger.), ^ * . *" t '

Vr 1 \ 1 ( court or gate), Hmdostan ; Hurdwar (the

A ''\ court of Hurry or Siva), called also Gangadiuara
DWAR (Sansc.), ,, . 3 , 4 , 7 ' v . ,

" [ (the opening of the Ganges), in Hmdostan ;

Issoire, anc. Issiodorum (the town at door or meeting of the
waters, uisge), a town in France at the conf. of the Allier
and Couze ; Durrisdeer, Gael. Dorus-darach (at the opening
of the oak-wood), in Dumfriesshire ; Lindores, in Fife, anc.
Lindoruis (at the outlet of the waters), on a lake of the
same name which communicates by a small stream with
the Tay.

DYFFRYN (Welsh), a river valley ; e.g. Dyffryn-Clydach, Dyffryn-
Gwy, in the valleys of the R. Clwyd and Gwy, in Wales ;
Dyffryn-golych (the vale of worship), in Glamorgan.

EA 71

TTVAV f an island ; from ea > a -> aa > running water;

i * AY. . .1 . . /-

ea or ^y enter into the composition of many
EGE or EG A ^ r i 1-1 i

, , x < A.b. names of places which are now loined
OE, o, or A (Scand.), . , \ . , .,

J T% _. v\ to the mainland or to rich pastures by the

OOG (DlltCh), . , T7. 1? / 13 T7

[ river-side, as in Eton, Eaton, Eyam, Ey-
worth, Eywick (dwellings by the water) ; Eyemouth, Moulsy,
on the R. Mole ; Bermondsey, now included in the
Metropolis ; Eamont, anc. Eamot (the meeting of waters) ;
Fladda and Fladday (flat island) ; Winchelsea (either the
corner, A.S. ivincel, of the water, or the island of Wincheling,
son of the Saxon king Cissa, who founded it) ; Swansea
(Sweyn's town, on the water), at the mouth of the Tawey ;
Anglesea (the island of the Angles or English), so named
by the Danes its Welsh name was Ynys-Fonn or Mono. ;
Portsea (the island of the haven) ; Battersea (St. Peter's
isle), because belonging to St. Peter's Abbey, Westminster ;
Chelsea (ship island, or the island of the sandbank) v. p.
46, CEOL, CEOSEL ; Ely (eel island) ; Jersey (Caesar's isle) ;
Olney (holly meadow) ; Odensee (Woden's island or town
on the water) ; Whalsey (whale island, hval} ; Rona (St.
Ronan's isle) ; Mageroe (scraggy island) ; Nordereys and
Sudereys from this word Sudereys, the Bishop of Sodor
and Man takes his title (the north and south isles), names
given by the Norsemen to the Hebrides and the Orkneys
under their rule ; Oesel (seal island) ; Oransay (the island of
St. Oran) ; Pabba and Papa (priest's isle). The Papae or
Christian anchorites came from Ireland and the west of Scot-
land to Orkney and Shetland, and traces of them were found
in Iceland on its discovery by the Norsemen, hence probably
such names as Pappa and Crimea (the island of the Cymri
or Cimmerians) ; Morea (the mulberry -shaped island) ;
Shapinsay (the isle of Hjalpand, a Norse Viking) ; Faroe (the
sheep islands -faar, Scand.) ; Faroe, also in Sweden ; but
Farr, a parish in the north of Scotland, is from fatre, Gael,
a watch or sentinel, from a chain of watch-towers which
existed there in former times ; Staffa (the island of the
staves or columns, Scand. stem) ; Athelney (the island of

72 EADAREAGLAIS

the nobles) ; Bressay, Norse Bardie's ay (giant's island) ;
Bardsey (the bard's island), the last retreat of the Welsh
bards ; Femoe (cattle island) ; Fetlar, anc. Fedor's-oe
(Theodore's island) ; Romney (marsh island), Gael. Rumach;
Sheppey, A.S. Sceapige (sheep island) ; Langeoog (long
island) ; Oeland (water land) ; Torsay (the island with
conical hills, torr) ; Chertsey, A.S. Ceortes-ige (Ceorot's
island) ; Lingley (heathery island), ling, Norse (heather) ;
Muchelney (large island) ; Putney, A.S. Puttanige (Putta's
isle) ; Thorney (thorny island), but its more ancient name was
Ankerige, from an anchorite who dwelt in a cell in the island.

,~ , N , 4 ( e.g. Eddertoun, Co. Ross (be-

EADAR, EDAR (Cel.), between, 1 *

/T- o j r, *. \ J tween hills) v. DUNE: Eddra-

ENTRE(Fr., Span., and Port.), < ,.... . ' . . ' .

/T t \ ' \ chillis, i.e. Eadar da Chaolas

((between two firths), Co. Suther-
land ; Killederdaowen, in Galway, i.e. Coill-eder-da-abhainn
(the wood between two rivers) ; and Killadrown, King's
County, with the same meaning ; Cloonederowen, Gal-
way (the meadow between two rivers) ; Ballydarown (the
townland between two rivers). In France : Entre-deux-mers
(between two seas) ; Entrevaux (between valleys) ; Entre-rios
(between streams), in Spain ; Entre-Douro-e-Minho (between
these rivers), in Portugal ; Interlacken (between lakes), in
Switzerland.

//- jt. v \ f a church. These and synonymous words
EAGLAIS (Gadhelic), ., , .

/V /- i \ m tne Romance languages are derived

EGLWYS(Cym.-CeL), , T . 7 . ,

. . v } . . " < from Lat. ecclesta, and that from the

ILIZ (Armonc), . , . , , . . ,

/TT \ e/cKATjo-ia (an assembly) ; e.g. Eccles,

''' [ a parish and suburb of Manchester, also
the name of two parishes in Berwickshire ; Eccleshall, in
Staffordshire, so called because the bishops of Lichfield
formerly had a palace there ; Eccleshill (church hill),
in Yorkshire ; Eccleston (church town), in Lancashire ;
Ecclesmachan (the church of St. Machan), in Linlithgow ;
Eaglesham (the hamlet at the church), Co. Renfrew ; Eccles-
craig or Ecclesgrieg (the church of St. Gregory or Grig), in
Kincardine ; Eglishcormick (St. Cormac's church), Dumfries ;
Ecclescyrus (of St. Cyrus), in Fife ; Lesmahago, Co. Lanark,
corrupt, from Ecdesia-Machuti (the church of St. Machute,
who is said to have settled there in the sixth century) ;

EASECKE 73

Carluke, in Lanarkshire, corrupt, from Eccles-maol-Luke
(the church of the servant of St. Luke) ; Terregles, anc.
Traver-eglys (church lands), Gael, treabhair (houses), in
Kirkcudbright. In Wales : Eglwys Fair (St. Mary's church) ;
Hen-eglwys (old church) ; Aglish and Eglish (the church),
the names of parishes in Ireland ; Aglishcloghone (the
church of the stepping-stones) ; Iglesuela (little church), in
Spain ; Feher eghaz (white church), in Hungary. In
France : Eglise-aux-bois (the church in the woods) ; Eglise
neuve (new church) ; Eglisolles, Eligaberry, and Eligaberria
(the church in the plain). Such names as Aylesford, Ayls-
worth, Aylesby, etc., may be derived from eglwys or ecclesia,
corrupted.

EAS, ESS, ESSIE (Gadhelic), a waterfall ; e.g. the R. Ness and Loch
Ness (i.e. the river and lake of the Fall of Foyers) ; Ess-
nambroc (the waterfall of the badger) ; Essmore (the great
waterfall) ; Doonass (i.e. Irish Dun easa (the fort of the
cataract), on the Shannon ; Caherass, in Limerick, with
the same meaning ; Pollanass (the pool of the waterfall) ;
Fetteresso, in Kincardine (the uncultivated land, fiadhair,
near the waterfall) ; Edessa, in Turkey, seems to derive
its name from the same root, as its Sclavonic name is
Vodena, with the same meaning ; Edessa, in Mesopotamia,
is on the R. Daisan ; Portessie (the port of the waterfall),
Banff.

EBEN (Ger.), a plain ; e.g. Ebenried and Ebenrinth (the cleared
plain) ; Ebnit (on the plain) ; Breite-Ebnit (broad plain) ;
Holzeben (woody plain).

, , c. j \ ( a nook or corner ; e.g.

ECKE, or EGG (Teut. and Scand.), c , .. ,, ,., , ' , f

r//" A r \ \ Schonegg (beautiful nook) ;

VIG (Gadhelic), ) , , ? / -n \

( Eckdorf (corner village) ;

Eggberg (corner hill) ; Reinecke (the Rhine corner) ; Ran-
decke (the corner of the point, rand) ; Vilseek (at the
corner of the R. Vils) ; Wendecken (the corner of the
Wends or Sclaves) ; Edgcott (the corner hut) ; Wantage,
Co. Berks (Wanta's corner), on the edge of a stream ;
Stevenage, Co. Herts (Stephen's corner) ; Gourock (the
goal's corner) ; Landeck, in the Tyrol (at the meeting or
corner of three roads) ; Nigg, Gael. N-uig (at the corner),

74 EGERENAGH

a parish in Co. Kincardine, and also in Ross and Cromarty ;
Haideck (heath corner), in Bavaria.

EGER (Hung.), the alder-tree ; e.g. the R. Eger with the town of
the same name.

//- ju T \ f an island, cognate with the Lat. insula.
EILEAN (Gadhehc), , ' & . .
EALAND fA S "l I Gaelic word is generally applied to

EYLANDT (Dutch) \ *^ '^^ ^** '""" * *'& EUean -

INSEL (Ger ) I 5 S^ athach or Sk y e ( the win g ed island) ;

[ Eilean-dunan (the isle of the small fort) ;
Eilean-na-goibhre (of the goats) ; Eilean-na-monach (of the
monks) ; Eilean-na-Clearach (of the clergy) ; Eilean-na-
naoimbh (of the saints), often applied to Ireland ; Eilean-
nam-Muchad or Muck (the island of pigs), in the Hebrides ;
Flannan, in the Hebrides, i.e. Eilean-an-Flannan (of St.
Flannan) ; Groote Eylandt (great island), off the coast of
Australia ; Rhode Island, in the United States, Dutch (red
island), or, according to another interpretation, so named
from its fancied resemblance in form to the island of
Rhodes.

EISEN (Ger.), iron ; e.g. Eisenstadt (iron town) ; Eisenach, in
Germany (on a river impregnated with iron) ; Eisenberg
(iron hill fort), in Germany ; Eisenburg (iron town), Hung.
Vasvar, in Hungary ; Eisenirz (iron ore), on the Erzberg
Mountains ; Eisenschmidt (iron forge), in Prussia.
,p , v fa river ; e.g. Alf, Alb, Elbe, Elben, river names ;

FT v '" < Laagenelv (the river in the hollow) ; Dol-elf (valley

[ river) ; Elbing, a town on a river of the same
name.

ENAGH, or ^ENAGH (Irish), an assembly of people, such as were
held in old times by the Irish at the burial mounds, and in
modern times applied to a cattle fair ; e.g. Nenagh, in Tip-
perary, anc. ^n-^Enach-Urmhumhan (the assembly meeting-
place of Ormund), the definite article n having been added
to the name this place is still celebrated for its great fairs ;
Ballinenagh, Ballineanig, Ballynenagh (the town of the fair) ;
Ardanlanig (the height of the fair) ; Monaster-an-enagh (the
monastery at the place of meeting). But this word is not
to be confounded with eanach (a watery place or marsh),
found under such forms as enagh and annagh, especially in
Ulster. Thus Annabella, near Mallow, is in Irish Eanach-

ENDE ETAN 75

bile (the marsh of the old tree) ; Annaghaskin (the marsh
of the eels).

ENDE (Teut.), the end or corner; Ostend, in Belgium (at the
west end of the canal opening into the ocean) ; Ostend, in
Essex (at the east end of the land) ; Oberende (upper end) ;
Siiderende (the south corner) ; Endfelden (the corner of
the field), probably Enfield, near London. Purmerend (at
the end of the Purmer), a lake in Holland, now drained.

ENGE (Teut.), narrow; e.g. Engberg (narrow hill); Engbriick
(narrow bridge) ; Engkuizen (the narrow houses).

ERBE (Ger.), an inheritance or property ; e.g. Erbstellen (the
place of the inheritance, or the inherited property) ; Erbhof
(the inherited mansion-house) ; Sechserben (the property
or inheritance of the Saxons).

ERDE (Teut.), cultivated land ; e.g. Rotherde (red land) ; Schwarz-
enerde (black land).

ERLE (Ger.), the alder-tree ; e.g. Erla and Erlabeka (alder-tree
stream) ; Erlangen (the dwelling near alder-trees) ; Erlau,
a town in Hungary, on the Erlau (alder-tree river).

ERMAK (Turc.), a river; e.g. Kizel-Ermack (red river); Jekil-
Ermak (green river).

ESCHE (Old Ger.), a common or sowed field ; e.g. Summeresche,
Winteresche (the field sown in summer and winter) ; Brach-
esche (the field broken up for tillage) ; Kaiseresche (the
emperor's common). For this word as an affix, v. p. 5 :
as a prefix it signifies the ash- tree, as in the Aschaff or
ash-tree river ; Aschaffenberg (the fortress on the Aschaff) ;
Eschach (ash-tree stream) ; Escheweiller (ash-tree town) ;
Eschau (ash-tree meadow).

ESGAIR (Welsh), a long ridge ; e.g. Esgair-hir (the long ridge) ;
Esgair-yn-eira (the snow ridge).

ESKI (Turc.), old; e.g. Eski-djuma (old ditch).

ESPE, or ASPE (Ger.), the poplar-tree ; e.g. Aspach (a place
abounding in poplars, or the poplar-tree stream) ; Espen-
field (the field of poplars) ; Aspenstadt (the station of
poplars) v. AESP, p. 5.

ESTERO (Span.), a marsh or salt creek ; e.g. Estero-Santiago (St.
James's marsh) ; Los-Esteros (the salt creeks), in South
America.

ETAN, TANA (Basque), a district, with the same meaning as the

76 E UDANFAL U

Cel. tan, Latinised tania; e.g. Aquitania (the district of the
waters) ; Mauritania (of the Moors) ; Lusitania (the ancient
name of Portugal). This root-word enters into the name
of Britain, according to Taylor v. Words and Places.

EUDAN, or AODANN (Gadhelic), the forehead in topography, the
front or brow of a hill ; e.g. Edenderry (the hill-brow of the
oak-wood); Edenkelly (the front of the wood); Ednashanlaght
(the hill-brow of the old sepulchre) ; Edenmore (the great
hill-brow) ; Edina (one of the ancient names of Edinburgh).

EVES (A.S.), a margin ; e.g. Evedon (on the brink of the hill) ;
Evesbatch (the brink of the brook) ; Evesham (the dwell-
ing on the bank of the River Avon, in Worcester, or the
dwelling of Eoves, a shepherd, afterwards made Bishop of
Worcester).

FAGUS (Lat.), a beech-tree ; Fagetum, a place planted with
beeches ; e.g. La Fage, Le Faget, Fayet, Les Faus, Fau-
mont, in France.

FAHR, FUHR (Teut. and Scand.), a way or passage fromfahren,
to go ; e.g. Fahrenhorst (the passage at the wood) ; Fahren-
bach, Fahrwasser (the passage over the water) ; Fahrwangen
(the field at the ferry) ; Rheinfahr (the passage over the
Rhine) ; Langefahr (long ferry) ; Niederfahr (lower ferry) ;
Vere or Campvere, in Holland (the ferry leading to Kampen) ;
Ferryby (the town of the Ferry), in Yorkshire ; Broughty-
Ferry, in Fife (the ferry near a brough or castle, the ruins
of which still remain) ; Ferry-Port-on-Craig (the landing-
place on the rock), opposite Broughty-Ferry) ; Queensferry,
West Lothian, named from Queen Margaret ; Connal-Ferry
(the ferry of the raging flood), confhath-tutl, in Argyleshire ;
Fareham, Co. Hants (the dwelling at the ferry).

FALU, or FALVA (Hung.), a village ; e.g. Uj-falu (new village) ;
Olah-falu (the village of the Wallachians or Wallochs, a name
which the Germans applied to the Sclaves) ; Hanus-falva
(John's village) ; Ebes-falva (Elizabeth's village), Ger.
Elizabeth-stadt ; Szombat-falva (the village at which the
Saturday market was held) ; Balars-falva (the village of
Blaise) ; Bud-falva (the village of Buda).

FANUMFELD 77

FANUM (Lat.), a temple ; e.g. Fano, in Italy, anc. Fanum-Fortunce
(the temple of fortune), built here by the Romans to com-
memorate the defeat of Asdrubal on the Metaurus ; Famars,
anc. Fanum-Martis (the temple of Mars) ; Fanjeaux, anc.
Fanum-Jovis (of Jove) ; St. Die, anc. Fanum-Deodati (the
temple of Deodatus, Bishop of Nevers) ; St. Dezier, anc.
Fanum-Desiderii (the temple of St. Desiderius) ; Florent-
le-Vieul, anc. Fanum- Florentii (of St. Florentius) ; St.
Flour, Fanum-Flori (of St. Florus).

FARR (Norse), a sheep. This word seems to have given names
to several places in the north of Scotland, as affording
good pasture for sheep ; e.g. Farr, a parish in Sutherland-
shire) ; Farra, Faray, islands in the Hebrides and Orkneys ;
Fare, a hill in Aberdeenshire.

,,,... ( the alder-tree : e.g. Fernagh,

FEARN (Gadhelic), j tr /

, ' x < Farnagh, and Ferney (a place

FAUR, or VAUR (great) Z/.MAUR, , . ,, * v \ .

' ( abounding in alder -trees), in

Ireland ; Glenfarne (alder-tree valley) ; Ferns, Co. Wexford,
anc. Fearna (the place of alders) ; Gortnavern (the field of
alders) ; Farney, Co. Monaghan, corrupt, from Fearn-
mhagh (alder-tree plain) ; Altanfearn (the little stream of
alders); Sronfearn (the point of alders) v. p. 178; Fearns
(the alder-trees), in Ross - shire ; Fearn, also in Forfar ;
Ferney, on the Lake of Geneva, probably with same mean-
ing as Ferney in Ireland.

FEHER (Hung.), white ; Szekes-Fehervar, Ger. Stuliveissenburg
(the throne of the white fortress).

FEKETE (Hung.), black ; e.g. Fekete-halam (black hill).

FEL (Hung.), upper, in opposition to a!, lower ; e.g. Felsovaros
(upper town) ; Alvaros (lower town).

FELD, or VELD (Teut.), a plain or field ; lit. a place where trees
had been felled ; e.g. Feldham (field dwelling) ; Feldberg
(field fortress) ; Bassevelde, in Belgium (low plain) ; Gurk-
feld (cucumber field) ; Leckfeld, Rhinfeld (the plain of the
Rivers Leek and Rhine) ; Great Driffield, in Yorkshire
(dry field) ; Huddersfield, in Doomsday Oderesfeld, from a
personal name ; Macclesfield (the field of St. Michael's
church) ; Sheffield, on the R. Sheaf; Mansfield, on the R.
Mann ; Lichfield, Co. Stafford (the field of corpses), A.S.
Licenfelt, where, according to tradition, a great slaughter

78 FELL FENN

of the Christians took place in the reign of Diocletian ;
Wakefield (the field by the wayside, waeg) ; Spitalfields,
(i.e. the fields near the hospital or place of entertainment),
Lat. hospitalium. There is a watering-place near Berwick
called Spital, also a suburb of Aberdeen called the Spital ;
Smithfield, in London, is a corruption of Smethfield (smooth
field) ; Beaconsfield, Berks, so called from having been
built on a height on which beacon fires were formerly
lighted) ; Coilsfield, in Ayrshire (the field of Coilus or
King Coil). There is a large mound near it said to mark
the site of his grave.

FELL, FIALL, or FJELD (Scand.), ( * *& m Unta l n r f

FEL, FELSEN (Ger.), ]*?*' ^. Dovrefehl (the

[ gloomy mountains) ; Donners-

feld (the mountain range of thunder or of Thor) ; Snafel,
Iceland, and Sneefell, in the Isle of Man (snow moun-
tain) ; Blaefell (blue mountain) ; Drachenfells (the dragon's
rock) ; Weissenfels (the white rock) ; Rothenfels (red
rock) ; Scawfell (the mountain of the sca-w or promontory) ;
Hartfell (of harts) ; Hestfell (of the steed) ; Lindenfels (of
the linden-tree) ; Lichtenfels (the mountain of light), a
Moravian settlement in Greenland ; Fitful Head, corrupt.
from fitfioll (the hill with the promontory running into the
sea), Old Norse fit in Shetland ; Falaise, in France, a
promontory, derived from the Ger. fell ; Fellentin (the
fort, dun, on the rock), in France ; Souter-fell, Cumber-
land ; Saudfjeld, Norway ; Saudafell, in Iceland (sheep
hill), from Old Norse sauder, a sheep ; perhaps Soutra Hill,
in Mid- Lothian, may come from the same word; Criffel
(the craggy rock), Dumfries ; Felza, Felsbach (rocky
stream), in France ; Felsberg (rock fortress), in Germany ;
Goat-fell, in Arran, Gael. Gaoth-ceann (the windy point),
to which the Norsemen added their fell.

. . /a marsh: e.g. the Fenns or marshy

FENN (Ger.), , ' ,P. .. , , , .

/-r^ i_\ ) lands : Fen-ditton (the enclosed town on

VEN, Or VEEN (Dutch), < iV i.\ T7 c. .r j /^ r j

' v '' j the marsh) ; Fenny-Stratford (the ford

r ( A - b -'>

(on the Roman road, strat, in the
marshy land) ; Fenwick, Fenton, Finsbury (the town or
enclosed place on the marsh) ; Venloo, in Belgium (the
place in the marsh) ; Veenhof, Veenhusen (dwellings in the

FERNFEUCHT 79

marsh) ; Houtveen (woody marsh) ; Diepenveen (deep
marsh) ; Zutphen, in Holland (the south marsh) ; Ravenna,
in Italy, called Pludosa (the marshy). It was originally
built in a lagoon, on stakes, like Venice ; Venice, named
from the Veneti, probably marsh dwellers ; Vannes, in
France, and La Vendee, may be from the same word,
although others derive the names from venna (a fisherman),
others from gwent, Cel. (the fair plain) ; Finland (the land
of marshes). The natives call themselves Suomilius, from
suoma (a marsh). Fang in German and Dutch names,
and faing in French names, are sometimes used instead of
fenn as in Zeefang (lake marsh) ; Aalfang (eel marsh) ;
Habechtsfang (hawk's marsh) ; Faing-du-buisson, Dom-
faing, etc., in the valleys of the Vosges.

FERN, or FARN (Teut.), the fern ; e.g. Ferndorf, Farndon, Farn-
ham, Farnborough (dwellings among ferns) ; Farnhurst (fern
thicket) ; Ferndale (fern valley) ; Farringdon (fern hill) ;
Fernruit (a place cleared of ferns).

f a grave or trench ; e.g. Farta, Ferta, and

' /,- ji. T \ \ Fartha (i.e. the graves) : Fertagh and Far-
FERTA (Gadhehc), | ,. , /^ , r

[ tagh (the place of graves) ; Moyarta, in

Clare, Irish Magh-fherta (the field of the graves) ; Fortin-
gall, in Perthshire, is supposed to have derived its name
from this word, Feart-na-gall (the grave of the strangers),
having been the scene of many bloody battles.
LA FERTE, contracted from the French La fermeti, from the Lat.
firmitas (strength), applied in topography to a stronghold ;
e.g. La Ferte Bernardi (Bernard's stronghold) ; Ferte'-freshal,
from Firmitas Fraxinelli (the stronghold of little ash-trees) ;
La Ferte, in Nievre and in Jura, etc.

FESTE(Ger) ( a fortress > e ^ Altefeste ( hi g h fortress);

/-r\\ u\ ) Franzenfeste (the fortress of the Franks) ;

VESTING (Dutch), < /, r L r

FAESTUNG (Scand ) ) Festenbur S ( the town of the fortress);
'" ^ Ivanich-festung (John's fortress), in Croatia.

FEUCHT (Ger ) f moist ' marsh y5 e & Feuchtwang (the marshy

VOICHTIG (Dutch), 1 fi el 7 d )' . in ^^ . f rm f ^ Called Hudr -
( POUS, in Greek, with the same meaning ;

Feucht (the damp place), also in Bavaria ; Viecht-gross and
Viecht-klein (the great and little damp place), in Bavaria.

80 LES FEVESFLECKE

LES FEVES (Fr.), beans, Lat. faba, from which come such places
in France as La Faviere, Favieres, Faverage, Favray,
Faverelles, etc.

FICHTE (Ger.), the pine-tree ; e.g. Schoenfichten (the beautiful
pine-trees) ; Finsterfechten (the dark pine-trees) ; Ficht-
horst (pine-wood) ; Feichheim (a dwelling among pines).
In topography, however, it is difficult to distinguish this
word from feucht (damp).

FIN, FIONN (Gadhelic), fair, white, Welsh gwynn; e.g. Findrum
(white ridge) ; Fionn-uisge (the clear water). The Phoenix
Park, in Dublin, was so called from a beautiful spring well
on the grounds ; Findlater (the fair slope, letter) ; Fingart
(fair field) ; Finnow, Finnan, and Finglass (fair stream) ;
Finglen (fair glen) ; Knockfin (fair hill) ; Loch Fyne (clear
or beautiful lake) ; Fintray, in Aberdeenshire ; Fintry, in
Stirling (fair strand, traigK) ; Ventry, Co. Kerry, i.e. Fionn-
traigh (fair strand) ; Finnow (the fair stream).

FIORD, or FJORD (Scand.), a creek or inlet formed by an arm of
the sea, Anglicised ford, or in Scotland firth; e.g. Selfiord
(herring creek) ; Laxfiord (salmon creek) ; Hvalfiord (whale
creek) ; Lymefiord (muddy creek) ; Skagafiord (the inlet of
the promontory, skagi) ; Halsfiord (the bay of the neck or
hals, i.e. the narrow passage); Waterford, named by the Danes
Vadre-fiord (the fordable part of the bay) the Irish name
of the town was Port-lairge (the port of the thigh), from its
form ; Wexford (the western creek or inlet), also named by
the Danes Flekkefiord (the flat inlet) its Irish name was
Inverslanie (at the mouth of the Slaney) ; Strangford Lough
(i.e. the loch of the strong fiord} ; Carlingford, in Irish
Caerlmn, the fiord having been added by the Danes ; Vaer-
ingefiord, in Norway (the inlet of the Varangians or
Warings) ; Breidafiord (broad inlet), in Ireland ; Haver-
ford, probably from Scand. havre (oats).

FLECKE (Teut. and Scand.), a spot or level place, hence a hamlet ;
e.g. Flegg, East and West, in Norfolk ; Fleckney (the flat
island) ; Fletton (flat town) ; Pfaffenfleck (the priest's
hamlet) ; Amtsfleck (the amptman's hamlet) ; Schcenfleck
(beautiful hamlet) ; Marktflecten (the market village) ;
Fladda, Flatholme, Fleckeroe (flat island) ; Fladstrand
(flat strand).

FLEOTFONS 81

FLEOT, FLIEZ (Teut.), '

VLIET (Dutch) 1 *? n WhlCh VCSS f . m ^,? K ; - tf

( Fleet (a nver name), in Kirkcudbright ;

Fleet Loch ; Swinefleet (Sweyn's channel) ; Saltfleetby (the
dwelling on the salt water channel) ; Shalfleet (shallow
channel) ; Depenfleth (deep channel) ; Adlingfleet (the
channel of the Atheling or noble) ; Ebbfleet, a place which
was a port in the twelfth century, but is now half a mile
from the shore ; Purfleet, Co. Essex, anc. Poitrteflete (the
channel of the port) ; Fleetwood (the wood on the channel
of the R. Wyre) ; Miihlfloss (mill channel) ; Flushing, in
Holland, corrupt, from Vliessengen (the town on the channel
of the R. Scheldt). In Normandy this kind of channel
takes the form of fleur, e.g. Barfleur (the summit or pro-
jection on the channel) ; Harfleur or Havrefleur (the harbour
on the channel) ; Biervliet (the fruitful plain on the channel).
Flad as a prefix sometimes signifies a place liable to be
flooded, as Fladbury, Fledborough. The Lat. flumen (a
flowing stream) is akin to these words, along with its
derivations in the Romance languages : thus Fiume (on
the river), a seaport in Croatia, at the mouth of the R.
Fiumara ; Fiumicina, a small seaport at the north mouth
of the Tiber ; Fiume-freddo (the cold stream), in Italy and
Sicily ; Flims, in Switzerland, Lat. Ad-flumina (at the
streams) ; Fiume-della Fine, near Leghorn, is a corrupt, of
its ancient name, Ad-Fines (the river at the boundary).

FOLD (Hung.), land ; e.g. Foldvar (land fortress) ; Alfold (low
land) ; Felfold (high land) ; Szekel-fold (the land of the
Szeklers) ; Havasel-fold (the land beyond the mountains),
which is the Hungarian name for Wallachia.

FONS (Lat \ r a fountain > a wel1 5 e -g- Fon -

FONTE (It and Port.),

FONT, FONTAINE (Fr.),

FUENTE, and MONTANA (Span.),
FUARAN and UARAN (Gadhelic),
FFYNNON (Cym.-Cel.),

(the spring of

beautiful water) ; Fontenoy (the
place of the fountain) ; Fon-
tenay (the place of the foun-

tain) ; Les Fontaines, Fontanas
(the fountains) ; Fontenelles (the little fountains) ; Fonte-
vrault, Lat. Fons-Ebraldi (the well of St. Evrault) ; Fuente
(the fountain), the name of several towns in Spain ; Fuen-
G

82 FORD

caliente (the warm fountain) ; Fuensagrada (holy well) ;
Fuente-el-fresna (of the ash-tree) ; Fuente-alamo (of the
poplar) ; Fontarabia, Span. Fttentarrabia, corrupt, from the
Lat. Fons-rapidans (the swift-flowing spring) ; Fuenfrido
(cold fountain) ; Fossano, in Italy, Lat. Fons-sanus (the
healing fountain) ; Hontanas, Hontanares, Hontananza, Hon-
tangas (the place of springs), in Spain ; Hontomin (the
fountain of the R. Omino), in Spain ; Pinos-fuente (pine-
tree fountain), in Granada ; Saint -fontaine, in Belgium,
corrupt, from Terra- de- centum fontanis (the land of the
hundred springs) ; Spa, in Belgium, corrupt, from Espa (the
fountain) its Latin name was Fons-Tungrorum (the well
of the Tungri) ; Fonthill (the hill of the spring). The town
of Spalding, Co. Lincoln, is said to have derived its name
from a spa of mineral water in the market-place. The
Celtic uaran or fuaran takes the form of oran in Ireland :
thus Oranmore (the great fountain near a holy well) ; Knock-
an-oran (the hill of the well) ; Ballynoran (the town of the
well) ; Tinoran, corrupt, from Tigh-an-uarain (the dwelling
at the well) ; Foveran, in Aberdeenshire, took its name from
a spring, fuaran, at Foveran Castle ; Ffynon-Bed (St.
Peter's well), in Wales.

FORD (A S } ( a shallow P assa S e over a river

FURT, or FURTH (Ger.), J Bradford (t A he br * d !? rd > i ^ 0rk
VOORD (Dutch), * ^ j the K Air * ' Bedf rd ' Beacon ford
\ (the protected ford), on the Ouse ;

Brentford, on the R. Brenta ; Chelmsford, on the Chelmer ;
Camelford, on the Camel ; Charford (the ford of Ceredic) ;
Aylesford (of ^Egle) ; Hacford and Hackfurth (of Haco) ;
Guildford (of the guilds or trading associations) ; Hunger-
ford, corrupt, from Ingle ford (corner ford) ; Oxford, Welsh
Rhyd-ychen (ford for oxen) ; Ochsenfurt, in Bavaria, and
probably the Bosphorus, with the same meaning ; Hertford
(the hart's ford) ; Hereford (the ford of the army), or more
probably a mistranslation of its Celtic name, Caer-ffaivydd
(the town of the beech-trees) ; Horsford, Illford, and Knuts-
ford (the fords of Horsa, Ella, and Canute). Canute had
crossed this ford before gaining a great battle ; Watford (the
ford on Watling Street) ; Milford, the translation of Rhyd-
y-milwr (the ford of the Milwr), a small brook that flows

FORS FORUM 83

into the haven ; Haverford West v. HAVN the Welsh name
is Hvulfford (the sailing way, fiord}, so called because the
tide comes up to the town ; Tiverton, anc. Twyford (the
town on the two fords) ; Stamford, A.S. Stanford (stony
ford), on the Welland ; Stoney Stratford (the stony ford on
the Roman road) ; Stafford, anc. Stafford (the ford at the
station, or a ford crossed by staffs or stilts) ; Crayford, on
the R. Cray ; but Crawford, in Lanarkshire, is corrupt, from
Caerford (castle ford) ; Wallingford, anc. Gual-hen, Latin-
ised Gallena (the old fort at the ford) ; Thetford, anc. Theod-
ford (the people's ford), on the R. Thet ; Dartford, on the
R. Darent ; Bideford, in Devonshire (by the ford) ; Furth
and Pforten (the fords), in Prussia ; Erfurt, in Saxony, anc.
Erpisford (the ford of Erpe) ; Hohenfurth (the high ford),
Bohemia ; Frankfort, on the Maine and on the Oder (the
ford of the Franks) ; Quernfurt and Velvorde (the fords of
the Rivers Quern and Wolowe) ; Steenvoord (stony ford) ;
Verden, in Hanover (at the ford of the R. Aller).

FORS, FOSS (Scand.), a waterfall ; e.g. High-force, Low-force, on
the R. Tees ; Skogar-foss (the waterfall on the promontory),
in Ireland ; Wilberforce, in Yorkshire (the cascade of
Wilbera) ; Sodorfors (the south cascade), in Sweden ; Foston
(the town of the waterfall).

FORST, VORST (Teut.), a wood ; e.g. Forst-lohn (the path through
the wood) ; Forst-bach (forest brook) ; Eichenforst (oak
forest) ; Forstheim (forest dwelling).

FORT, a stronghold ; from the Lat.fortzs, strong akin to the Irish
Longphorth (a fortress), and the French La Ferte, abridged
fromfermete v. p. 79 ; e.g. Rochefort (the rock fortress) ;
Fort Augustus, named after the Duke of Cumberland ; Fort-
George (after George II.) ; Fort- William, anc. Inverlochy
(at the mouth of the lake), and surnamed after William
III. ; Fortrose (the fortress on the promontory) ; Fort-
Louis, in Upper Rhine, founded and named by Louis XIV. ;
Charles-Fort, in Canada, named after Charles I. In Ireland
the town of Longford is called in the annals Longphorth
O'Farrell (the fortress of the O'Farrells). This Irish word
is sometimes corrupted, as in Lonart for Longphorth, and
in Athlunkard for Athlongford (the ford of the fortress).

FORUM (Lat.), a market-place or place of assembly ; e.g. Forli,

FOSSE FRENE

anc. Forum-Livii (the forum of Livius), in Italy ; Feurs, in
France, anc. Forum -Segusianorum (the forum of the
Segusiani) ; Forlimpopoli (the forum of the people) ; Ferrara,
anc. Forum- Alieni (the market-place of the foreigner) ;
Fornova (new forum) ; Fossombrone, anc. Forum- Sem-
pronii (of Sempronius) ; Frejus and Friuli, anc. Forum-Julii
(of Julius) ; Frontignan, anc. Forum-Domitii (of Domitius),
also called Frontiniacum (on the edge of the water) ; Voor-
burg, in Holland, anc. Forum- Hadriani (the market-place
of Hadrian) ; Klagenfurt, anc. Claudii- Forum (the forum
of Claudius) ; Fordongianus, in Sardinia, anc. Forum-
Trajani (the forum of Trajan) ; Forcassi, anc. Forum-Cassii
(of Cassius) ; Fiora, anc. Forum- Aurelii (of Aurelius) ;
Appii-Forum (of Appius) ; Marazion, in Cornwall, or Mar-
ketjeu, Latinised by the Romans into Forum-Jovis (the
forum of Jove or of God), resorted to in former times from
its vicinity to the sacred shrine of St. Michael.

FOSSE, a ditch or trench dug around a fortified place, from the
Lat. fodio, to dig ; e.g. Fosseway (the road near the trench) ;
Foston (the town with the trench or moat) ; Fosse, in
Belgium ; Fos, at the mouths of the Rhone, anc. Fossce
Mariana Portus (the port of the trench or canal of Marius).

FRANK (Ger.), free, but in topography meaning belonging to the
Franks ; e.g. Franconia (the district of the Franks) ; France,
abridged from Frankreich (the kingdom of the Franks or
freemen) ; Frankenthal (the valley of the Franks) ; Franken-
berg and Frankenfels (the hill and rock of the Franks) ;
Frankenburg and Frankenhausen (the dwellings of the
Franks) ; Frankenstein (the rock of the Franks) ; Franken-
markt (the market of the Franks) ; Ville-franche and Ville-
franche sur Saone (free town), in France ; Villa-franca (free
town), several in Italy ; Villa-franca (free town), in Spain.

FREI, or FREY (Ger.), a privileged place, as also freiheit (freedom) ;
e.g. Freyburg and Fribourg (the privileged city) ; Schloss-
freiheit and Berg-freiheit (the privileged castle) ; Oude-
Vrijheid (the old privileged place), in Holland ; Freystadt,
in Hungary, Grk. Eleutheropolis (free city).
* [ the ash-tree ; e.g. Les Frenes,

FRENE (Fr.), FRASSINO (It.), ,.?

v ._ " . Vn _.\ \ Les Fresnes (the ash - trees) ;

FRESNO (Span.), FREIXO (Port.), ) ,-, . ,, V r . '

" ( Frenois, Frenoit, Frenai, Fre-

FREUDE FURST 85

nay, Fresney (the place abounding in ash-trees), in France ;
Frassinetto-di-Po (the ash-tree grove on the R. Po).

FREUDE (Ger.), joy ; e.g. Freudenthal (the valley of joy) ; Freuden-
stadt (the town of joy).

FRIDE, a hedge, from the Old Ger. word vride akin to the Gael.
fridh, and the Welsh fridd (a wood) ; e.g. Burgfried (the
hedge of the fortress) ; Friedberg, anc. Vi iduperg (a. fortress
surrounded by a hedge) ; but Friedland, in East Prussia,
Grk. Irenopyrgos (the tower of peace), is iromfriede, Ger.
peace. The prefix fried is also sometimes a contraction for
Frederick thus Friedburg may mean Frederick's town.

FRITH, or FIRTH, the navigable estuary of a river, akin to fiord
and the Lat. /return, a channel ; e.g. the Firths of Forth,
Tay, and Clyde ; the Solway Firth. This word Solway has
had various derivations assigned to it : one derivation is
from the Selgovcz, a tribe ; Ferguson suggests the Old Norse
word sulla, Eng. sully, from its turbid waters, particularly
as it was called in Leland's Itinera Sulway. I would
suggest the A. S. sol (mire), as this channel is a miry slough
at low tide, and can be crossed on foot ; Pentland Firth,
corrupt, from Petland Fiord (the bay between the land of
the Picts and the Orkneys).

FROU, FRAU (Ger.), lord and lady ; e.g. Froustalla (the lord or
nobleman's stall) ; Frousthorp (the nobleman's farm) ; Frau-
brunnen (our lady's well) ; Frauenberg, Frauenburg, Frau-
stadt (our lady's town) ; Frauenkirchen (our lady's church) ;
Frauenfeld (our lady's field).

FUL (A.S.), dirty ; e.g. Fulbeck, Fulbrook (dirty stream) ; Fulneck
or Fullanig (dirty water) ; Fulham or Fullenham (either
the dwelling on the miry place or, according to another
derivation, hom/ugel, a bird).

FURED (Hung.), a bath or watering-place ; e.g. Tisza-Fiired (the
watering-place on the R. Theis or Tisza) ; Balaton-Fiired,
on Lake Balaton.

FURST (Ger.), a prince or the first in rank; e.g. Furstenau,
Furstenberg, Furstenfeld, Furstenwald, Furstenwerder,
Furstenzell (the meadow, hill, field, wood, island, church,
of the prince) ; but Furstberg means the chief or highest
hill.

86 GABELGARENNE

GABEL (Teut } ( a f rk ' a PP lied to river forks ' *'

/r* ju r \ \ Gabelbach (the forked stream) ;

GABHAL, or GOUL (Gadhelic), ) , ., , ,Ji

' { Gabelhof (the court or dwelling

at the forked stream), in Germany. In Ireland : Goul,
Gowel, and Gowl (the fork) ; Gola (forks) ; Addergoul,
Addergoule, and Edargoule, Irish Eadar-dha-ghabhal (the
place between two river-prongs) ; Goule, in Yorkshire (on
the fork of two streams.

GAD EN (Ger.), a cottage ; e.g. Holzgaden (wood cottage) ; Stein-
gaden (rock cottage).

fan enclosure, a city, or fortified place, from
GADR (Phren.), ( ,. *' _ ,. J

v ) for, a wall ; e.g. Gades or Cadiz, anc. Gaar,

' /TT u \ \ in Spain ; Carthage, anc. Kartha-hadtha (the
m " (new city, in opposition to Utica, the old);
Carthagena (New Carthage) ; Kirjath-Arba (the city of
Arba, afterwards Hebron) ; Kirjath-sepher (of the book) ;
Kirjath-jearim (of forests) ; Kirjath-Baal (Baal's town) ;
Kirjath-Sannah (of palms) ; Keriathaim (the double town) ;
Kir-Moab (the citadel of Moab) ; Cordova, in Spain,
Phcen. Kartha-Baal (which may mean the city of Baal).

GAMA (Tamul), a village ; e.g. Alut-gama (new village), in Ceylon.

GANG (Ger.), a narrow passage, either on land or by water; e.g.
Birkengang (the birch-tree pass) ; Strassgang (a narrow
street) ; Gangbach (the passage across the brook) ; Gang-
hofen (the dwelling at the ferry), on the R. Roth, in
Bavaria.

GANGA, or GUNGA (Sansc.), a river ; e.g. Borra Ganga or the
Ganges (the great river) ; Kishenganga (the black river) ;
Neelganga (the blue river) ; Naraingunga (the river of
Naranyana or Vishnu) ; Ramgunga (Ram's river).

GARBH (Gadhelic) ( r Ugh ; e ' g ' RiverS Gara ' Gany ' Garwe '
GARW ( Cvm -Cel (' 1 Garwv > Owengarve, Garonne, Garvault,
''' ( Yair, Yarrow (rough stream) ; Garracloon
(rough meadow) ; Garroch head or Ard-Kingarth (the point
of the rough headland), in Bute ; Garioch (the rough dis-
trict), in Aberdeenshire.
GARENNE, a word of Germanic or Celtic origin, from the Low

GARIEF GARTH 87

Lat. warenna, and that from the High Ger. war an (to take
precautions), had at first the sense of a, protected or guarded
place, and more lately of a wood to which was attached the
exclusive right of the chase ; e.g. La Garenne, Garenne,
Varenne, Varennes, Warennes, in various departments of
France.

GARIEF (South Africa), a river ; e.g. Ky-garief (yellow river) ; Nu-
garief (black river).

- ji_ i- \ (a garden : e.g. Garryowen (Owen's gar-
GARRDH (Gadhehc), & x . * , ,,. J , A . -o ?v

PARnn CCvm Cel f 1 den > ; Gair y ard ( hl S h garden) ; Ballm-
f ( garry (the town of the garden) ; Garrane
and Garrawn (the shrubbery); Garranbane (white shrubbery).
GARTH (Welsh), a hill ; e.g. Tal-garth (the brow of the hill), in
Brecknockshire ; Brecknock, named after Brychan, its
king, who came from Ireland in the sixth century. Its
ancient name was Garth-Madryn (the fox's hill).

, ~ , . /an enclosed place, either for

GARTH, GART (Teut. and Scand.), I , .% T r

' ._ ,. v .. . 1 plants or cattle, then a farm.

GARRAD (Gadhehc), < lL * c A ^\,

. '' . . } It is sometimes found in the

GARRD, GARZ (Cym.-Cel.), l , , . T , , ,

^ form of gort in Ireland and

Scotland ; e.g. Garton (the enclosure or enclosed town) ;
Applegarth (the apple enclosure or farm) ; Hogarth (an
enclosure for hay) ; Weingarten (an enclosure for vines, or
a vineyard) ; Stuttgart and Hestingaard (an enclosure for
horses) ; Nornigard (the sibyl's dwelling, norn, a pro-
phetess) ; Fishgarth or Fishguard (the fisher's farm), in
Wales ; Noostigard (the farm at the naust or ship station) ;
in Shetland ; Smiorgard (butter farm) ; Prestgard (the
priest's farm) ; Yardley (the enclosed meadow) ; Yard-
borough (the enclosed town) ; Gartan (little field) ; Gordon,
a parish in Berwickshire, corrupt, from Goirtean (little
farm) ; Gartbane and Gortban (fair field) ; Gartfarran (the
farm at the fountain, fuarari) ; Gartbreck (spotted field) ;
Gortnagclock (the field of the stones) ; Gortreagh (gray
field) ; Gortenure (the field of the yew-tree) ; Oulart, in
Ireland, corrupt, from Abhalghort (apple-field or orchard) ;
Bugard (an enclosure for cattle), in Shetland ; Olligard (the
farm or dwelling of Olaf), in Shetland ; Girthon, corrupt,
from Girthavon (the enclosure on the river), in" Kirkcud-
bright). On the other hand, Garda or Warda in French

GATGEBEL

names signified originally a fortified or protected place,
from an old Teutonic word ivarta; hence Gardere, Gardiere,
La Garderie, La Garde, La Warde, etc.

, , . /an opening or passage ; e.g. the Cattegat (the
/A c v ) cat ' s throat or passage) ; Margate (the sea-gate
.A \ ) or P assa g e )> anc - Meregate, there having been
"'' ^formerly a mere or lake here which had its influx
into the sea ; Ramsgate (the passage of Ruim, the ancient
name of Thanet) ; Reigate, contraction from Ridgegate (the
passage through the ridge) ; Yetholm (the valley at the
passage or border between England and Scotland, yet,
Scot, a gate) ; Harrowgate, probably the passage of the
army, A.S. here, as it is situated near one of the great
Roman roads ; Crossgates, a village in Fife (at the road
crossings) ; Ludgate did not derive its name from a certain
King Lud, according to popular tradition, but is an instance
of tautology, there having been an ancient A.S. word hlid
(a door), hence Geathlid (a postern gate) v. BOSWORTH.
In India the word ghat is applied to a pass between hills
or mountains, as in the Ghauts (the two converging mountain
ranges) ; Sheergotta (the lion's pass), between Calcutta and
Benares ; and Geragaut (the horse's pass), or to a passage
across a river, as well as to the flights of steps leading from
a river to the buildings on its banks. Thus Calcutta is
Kalikttti (the ghauts or passes leading to the temple of the
goddess Kali), on the R. Hoogly ; also Calicut, on the
Malabar coast.

GAU, GOVIA (Ger.), a district ; e.g. Sundgau, Westgau, Nordgau
(south, west, and north district) ; Aargau, Rheingau, Thur-
gau (the districts watered by the Rivers Aar, Rhine, and
Thur) ; Schdengau (beautiful district) ; Wonnegau (the
district of delight) ; Hainault, Ger. Hennegau (the district of
the R. Haine. and ault, the stream) ; Pinzgau (the district
of rushes, binse), in Tyrol ; Oehringen or Oringowe (the
district of the R. Ohr).

GEBEL, or DJEBEL (Ar.), a mountain; e.g. Gebel-Kattarin, in
Sinai (St. Catharine's mountain), where, according to tradi-
tion, the body of St. Catharine was transported from Alex-
andria ; Djebel-Mousa (the mountain of Moses), in Horeb ;
Djebel-Nimrod (of Nimrod), in Armenia ; Jebel-Khal (black

GEESTEGEN 89

mount), in Africa ; Gibraltar, Ar. Gebel-al-Tarik (the moun-
tain of Tarik, a Moor, who erected a fort on the rock of
Calpe, A.D. 711); Jebel-Libnan or Lebanon (the white
mountain), supposed to be so called because covered with
snow during a great part of the year ; Gebel-Oomar (the
mountain of Omar) ; Gibel-el-Faro (the mountain with the
lighthouse), near Malaga ; Djebel-es-,Sheikh (the mount of
the sheik or shah, i.e. of the king), the Arabian name for
Mount Hermon v. INDEX.

GEESTE (Ger.), barren land ; e.g. Gaste, Geist, Geeste (the barren
land) ; Geestefeld (barren field) ; Holzengeist (the barren
land in the wood) ; Nordergast, Middelgast (the northern
and middle barren land).

GEISE (Ger.), a goat ; e.g. Geisa and Geisbach (the goat's stream) ;
Geismar (rich in goats) ; Geiselhoring, Geisenhausen, Geisen-
heim (the goat's dwelling) ; Geisberg (goat's hill).

GEMENDE (Ger.), a common ; e.g. Gmeind (the common) ; Peters-
gemeinde (Peter's common) ; Gemeindmiihle (the mill on
the common).

GEMUND (Ger.), a river-mouth or a confluence ; e.g. Neckarge-
mund (at the mouth of the R. Neckar) ; Saaregemund (at
the conf. of the R. Saare and the Belise) ; Gmiind, in Wur-
temberg (at the conf. of the two streams) ; Gemund and
Gemunden, in various parts of Germany. In Holland this
word takes the form ofmonde, as in Roermonde and Dender-
monde (at the mouths of the Roer and Dender) ; Emden,
in Hanover, is a corrupt, of Emsmiinder (at the conf. of the
Ems and a small stream).

GEN, an abbreviated form of magen or megen, the Teutonic form
for the Cel. magh (a field) qu. v. j e.g. Remagen or Rhem-
maghen (the field on the Rhine) ; Nimeguen, for Novio-
magus (the new field) ; Schleusingen (the field or plain of
the R. Schleuse) ; Munchingen (the field of the monks) ;
Beverungen, on the R. Bever ; Meiningen (the great field
or plain), in the valley of the R. Wara.

GEN, GENAU (Cel.), a mouth or opening ; e.g. Llanfihangel-
genaur'-glyn (the church of the angel at the mouth of the
glen), in Wales ; Genappe and Gennep (the mouth of the
water, abh) ; Geneva (either the opening or mouth of the
water, or the head, ceann, of the water, where the Rhone

90 GENTGLAISE

proceeds from the lake) ; Genoa, probably with the same
meaning ; Ghent or Gend, at the conf. of the Scheldt and
Lys, may also mean at the mouth of the rivers, although,
according to tradition, it acquired its name from a tribe of
Vandals, the Gandani, and was called in the ninth century
Gandavum-vicum, from the name of its inhabitants.

GENT, in French topography, beautiful ; e.g. Gentilly, anc. Gen-
tiliacum (the place of beautiful waters), on the Bievre
v. OEUIL ; Nogent (beautiful meadow).

GERICHT (Ger.), a court of justice ; e.g. Gerichtsbergen (the hill
of the court of justice) ; Gerichtstetten (the station of the
court of justice).

GHAR (Ar.), a cave ; e.g. Garbo (the cave), in Malta ; Trafalgar,
i.e. Taraf-al-gar (the promontory of the cave).

nrroRF /c arv .\ ( a fort ; e & Ahmednaghar (the

CjnAK, VjrlUK, Or IjUKHi 1 oanSC. ), I r , r AI i\ T-> i r f

. ' " -< fort of Ahmed) ; Ramghur (of

NAGAR, a city, ) T-, , . , ' , r ,?. , \

( Ram); Kishenagur (of Krishna);

Furracknagur (of Furrack) ; Moradnagur (of Morad) ;
Jehanagur (of Jehan) ; Allighur (of Allah or of God) ; Bis-
naghur (triumphant fort) ; Futtegur (fort of victory) ; Deo-
ghur (God's fort) ; Neelgur (blue fort) ; Seringagur (the
fort of abundance) ; Chandernagore (the fort of the moon) ;
Haidernagur (of Hyder Ali) ; Bissengur (the fort of Vishnu) ;
Chunarghur (the fort of the district of Chunar).

GHARI, or GHERRY (Sansc.), a mountain ; e.g. Ghaur, a mountainous
district in Afghanistan ; Boughir (the woody mountain) ;
Kistnagherry (Krishna's mountain); Rutnagiri (the mountain
of rubies) ; Chandgherry (of the moon) ; Shevagherry (of
Siva) ; Neilgherries (the blue mountains) ; Dhawalageri (the
white mountain), being the highest peak of the Himalayas.

GILL, GJA (Scand.), a ravine ; e.g. Buttergill, Horisgill, Ormsgill,
Thorsgill, etc. (ravines in the Lake District named after
Norse leaders) ; Hrafngia (the ravens' ravine, or of Hrafan,
a Norse leader) ; Almanna-gja (Allman's ravine), in Ice-
land. The Hebrew gde (a ravine) answers in meaning to
this word, as in Ge-Hinnom (the ravine of the children of
Hinnom), corrupt, to Gehenna. This word, in the form of
goe, is applied to a small bay, i.e. a ravine which admits
the sea, as in Redgoe, Ravengoe, in the north of Scotland.

GLAISE (Gadhelic), a small stream ; e.g. Glasaboy (the yellow

GLANGLEANN 91

stream) ; Tullyglush (hill stream) ; Glasheena (abounding
in small streams) ; Douglas, i.e. Dubhglaise (the black
stream), frequent in Ireland and Scotland ; Douglas, in the
Isle of Man, is on the R. Douglas ; also the name of a
parish and village in Lanarkshire, from which the Douglas
family derive their name. Glasheenaulin (the beautiful
little stream), in Co. Cork ; Ardglashin (the height of the
rivulet), in Cavan.

GLAN (Cym.-Cel), a shore, a brink, a side ; e.g. Glan-yr-afon,
Welsh (the river side).

GLAS (Cel.), gray, blue, or green ; e.g. Glasalt (gray stream) ;
Glascloon (green meadow) ; Glasdrummond (green ridge) ;
Glaslough (green lake) ; Glasmullagh (green summit), in
Ireland ; Glass, a parish in Scotland. In Wales : Glascoed
(greenwood) ; Glascombe (green hollow). Glasgow is said
by James, the author of Welsh Names of Places, to be a
corrupt, of G 'las-coed.

//- ji_ v \ f a small valley, often named from

GLEANN (Gadhehc), ., , .

;' . . I the river which flows through it ;
GLYN and GLANN (Cym.-Cel. ),< . , ,

/Aq\ I** 1 Glen-fender, Glen-finnan,

(Glen-tilt, Glen-shee, Glen-esk,

Glen-bervie, Glen-bucket, Glen-livet, Glen-lyon, Glen-almond,
Glen-dochart, Glen-luce, Glen-isla, Glen-ary, Glen-coe, Glen-
devon (valleys in Scotland watered by the Rivers Fender,
Finnan, Tilt, Shee, Esk, Bervie, Bucket, Livet, Lyon,
Almond, Dochart, Luce, Isla, Aray, Cona, Devon). In
Ireland : Glennagross (the valley of the crosses) ; Glen-
mullion (of the mill) ; Glendine and Glandine and Glen-
dowan, Irish Gleann-doimhin (the deep valley) sometimes
it takes the form of glan or glyn, as in Glin on the
Shannon, and Glynn in Antrim ; Glennan, Glenann, Glen-
tane, Glenlaun, etc. (little valley). When this word occurs
at. the end of names in Ireland the g is sometimes sup-
pressed ; e.g. Leiglin, in Carlow, anc. Leith-ghlionn (half glen) ;
Crumlin, Cromlin, and Crimlin (the winding glen) ; Glencross
or Glencorse, in the Pentlands, named from a remarkable
cross which once stood there ; Glenelg (the valley of hunt-
ing or of the roe) ; Glengarnock (of the rough hillock) ;
Glencroe (of the sheepfold) ; Glenmore or Glenmore-nan-
Albin (the great glen of Scotland which divides the High-

92 GLEIZGOLB

lands into two nearly equal parts) ; Glenmoreston (the
valley of the great cascade, i.e. of Foyers) ; Glenbeg (little
valley) ; Glenburnie (of the little stream) ; Glenmuick
(the boars' valley) ; Glenure (of the yew) ; Glenfinlas (of
the clear stream) ; Glengariff (rough glen) ; Glendalough,
Co. Wicklow, is in Irish Gleann-da-locha (the glen of the
two lakes) ; Glennamaddy (of the dogs, madadK) ; Glinties
(the glens), Co. Donegal ; Forglen, a parish in Banffshire
(the cold or the grassy glen). In Wales, Glyn-Nedd (of the
R. Nedd).

GLEIZ (Old Ger.), shining; e.g. Glisbach (shining brook); Gleis-
berg (shining hill) ; Gleesdorf, Gleesweiler (shining dwelling).

GLINA (Sclav.), clay ; e.g. Glinzig, Glindow, Glintock, Glianicke,
Glinow (names of places near clay pits) ; Glina (the clayey
stream).

GLOG (Sclav.), the white thorn ; e.g. Glogau, Gross, and Upper
Glogau, in Silesia (places abounding in white thorn) ;
Glognitz, with the same meaning.

GNADE (Ger.), grace ; e.g. Gnadenhiitten (the tabernacles of grace),
a Moravian settlement on the Ohio ; Gnadenthal (the valley
of grace), in Africa ; Gnadenburg and Gnadenfeld (the
city and field of grace).

GOBHA (Gadhelic), a blacksmith in topography GOTV or Cowan;
e.g. Ardgowan (the blacksmith's height) ; Balgowan, Balna-
gowan, Balgownie, Balgonie, in Scotland, and Ballygow,
Ballygowan, Ballingown, Ballynagown, in Ireland (the
dwelling of the blacksmith) ; Athgoe (the blacksmith's ford).
In early times the blacksmith was regarded as an important
personage, being the manufacturer of weapons of war, and
the ancient Irish, like other nations, had their smith god,
Goban, hence the frequent use of the word in their topo-
graphy.

GOLA, or GALA (Sclav.), a wood ; e.g. Golschow, Goltzen, Golkojye
or Kolkwitz, and Gahlen (the woody place) ; Galinchen
(the little Gahlen, i.e. a colony from that town) ; Kallinichen,
i.e. the colony from Gallun (the woody place) ; Gollnow, in
Pomerania, from this root ; but Gollnitz, near Finsterwalde,
is corrupt, from Jelenze (stag town), from jelen.

GOLB, GULB (Sclav.), the dove ; e.g. Gulbin, Golbitten, Golembin,

GORA GRANGE 93

Golembecks, Golembki (dove town) ; Gollombken, in

Prussia, Ger. Taubendorf (dove town).

, , . ( a mountain or hill ; e.g. Goritz, Ger. Goi's (the

<r> tr ir \ \ town on the hill), in Hungary, in a province of
''' ( the same name ; Gorlitz (behind the hill), called
also Sgoretz; Gorigk, Ger. Bergheide (hilly heath) ; Gor-
gast (hill inn), gosta corrupt, into gast ; Podgorze, Pod-
gorach, Podgoriza, Poschgorize (near the hill). This word
sometimes takes the form of hora, as in Zahora, in Turkey
(behind the hill) ; Czernahora (the black hill).

GORT (Gadhelic), a field, cognate with the Lat. hortus and Span.
huerta, and the Teut. garth v. p. 87 ; e.g. Huerta-del-
rey (the king's orchard), in Spain.

GRAB (Sclav.), the red beech ; e.g. Grabkow, Grabitz, Grabig,
Grabow (the place of red beeches) ; Grabin, Ger. Finster-
ivalde (the place of red beeches or the dark wood).

a ^" ave or trench ' from graben, grafan

t0 dig); e * Mtihl S raben ( the mil1
trench or dam) ; Vloedgraben (the trench

for the flood) ; Schutzgraben (the moat of the defence) ;
Grafton and Graffham (the moated town) ; Gravesend (the
town at the end of the moat) ; Bischofsgraef (the bishop's
trench). In Ireland the prefix graf is applied to lands
that have been grubbed up with a kind of axe called a
grafan hence such names as Graffan, Gramn, Graffee,
Graffy.

GRAF, GRAAF (Teut. and Scand.), a count or earl ; e.g. Graffenau,
Graffenberg, Grafenschlag, Grafenstein (the meadow, hill,
wood-clearing, and rock of the count) ; Grafenworth and
Grafenhain (the count's enclosure or farm) ; Grafenthal (the
count's valley) ; Grafenbriick (the count's bridge) ; Grafen-
miihle (the count's mill) ; Gravelines, in Flanders, anc.
Graveninghem (the count's domain). In Sclavonic names,
Grabik, Grabink, Grobitz, Hrabowa, Hrabaschin (the
count's town) ; Grobinow (count's town), Germanised into
Kroppstadt.

GRANGE (Fr. and Scot.), a farm or storehouse for grain, from the
Lat. granaria, cognate with the Gadhelic grainnseach, Low
Lat. grangiaj e.g. Grange, a parish and village in Banff-
shire ; Les Granges (the granaries) ; La Neuve Grange

94 GRENZEGRODEN

(the new farm), in France ; La Granja, in Spain ; Grange-
geeth (the windy farm), in Ireland. From the same root
. such names in Ireland as Granagh, Granaghan (places
producing grain).

, , ( the boundary or corner ; e.g. Grenzhausen (the
' , j '" -' dwellings on the boundary) ; Banai-Militar
''* ( Granze (the border territory under the govern-
ment of a military officer called The Ban) ; Gransee (the
corner lake) ; Graniz, Granowo (boundary towns), in
Hungary ; Gran, a town in Hungary, in a province of the
same name through which the R. Gran flows.

GRIAN (Gadhelic), the sun ; e.g. Greenock, either from grianach
(sunny) or the knoll, cnoc (of the sun) ; Greenan, Greenane,
Greenawn, and Grennan (literally, a sunny spot), trans-
lated by the Irish Latin-writers solarium; but as it occurs
in topographical names in Ireland, it is used as another
name for a royal palace ; Grenanstown, in Co. Tipperary, is
a sort of translation of its ancient name Baile-an-ghrianain
(the town of the palace) ; Greenan-Ely (the palace of the
circular stone fortress, aileacK) ; Tullagreen (the hill of the
sun) ; Monagreany (sunny bog).

GRIES (Ger.), sand or gravel ; e.g. Griesbach (sandy brook) ;
Griesau, Griesthal (sandy valley) ; Grieshaim (sandy dwell-
ing) ; Grieswang (sandy field) ; Griesberg (sand hill) ;
Grieskirchen (the church on the sandy land). Gressius and
Gresum in bos Lat. have the same meaning, and have
given names to such places in France as Les Gres, Greses,
Les Gresillons, La Gressee, La Grezille, etc.

/c , , . (a fortified town ; e.g. Belgrade

GROD, GOROD, GRAD (Sclav.), , ,, , i / vrT r

, ' v '' J and Belgorod (white fortress) ;

HRAD (Turc.), ) , . ft , v , ,. , iU ','

( Ekatenngrad and Elizabethgrad

(the fortified town of the Empress Catharine and Elizabeth) ;
Zaregorod (the fortress of the Czar or Emperor) ; Novgorod
(new fortress) ; Paulograd and Ivanograd (the fortress of
Paul or Ivan, i.e. John) ; Gratz, Gradiska, Gradizsk,
Gradentz, Grodek, Grodno, Grodzizk (the fortified towns),
in Poland and Russia ; Hradeck and Hradisch, with the
same meaning, in Bohemia.

GRODEN (Frisian), land reclaimed from the sea ; e.g. Moor-
groden, Ostergroden, Salzgroden, places in Holland.

GRONGUT 95

GRON, GROEN, GRUN (Teut. and Scand.), green ; e.g. Groenloo,
Gronau (the green meadow) ; Grunavoe (green bay) ;
Grunataing (green promontory) ; Grunaster (green dwell-
ing), in Shetland ; Greenland, translated from Terra-verde,
the name given to the country by Cortoreal in I 500, but it
had been discovered by an Icelander (Lief, son of Eric the
red), in the ninth century, and named by him Hvitsaerk
(white shirt), probably because covered with snow ; Green-
wich, A.S. Grenavie, Lat. viridus-vicus (green town).

GRUND (Ger.), a valley ; e.g. Amsel-grund, Itygrund (the valleys
of the Rivers Amsel and Ity) ; Riesengrund (the giant's
valley) ; Laucha-grund (the valley of the R. Laucha), in
Thuringia.

GUADA, the name given to the rivers in Spain by the Moors, from
the Arabic wddy (the dried-up bed of a river) ; e.g. Guada-
laviar, i.e. Ar. Wadi-l-abyadh (the white river) ; Guadalete
(the small river) ; Guadalimar (red river) ; Guadarama
(sandy river) ; Guadalertin (the muddy river) ; Guadaloupe
(the river of the bay, upl) ; Guadiana (the river of joy),
called by the Greeks Chrysus (the golden) ; Guadalquivir,
i.e. Wad-al-kebir (the great river) ; Guaalcazar (of the
palace) ; Guadalhorra (of the cave, ghar) ; Guadalbanar
(of the battlefield) ; Guadaira (of the mills).

GU (Fr.), a ford, perhaps from the Celtic gwy, water ; e.g. Gue-
du- Loire (the ford of the Loire); Gue-de-PIsle (of the
island) ; Le Gue-aux-biches (of the hinds) ; Bone, formerly
Bonum-vadum, Lat. (the good ford), in France ; Bungay,
in Suffolk, on the R. Waveney, corrupt, from Bon-giie (good
ford).

GUISA (Old Ger.), to gush, found in river names ; e.g. Buachgieso
(the bending stream) ; Goldgieso (golden stream) ; Wisgoz
(the white stream).

GUNGE (Sansc.), a market-town ; e.g. Saibgunge (the market-town
of the Englishmen) ; Futtegunge (the town of victory) ;
Sultangunge (of the Sultan) ; Shevagunge (of Siva) ;
Jaffiergunge (of Jaffier).

GUT, GOED (Ger.), a property ; e.g. Schlossgut (the property of
the castle) ; Wiistegut (the property in the waste land) ;
but this word, used as a prefix, denotes good, as in Gutten-

96 G WEN HA A R

berg, Guttenbrun, Guttenstein (the good hill, well, and
fortress).

GWEN (Cym.-Cel.), fair, white, cognate with the Gadhelic fionn;
e.g. Gwenap (the fair slope) ; Gwendur and Derwent (the
fair water) ; Berwyn (the fair boundary) ; Corwen (the fair
choir) ; Ventnor (the fair shore) ; Guinty or Guindy (the
fair or white dwelling), common in Wales. Gwent, Latin-
ised Venta, meant a fair open plain, and was applied to the
counties of Monmouth, Gloucester, and Hereford, and
Hampshire, as well as to the coast of Brittany : thus Win-
chester was formerly Caer-givent (the fortress of the fair
plain), Latinised Venta-Belgorum (the plain of the Belgians).
There was a gwent also in Norfolk, Latinised Venta-Icen-
orum (the plain of the Iceni). This root-word may be the
derivation of Vannes and La Vendee, in Normandy, if not
from the Veneti v. FEN.

GWENT (Welsh), a fair or open region, a campaign. It is a name
now confined to nearly all Monmouthshire, but which
anciently comprehended also parts of the counties of
Gloucester and Hereford, being a district where Caer-weni
or the Venta-Silurum of the Romans was the capital ;
Corwen (the blessed choir or church) ; Yr Eglwys-Wen
(the blessed choir or church) ; Wenvoe, in Glamorgan,
corrupt, from Gwenvai (the happy land).

GWERN (Cym.-Cel.), the alder-tree, also a swamp; e.g. Coed-
gwern (alder-tree wood).

GWY, or WY (Cym.-Cel.), water; e.g. the Rivers Wye, the Elwy
(gliding water) ; Llugwy (clear water) ; Mynewy (small
water) ; Leveny (smooth water) ; Garway (rough water) ;
Conway (the chief or head water, cyri) ; Gwydir, i.e. Gwy-tir
(water land), the ancient name of Glastonbury ; Gwynedd
(water glen), an ancient region in North Wales.

GWYRDD (Welsh), green, verdant ; e.g. Gwyrdd-y-coed (the winter
green).

H

HAAR (Teut.), an eminence ; e.g. Haarlem (the eminence on the
clayey soil, leem).

HAFENHAI 97

HAFEN, HAVN (Teut. and Scand.), ( a hai ; bour ' *?. V ft

HOFEN HAMM, J 'f^ ' f <* ^f 6 ^

HAVRE (m ) (freshwater haven); Kur-

\ische-haff (the harbour of

the Cures, a tribe) ; Ludwig's-hafen (the harbour of Louis) ;
Charles's -haven, Frederick's -haven (named after their
founders) ; Delfshaven (the canal harbour) ; Vilshaven (the
harbour at the mouth of the R. Vils) ; Thorshaven (the
harbour of Thor) ; Heiligenhaven (holy harbour) ; Hamburg
(the town of the harbour), formerly Hochburi (high town) ;
Soderhamm (the south harbour) ; Osterhafen (east har-
bour) ; Ryehaven, in Sussex (the harbour on the bank,
rive) ; Milford-haven (the harbour of Milford), the modern
name of the Cel. Aber-du-gledian (the confluence of the two
swords\ a word applied to streams by the ancient Britons ;
Whitehaven, in Cumberland, according to Camden named
from its white cliffs ; Stonehaven (the harbour of the rock),
in allusion to the projecting rock which shelters the har-
bour ; Newhaven, Co. Sussex, in allusion to the new
harbour made in 1713 its former name was Meeching;
Newhaven, Co. Edinburgh, named in contradistinction
from the old harbour at Leith.

., , c , , ( an enclosure, literally a place

HAG, HAG EN (Teut. and Scand.), I , , , ' , , 3

HAIGH HAY H AIN \ surrounded b y a hed S e > cognate

nAiwU) n.tt.i, riAiiN. . - . , , . TT

\ with the Celtic cae; e.g. Hagen,

in Germany, and La Haye, Les Hayes, and Hawes (the en-
closures), in France, Belgium, and England ; Hagenbach
(the hedged-in brook) ; Hagenbrunn (the enclosed well) ;
Hagueneau (the enclosed meadow), a town in Germany ;
Fotheringay (probably originally an enclosure for fodder or
fother) ; The Hague, Ger. Gravenhage (the duke's en-
closure, originally a hunting-seat of the Princes of Orange) ;
Hain-Grossen (the great enclosure) ; Jacob's-hagen (James's
enclosure), in Pomerania ; Urishay (the enclosure of Uris),
in Hereford ; Haigh and Hay wood (the enclosed wood), in
Lancashire.

HAGO, HEGY (Hung.), a hill ; e.g. Kiraly-hago (the king's hill) ;
Szarhegy (the emperor's hill).

HAI (Chinese), the sea ; e.g. Hoanghai (the yellow sea), ; Nankai
(the southern sea).

H

98 HAIDE HAM

HAIDE, or HEIDE (Teut.), a heath or wild wood ; e.g. Falkenheid
(the falcon's wood) ; Birchenheide (the birch - wood) ;
Hohenheid and Hochheyd (high heath) ; Hatfield, Hadleigh,
Hatherley, and Hatherleigh (the heathy field or meadow) ;
Hadlow (heath hill) ; Haidecke (heath corner) ; Heyde-
capelle (the chapel on the heath), in Holland.

HAIN (Ger.), a grove or thicket ; e.g. Wildenhain (the wild beasts'
thicket) ; Wilhelmshain (William's grove or thicket) ; Lan-
genhain (long thicket) ; Grossenhain (the thick grove).

HALDE (Ger.), a declivity, cognate with hald, Scand. (a rock) ; e.g.
Leimhalde (clayey declivity) ; Frederick's-hald, in Norway,
so named by Frederick III. in 1665. Its old name was
simply Halden (on the declivity).

, . [ a stone house, a palace ; e.g. Eccleshall
HALL, or ALH (Teut.), I , , \ . ^ Ci Z j ,.

( \c\ \ (church house), in Staffordshire, where

( the Bishops of Lichfield had a palace ;
Coggeshall, in Essex (Gwgan's mansion) ; Kenninghall
(the king's palace), in Norfolk, at one time the residence of
the princes of East Anglia.

HALL and HALLE, in German topography, is a general name for a
place where salt is manufactured. The word has its root
in the Cym.-Cel. halen (salt), cognate with the Gadhelic
salen and the Teut. sals, probably from the Grk. hals (the
sea). Hall and Halle, as town names, are found in con-
nection with Salz; as in Hall in Upper Austria, near the
Salzberg (a hill with salt mines), and Hall, near the salt
mines in the Tyrol ; Halle, in Prussian Saxony, on the R.
Saale ; Reichenhall (rich salt-work), in Bavaria ; Hallein,
celebrated for its salt-works and baths, on the Salza ;
Hallstadt, also noted for its salt-works ; Hall, in Wurtem-
berg, near salt springs ; Halton, in Cheshire, probably
takes its name from the salt mines and works in the neigh-
bourhood ; Penardhalawig (the headland of the salt marsh)
was the ancient name of Hawarden, in Flint and Cheshire ;
Halys and Halycus (salt streams), in Galatia and Sicily.

, c , . (a home or family residence,
HAM, HEIM (Teut. and Scand.), I ... . ', .

" < literally a place of shelter, from
HJEM, HEIM, ) j . r- ,1 . ,

( heimen, Ger. (to cover), hama,

A.S. (a covering), cognate with the Grk. heima; e.g. Hamp-
stead and Hampton (the home place) ; Okehampton (the

HAM 99

dwelling on the R. Oke), in Devonshire ; Oakham (oak
dwelling), so called from the numerous oaks that used to
grow in its vicinity ; Buckingham (the home of the Buc-
cingus or dwellers among beech - trees) ; Birmingham,
probably a patronymic from the Boerings ; Addlingham
and Edlingham (the home of the Athelings or nobles) ;
Horsham (Horsa's dwelling) ; Clapham (Clapa's home) ;
Epsom, anc. Thermce- Ebb e sham (the warm springs of
Ebba, a Saxon queen) ; Flitcham (Felex's home) ; Blen-
heim, Ger. Blindheim (dull home), in Bavaria ; Notting-
ham, A.S. Snotengaham (the dwelling near caves) ; Shore-
ham (the dwelling on the coast) ; Waltham (the dwelling
near a wood) ; Framlingham (the dwelling of the strangers),
from the A.S. ; Grantham (Granta's dwelling) ; Ightham
(the parish with eight villages), in Kent ; Wrexham,
anc. Writtlesham (the town of wreaths), A.S. wreath;
Ingelheim (the dwelling of the Angli) ; Ingersheim (of
Ingra) ; Oppenheim (of Uppo) ; Rodelheim (of Rodolph) ;
Southampton (the south dwelling, in distinction from North-
ampton) ; Twickenham (the dwelling between the streams,
where the Thames seems to be divided into two streams) ;
Rotherham, anc. Cel. Yr odre (the boundary), Lat. Ad-fines
(on the boundary) ; Wolverhampton (the dwelling endowed
by the Lady Wulfrana in the tenth century) ; Godmanham,
in Yorkshire (the holy man's dwelling), the site of an idol
temple, destroyed under the preaching of Paulinus, whose
name it bears. This root-word is often joined to the name
of a river, thus Coleham, Coverham, Debenham, Hexham
or Hestildisham, Jaxtham, Lenham, Trentham, Tynningham
(i.e, towns or villages on the Rivers Colne, Cover, Deben,
Hestild, Jaxt, Len, Trent, Tyne) ; Cheltenham, on the Chelt ;
Oxnam, Co. Roxburgh, formerly Oxenham (a place of shelter
for oxen) ; Hameln, on the R. Hamel, in Hanover ; Dron-
theim or Trondjeim (throne dwelling) ; Kaiserheim (the
emperor's dwelling) ; Heidelsheim (the dwelling of Haidulf),
in Bavaria ; Hildesheim, probably the dwelling near the
field of battle, Old Ger. hilti (a battle) ; Mannheim (the
dwelling of men), as contrasted with Asheim or Asgarth
(the dwelling of the gods), in Baden ; Hildersham, in
Yorkshire, anc. Hildericsham (the dwelling of Childeric).

HAMMANHAR

Ham is often contracted into om, um, en, or am, etc. as
in Dokum (the town of the port or dock), in Holland ;
Nehon, in Normandy, corrupt, from Nigel's home ; Angeln
(the dwelling of the Angli) ; Oppeln, in Silesia (the dwelling
of Oppo) ; Edrom, in Berwickshire, corrupt, from Adderham
(the dwelling on the R. Adder) ; Ednam, on the Eden, in
Roxburghshire ; Hitchen, on the Hiz or Hitche, in Herts ;
Fulham, anc. Fullenham (the home of birds), A.S. fugil;
Hownam (the dwelling of Howen or Owen), in Roxburgh-
shire. In Flanders ham or heim often takes the forms ofeim,
em, etc., as in Killim (the dwelling of Kilian) ; Ledringhem
(of Ledro) ; Hem (of Hugnes) ; Pitgain (of the well) ;
Wolsen, for Wolfsheim ; Bohemia (the home of the Boii) ;
Dahlen (valley dwelling) ; Wolsen (Wolfa's dwelling).

,. , . (hot springs; e.g. Hamman-Mousa

H AMMAN (Ar. and Turc.), \ ... 6 .' & , ,,

' < (the hot springs of Moses) ; Ham-

HAMMAH, -_., / / T.I i_\ TT

( man-Pharoon (of Pharaoh) ; Ham-

mah-de-Cabes (the warm baths of Cabes), in North Africa ;
Alhama (the town of the warm baths), the name of several
places in Spain.

HAMMER (Scand.) This word sometimes signifies a village or
small town, and sometimes a rock ; e.g. Lillehammer (the
little town) ; Oesthammer (east village) ; Hamr (a steep
place), in Shetland ; Hammerfeste, in the island of Qualoe,
probably means the rock fortress, faestung. In German
topography it is generally connected with the blacksmith's
hammer, and is common in localities where metals are
worked, thus Hammersmeide (hammer - smithy) ; Silber-
hammer (a place where silver is wrought), near Dantzic.
Kemble also suspects a reference to Thor's hammer in the
names of some towns or villages in England ; e.g. Hamerton,
in Huntingdon, and also in Middlesex ; Hammerwich, in
Staffordshire ; Hamerton-kirk, in Yorkshire.

HANG (Ger.), a declivity, from hangen (to hang), A.S. hongian;
e.g. Hangenheim (the dwelling on the declivity) ; Panns-
hanger (Penn's slope), in Herts ; Clehonger (clayey slope),
Hereford.

HAR, HAER (Teut.), the army ; e.g. Harwich (army town or bay),
in Essex, so called because the Danes had a great military
depot at this place ; Herstal, in Belgium, anc. Hari-stelle

HARTHAUGH 101

(army place) ; Hargrave (the army entrenchment), in Nor-
folk ; Harbottle (the army's quarters), in Northumberland.
In Edmond's Names of Places this prefix, as well as hor, is
referred to an A.S. word signifying hoary; under which he
places Harborough, in Leicestershire, the name of which is
traced by Bailey to havre (oats).

HART HARZ (Teut ) f brushwood or a wood ' e -S- the Harz

HVRST fA sV i Mountains, with the town of Harzburg

( (the fortress in the wood) ; Harsefeld
(woody field), in Hanover ; Hurst, in Kent ; Deerhurst
(deer wood or thicket) ; Hurst -Monceaux (the wood of
Monceaux, probably a Norman baron), in Sussex ; Hurst,
a town in Lancashire ; Lyndhurst (the wood of lime-trees) ;
Midhurst (in the middle of the wood) ; Hawkhurst (hawk
wood) ; Gravenhorst (the count's wood) ; Horstmar (rich
in wood) v. MAR; Billing's-hurst (the wood of the Billings),
a patronymic ; Farnhurst and Ferneyhurst (ferny wood) ;
Sendenhorst (the rushy wood), in Westphalia ; Herzovia or
Herzegovia (a woody district), in Turkey ; Murrhard, in
Wurtemberg, means the wood on the R. Muhr ; Delmen-
horst, on the Delme, in Hanover. Hart, in English topo-
graphy, however, refers more commonly to heart (the hart),
as in Hart7W<?, Hart/and, Hart/^y, Hart/foW, Harts/0n/,
Harts/7/. It occasionally takes the form of chart, as in
Seal -chart (holy wood) ; Chart -Sutton (the wood at the
south town).

HASEL, HAEZEL (Teut.), the hazel-tree ; e.g. Hessle (the place of
hazels) ; Haselburn and Haselbrunnen (the stream and
well of the hazels) ; Haslau (hazel meadow) ; Heslington
(the dwelling among hazels) ; Hasselt, in Belgium, i.e.
Hasselholt, Lat. Hasseletum (hazel grove) ; Hasseloe (hazel
island), in Sweden and Denmark ; Hazeldean and Hasling-
den (the hollow of the hazels).

HATCH, HJECA (A.S.), a bolt, a gate, hence an enclosed dwelling;
e.g. Hatch -Beauchamp (the enclosed dwelling of Beau-
champ, a personal name) ; Colney-Hatch (of Colney) ; West-
Hatch, in Somerset ; Pilgrim's Hatch, in Essex.

WATTPW HFTT/-W ( In Scot l and these words generally denote a

xlAUOrl, xlrLULjH. I . , . , . . ... .,

' < low -lying meadow between hills or on the

HOW, HOPE. J i i r T-rii'ty. 1

( banks of a stream, as in Hobkirk (i.e. the

102 HA UPTHA US

church in the hope or meadow) ; Howwood (the wood in the
hollow) ; Hutton, for Hoiaton (the dwelling in the hollow),
parishes in Scotland. In England how and haugh come
more frequently from the Scand. haugr (a heap or mound
often raised over a grave, like the cairns in Scotland), as in
Silver-how, Butterlip-how, in the Lake District, probably
from mounds over some Norse leader's grave ; Haugh, in
Lincoln ; Haugham (the dwelling near the mound) ; How-
den, in Yorkshire (the valley of the haugr or mound) ;
Haughley (the meadow near the mound). La Hogue, in
France, is from haugr or from the houg, as also Les Hogues
and La Hoguette (the little mound) ; Gretna Green is the
modern name for Cretan-how (the great hollow). Haugr
also means a temple or high place, fenced off and hallowed,
among the Scandinavians ; and to this word so derived
Dasent traces Harrow-on-the-hill and Harrowby.

HAUPT (Ger} ( a head ' a P romontor y; f& Howth Head, in

/o j \ ) Ireland, from the Danish hofed its Irish

HOVED (Scand.), < . D ~ , . ,, ,.,, , , x -r,

v ,. . n \ name is Ben Edatr (the hill of Edar) ; Brun-

*'> ( houbt (the well head) ; Berghaupt (hill head) ;
Ruckshoft (ridge head), in Germany ; Hoft (the headland),
in the island of Rugen ; Sneehatten (snowy head), in Nor-
way ; Hoddam (holm head), in Dumfriesshire.
, . /a dwelling, allied to casa, Lat., It., Span., and
} 'T. J Port. ; e.g. Miihlhausen (at the mill house) ;
UUS (bcand), s Saxenhausen ( the dwelling of the Saxons) ;
un S-)> (wendenhausen (of the Wends) ; Schaffhausen
(the ship station), which consisted originally of a few store-
houses on the banks of the Rhine for the reception of mer-
chandise ; Dunkelhauser (the dark house) ; Aarhuus (the
town on the watercourse), a seaport in Denmark ; Aggers-
huus, in Norway, on the R. Agger. This district and
river seems to have been named from an agger or rampart
erected near Christiania in 1302, on the Aggerfiord. Ward-
huus (the dwelling in the island of the watch-tower), on the
coast of Fenmark ; Holzhausen (the dwelling at the wood) ;
Burghausen (the fortified dwelling) ; Distilhousen (the dwell-
ing among thistles), in Belgium. In Hungary, Bogdan-haza
(God's house) ; Oroshaza (the dwelling of the Russians) ;
Chaise-Dieu, Lat. Casa-Dei (the house of God), in France.

HEL HEL Y 103

Also in France, Chaise, Les Chaises; Casa-nova (new house);
Casa-vecchia (old house), in Corsica ; Chassepierre, Lat.
Casa-petrea (stone house), in Belgium ; Casa-bianca (white
house), in Brazil.

[ prefixes with various meanings in Eng., Ger.,

< and Scand. topography. Sometimes they mean
( holy, Ger. heilig, as in Heligoland (holy isle) ;
Heilbron (holy well) ; Heligensteen (holy rock) ; Heilberg
and Hallidon (holy hill) ; Heiligencreuz (the town of the
holy cross), Hung. Nemet-keresztur (the grove of the cross) ;
Heiligenhaven (holy harbour) ; Heiligenstadt (holy town) ;
Halifax, in Yorkshire (holy face), is said to have been
named from an image of John the Baptist, kept in a her-
mitage at the place ; Hoxton, in Sussex, was originally
Hageltoun (holy town), because it was there that St. Edmund
suffered martyrdom. Sometimes, however, hell denotes a
covered place, as in Helwell, in Devonshire (the covered
well) ; sometimes it means clear, as in Hellebrunn (clear or
bright fountain) ; Heilbronn, in Wurtemberg (fountain of
health), named from a spring formerly used medicinally.
Hellefors, a waterfall in Norway, and Hellgate, New York,
seem to derive their names from a superstition connected
with Hel) the goddess of the dead ; Holyhead, in Wales,
is in Welsh Pen-Caer-Gibi (the hill fort of St. Cybi, called
holy in his honour) ; Holy Island, Lat. Insula-sancta,
obtained its name from the monastery of St. Cuthbert its
more ancient name, Lindisfarne, is probably the ferry, fahr,
of the brook Lindis, on the opposite shore ; Holywell, in
Flint, took its name from St. Winifred's Well, celebrated for
its miraculous cures its Welsh name is Tref-fynnon (the
town of the clear water) ; Holywood, Dumfriesshire, Cel.
Der Congal (the oak grove of St. Congal).

HELLR (Scand.), a cave into which the tide flows ; e.g. Hellr-
hals (the neck or strait of the cave) ; Heller-holm (the
island of the cave) ; Hellersness (the headland of the
caves).

HELY (Hung.), a place ; e.g. Vasarhely (the market-place) ; Var-
hely (the place of the fortress) ; Marosvasarhely (the
market-place on the R. Maros), in Ger. Neumarkt ;
Vasarhely- hod -Mezo (the market-place of the beaver's

104 HENHIRSCH

meadow) ; Szombathely (the place where the Saturday
market is held, szombaf) ; Csotortokhely (the Thursday
market-place), Germanised Donners-markt; Udvarhely
(court place) ; Szerdahely (Wednesday market-place),
Vasar, Hung, (a market), from Turc. Bazar.

HEN (Cym.-Cel.), old ; e.g. Henly (the old place), on the Thames ;
Hentland, for Hen-llan (old church, now St. Asaph's) ;
Henlys (old palace) ; Hen-egglys (old church), in Anglesea.

HEN (Cym.-Cel.), old, ancient ; e.g. Henlys (the ancient hall).

HENGST (Teut.), a horse hence Hengiston, in Cornwall, either
an enclosure for horses or the town of Hengist ; Hengest-
dorf or Pferdsdorf (horse's village) ; Hengistridge (horse's
ridge) ; Hinksey (the horse's island or marshy place) ;
Hinkley (the horses' meadow).

, \ ( a duke or lord ; e.g. Herzogenbosch or

HERR, HERZOG (Ger.), . , ... ' jf . .

/T^ i_\ X Bois-le-Duc (the dukes grove); Her-
HERTOG (Dutch), ) ^ ,, /A , ^ , , . , . < , js

( togspodler (the duke s reclaimed land) ;

Herzogenburg (the duke's fortress) ; Herzogenrath (the
duke's cleared land) ; Herrnsbaumgarten (the duke's
orchard) ; Herrnhut (the Lord's tabernacle), founded by
Count Zinzendorf, in Saxony, for the Moravian Brethren,
in 1722 ; Herisau (the duke's meadow), Lat. Augia-
Domim, in Switzerland.

HESE, or HEES (Teut.), a hedge or thicket ; e.g. Hessingen (the
dwelling in the thicket) ; Maashees (the thicket on the R.
Maas) ; Wolfhees (the wolfs thicket).

/A e \ I an elevation, cognate with the Ger. hugel;

\- ''', . '< e.g. Silver-hill, named after Solvar, a Norse
[<L ( leader, in the Lake District ; Hilton, Hilston
(hill town) ; Woolwich, anc. Hyl-vich (hill town) ; Butter-
hill (the hill of Buthar), a personal name in the Lake District.

HINDU (Pers.), water ; e.g. the Rivers Indus, Inde, Indre, etc. ;
Hindostan (the district watered by the R. Indus).

HIPPO (Phcen.), a walled town ; e.g. Hippo, near Carthage.
There were three cities called Hippo in Africa and two in
Spain : Olisippo (the walled town), now Lisbon ; Oreppo,
Belippo, Lacippo.

HIR (Cym.-Cel.), long.

HIRSCH (Ger.), the hart ; e.g. Hirzenach (the hart's stream) ;
Hersbrock (the hart's marsh); Hirschberg, Lat. Cotva-

HISSARHOCH 105

montem (the hart's hill) ; Hirschfeld, Herschau, Hirsch-
holm, Hirschhorn (the field, meadow, hill, peak of the harts).

HISSAR (Turc.), a castle ; e.g. Kezil-hissar (red castle) ; Kara-
hissar (black castle) ; Eski-hissar (old castle), anc. Lao-
dicea ; Demir-hissar (iron castle) ; Guzel-hissar (white
castle) ; Sevri-hissar (cypress castle) ; Sultan-hissar (the
sultan's castle) ; Kulci-hissar (the castle on the R. Khelki).

HITHE (A.S.), a haven; e.g. Hythe, in Kent; Greenhithe (the
green haven) ; Lambeth, anc. Lomehithe (clayey haven) ;
Maidenhead, anc. Mayden-hithe, i.e. the wharf midway
between Marlow and Windsor ; Queenhithe (the queen's
haven) ; Redriff, in Surrey, anc. Rethra-hythe (the haven
of sailors), A.S. rethra, also called Rotherhithe (the haven
for horned cattle), Old Eng. rather ; Stepney, anc. Stebon-
hythe (Stephen's haven or timber wharf) ; Erith, A.S. Ora-
hithe (shore haven), in Kent ; Challock, in Kent, corrupt,
from ceale hythe (chalk haven).

HJALTI (Scand.), a Viking ; e.g. Shapansay, anc. Hjalpansay (the
Viking's island) ; Shetland, i.e. Hjaltiland, with the same
meaning.

HLINC (A.S. ), a ridge ; e.g. Linch, in Sussex; Rouselinch (Rouse's
ridge), in Worcestershire.

HO (Chinese), a river or water ; e.g. Euho (the precious river) ;
Hoangho (the yellow river) ; Peiho (white river) ; Yuho
(imperial river) ; Keangho (rapid river) ; Hoonan (south of
the lake) ; Hoohe (north of the lake, i.e. of Lake Tongting).

HOCH HOHEN (Ger ) ( hlgh ' *"*' (& hdght) ' *& HohurSt and
HFAH' HFAP CA <\ ) Hoh enhart (high wood) ; Hohenberg

HOOG (Dutch 1 ( high hill > ; Homburg < high hil1 fort );

^ Homburg-von-der-hohe (the high fort in

front of the height) ; Hochfeld (high field) ; Hochain (high
enclosure) ; Hochstadt, Hochstetten, Hochstatten (high
dwelling) ; Hocheim (high home or dwelling), from which
place Hock wines are named ; Hochwiesen, Sclav. Velko-
polya (high meadow or plain) ; Hochst for Hochstadt, and
Hoym for Hochham (high town) ; Hohenelbi, Grk. Albipolis
(the high town on the Elbe) ; Hohenlohe (the high meadow
or thicket) ; Hohenstein and Hohenstauffen (high rock) ;
Hohenwarth, Lat. Altaspecula (the high watch-tower) ;
Hohenzollern (the high place belonging to the Zwolf family) ;

io6 HOF HOLM

Hohenscheid (the high watershed) ; Hockliffe (high cliff),
in Bedford ; Higham, Highworth (high manor or dwelling) ;
Highgate (high road) ; Wilhelmshohe (William's high place) ;
Hoy, in Shetland (the high island).
> I" an enclosure, manor, and court. In Scan-

'OEVE (Dutch) 1 dinavia ho ff means a temple ; e.g. Eyndhoven
'' ( (the manor at the corner) ; Neuhof and Neun-
hoffen, in France (new manor) ; Hof and Hoff (the enclosure),
in Belgium ; Hof, in Bavaria, on the R. Saale ; Stadt-am-
hof, in Bavaria, anc. Curia Bavarica (the place at the
court) ; Hof-an-der- March (the court or manor on the R.
March) ; Schoonhoven (beautiful manor), in Holland ;
Nonnenhof (the nun's enclosure) ; Meerhof (the dwelling
on the marshy land) ; Peterhof (the court dwelling founded
by Peter the Great) ; Hoff (the temple), in Iceland ; Hoff,
a village near Appleby, has the same meaning, as it is
situated in a wood called Hoff-land (the temple grove). In
Iceland, when a chieftain had taken possession of a district,
he erected a temple (Jiojf) and became, as he had been in
Norway, the chief, the pontiff, and the judge of the district ;
and when the Norwegians took possession of Cumberland and
Westmoreland they would naturally act in the same manner.

HOHN (Old Ger.), a low place, as in Die-Hohne (the hollows), in
the Brocken.

HOLLE (Teut.), a cave, from hohl (hollow); e.g. Hohenlinden, anc.
Hollinden (the hollow place of lime-trees) ; Holland or the
Netherlands (the low countries) ; also Holland, a low-lying
district in Lincolnshire ; Holdeornesse (the low promontory
of the province of Deira) ; Holmer, in Hereford (the low
lake, mere).

HOLM (Scand.), a small island ; e.g. Flatholm (flat island) ; Steep-
holm (steep island) ; Priestholm (of the priest) ; Alderholm
(of alders) ; Holm, in Sweden, and Hulm, in Norway (the
island) ; Stockholm, anc. Holmia (the island city, built upon
stalces). But holm also signifies occasionally a hill, as in
Smailholm, in Roxburghshire (little hill) ; and Hume, or
holm, Castle, in Berwickshire (on a hill). Sometimes also
it signifies a low meadow on the banks of a stream, as in
Durham, corrupt, from Dun-holm or Dunelme (the fortress
on the meadow), almost surrounded by the R. Wear ; Lang-

HOLT HORN 107

holm (the long meadow) ; Denholm (the meadow in the
deep valley) ; Twynholm, anc. Twynham (the dwelling on
the hillock), Welsh twyn, a parish in Kirkcudbright ;
Brachenholm (ferny meadow) ; Lingholme (heather island),
in Windermere ; also Silverholme (the island of Solvar, a
Norse leader) ; Bornholm, in the Baltic, anc. Burgundaland
(the island of the Burgundians) ; Axholme, an insulated dis-
trict in Co. Lincoln, formed by the Rivers Trent, Idle, and
Don, from utsge, Cel. (water) ; Drotningholm, in the Malar
Lake near Stockholm (queen's island), from Swed. drottmig
(a queen) ; Battleholme, found in some places in the north
of England, according to Ferguson, means fertile island,
from an Old English word battel or bette (fertile).

HOLT, HOLZ (A.S. and Ger.), a wood ; e.g. Aldershot (alder-tree
wood) ; Bergholt (the hill or hill fort in the wood) ; Evershot
(the boar's wood, eofer) ; Badshot (badger's wood) ; Boch-
holt (beech-wood) ; Jagerholz (huntsman's wood) ; Ooster-
hout (east wood) ; Holzkirchen (the church at the wood) ;
Thourhout, in East Flanders (the wood consecrated to the
god Thor) ; Tourotte, in the department of Oise, in France
(also "Dior's wood) ; Hootenesse (woody promontory), in
Belgium ; Diepholz (deep wood) ; Meerholt and Meerhout
(marshy wood) ; Holt, a woody district in Norfolk.

HOO, or HOE (Scand.), a spit of land running into the sea ; e.g.
Sandhoe (the sandy cape) ; The Hoe, in Kent ; Kew, in
Surrey, anc. Kay-hoo (the quay on the spit of land).

HORN (C \ ( a h rn 'like projection or cape jutting into the

T/ / a c\ ) sea > or a valley between hills, curved like a

ri \ RNli, (/\.o. ) -\ i T , , ,

HOORN (Dutch) ) hom ; e ' g - Hoorn (the P romontor y)> a seaport
\m. Holland, from which place the Dutch
navigator Schoutens named Cape Horn, Hoorn being his
native place ; Hornburg (the town on the projection) ;
Hornby (corner dwelling) ; Horncastle (the castle on the
promontory) ; Hornbergand Horndon (the projecting hill) ;
Hornsea (the projection on the coast) ; Matterhorn (the
peak in the meadows), so called from the patches of green
meadow-land which surround its base ; Schreckhorn (the
peak of terror) ; Finsteraarhorn (the peak out of which the
Finster-Aar, or dark Aar, has its source). This river is so
named to distinguish it from the Lauter or clear river.

io8 HOUCIA

Skagenshorn (the peak of the Skaw), in Denmark) ; Faul-
horn (the foul peak), so called from the black shale which
disintegrates in water ; Wetterhorn (stormy peak) ; Katzen-
horn (the cat's peak) ; Silberhorn (the silvery peak) ; Jung-
frauhorn (the peak of the maiden).

HOUC, or HOOG (Teut.), a corner or little elevation, akin to the
Spottish heugh and the Scand. haugr; e.g. Hoogzand and
Hoogeveen (the sand and marsh at the corner) ; Hoogheyd
(corner heath) ; Hoogbraek (the broken-up land at the
corner) ; Stanhoug (stone corner).

HUBEL, or HUGEL (Ger.), a little hill ; e.g. Haidhugel (heath hill) ;
Steinhugel (stony hill) ; Huchel and Hivel (the little hill) ;
Lindhovel (the hill of lime-trees) ; Gieshiibel (the hill of
gushing brooks).

x F , f a district supposed to have originally com-

rlU JNJJKr/lJ ll^ng. 1, ., , . , . r .. . ..

/)- \ \ prised at least one hundred family dwell-
HUNTARI (Ger.), IF ... .... . , _ ,. , r

( ings, like Welsh Cantref (from cant, a

hundred), the name of a similar division in Wales ; e.g.

Hundrethwaite (the cleared land on this Hundred), a district

in Yorkshire.
HUTTE (Teut. and Scand.), a shed or cottage ; e.g. Uunkelhiitte

(dark cottage) ; Mooshutten (the cottage in the mossy land) ;

Buxtehude (the hut on the ox pasture) ; Huttenwerke (the

huts at the works or mines) ; Hudemiihlen (mill hut) ;

Hutton (the town of huts). But Landshut, in Bavaria,

does not seem to be derived from hutte, but from schutz,

Ger. (a defence), as it is in the neighbourhood of an old

fortress, on the site of a Roman camp.
HVER (Norse), a warm, bubbling spring ; e.g. Uxaver (the oxen's

spring), in Iceland.

I

I (Gadhelic), an island ; e.g. I-Colum-chille or lona (the island of
St. Columba's cell) ; lerne or Ireland (the western island or
the island of Eire, an ancient queen).

I A (Cel.), a country or land ; e.g. Galatia and Galicia, and anc.
Gallia (the country of the Gauls) ; Andalusia, for Van-
dalusia (the country of the Vandals) ; Batavia (the good

IACUMILLIA 109

land), bette, good ; Britania or Pictavia (probably the land
of painted tribes) ; Catalonia, corrupt, from Gothalonia (the
land of the Goths) ; Circassia (the land of the Tcherkes, a
tribe) ; Croatia (the land of the Choriots or mountaineers) ;
Suabia (of the Suevii) ; Moravia (the district of the R.
Moravia) ; Moldavia (of the R. Moldau). It is called by
the natives and Turks Bogdania, from Bogdan, a chieftain
who colonised it in the thirteenth century. Ethiopia (the
land of the blacks, or the people with the sunburnt faces),
from Grk. ops (the face), and aitho (to burn) ; Phoenicia (the
land of palms or the brown land), Grk. Phoenix; Silesia
(the land of the Suisli) ; Bosnia (the district of the R.
Bosna) ; Russia, named after Rourik, a Scandinavian
chief ; Siberia, from Siber, the ancient capital of the Tartars ;
Kaffraria (the country of the Kaffirs or unbelievers), a
name given by the Arabs ; Dalmatia (the country of the
Dalmates, who inhabited the city Dalminium) ; Iberia, the
ancient name of Spain, either from the R. Ebro or from a
tribe called the Iberi or Basques ; Caledonia, perhaps from
Coille (the wood).

IACUM, an affix used by the Romans, sometimes for ia (a district),
and sometimes the Latinised form of the adjectival termina-
tion ach qu. v. p. 5 ; e.g. Juliers, Lat. Juliacum (belonging
to Julius Cassar) ; Beauvais, Lat. Bellovacum (belonging to
the Bellovaci) ; Annonay, Lat. Annonicum (a place for
grain, with large magazines of corn) ; Bouvignes, in Bel-
gium, Lat. Boviniacum (the place of oxen) ; Clameny, Lat.
Clameniacum (belonging to Clement, its founder) ; Joigny,
anc. Joiniacum, on the R. Yonne ; Annecy, Lat. Anneacum
(belonging to Anecius) ; Cognac, Lat. Cogniacum (the corner
of the water), Fr. coin, Old Fr. coiny, Cel. cuan.

IERE, an affix in French topography denoting a possession, and
generally affixed to the name of the proprietor ; e.g. Guil-
letiere (the property of Guillet) ; Guzoniere (of Guzon).

ILI (Turc.), a district; e.g. Ili-Bosnia (the district of the R.
Bosna) ; Rumeli or Roumelia (the district of the Romans).

ILLIA (Basque), a town ; e.g. Elloirio, Illora, and Illura (the town
on the water, ura) ; Lorca, anc. Illurcis (the town with fine
water) ; Elibyrge (the town with the tower), Grk. pyrgos ;
Elche", anc. Illici (the town on the hill, ct) ; Illiberus (new

1 10 IMING

town, surnamed Elne after the Empress Helena), in Spain ;
the isle of Oleron, anc. Illura (the town on the water).
IM and IN, a contraction for the Ger. in der (in or on the) ; e.g.
Imgrund (in the valley) ; Imhorst (in the wood) ; Eimbeck
(on the brook) ; Imruke (on the ridge).

( an affix used by the Teutonic races, as a patronymic,
' ' < in the same sense as Mac is used in Scotland, afi

I NT"* A

( in Wales, and O in Ireland. Ing is generally affixed
to the settlement of a chief, and ingen to that of his descend-
ants. Ing; preceding ham, ton, dean, ley, thorp, worth, etc.,
is generally an abbreviation of ingen, and denotes that the
place belonged to the family of the tribe, as in Bonnington,
Collington, Collingham, Islington (the home of the Bonnings,
the Collings, and the Islings). In French topography ingen
takes the forms of igny, igne~, or inges; and it appears, by
comparing the names of many towns and villages in Eng-
land and the north-west of France with those of Germany,
that Teutonic tribes forming settlements in these countries
transferred the names in their native land to their new
homes. For the full elucidation of this subject reference
may be made to Taylor's Words and Places, chap. vii. and
the Appendix, and to Edmund's Names of Places, p. 5 8.
Only a few examples of the use of this patronymic can be
given here ; thus, from the Offings Oving and Ovingham,
corresponding to the Ger. Offingen and the Fr. Offignes.
From the Eppings Epping, Ger. Eppinghofen, and Fr.
Epagne. The Bings Bing, Bingham, Bingley ; Ger.
Bingen ; Fr. Buigny. The Basings Eng. Basing, Basing-
ham, Bessingby ; Fr. Bazigny. From the Raedings
Reading, Co. Berks. The Harlings Harlington. The
Billings Bellington. From the Moerings or Merovingians
many French towns and villages are named ; e.g. Morigny,
Marignd, Merignac, Merrigny ; in England Herring,
Merrington. We can sometimes trace these tribe names
to the nature of the localities which they inhabited. Thus
the Bucings, from which we have Boking and Buckingham,
to a locality abounding in beech-trees, hoc; the Durotriges,
from which we have Dorset and Dorchester, are the
dwellers by the water, dur ; as well as the Eburovices,
who gave their name to Evreux, in France. Ing, also, in

INNEJKINNIS in

A.S. names, sometimes means a meadow, as in Clavering-,
in Essex (clover meadow), A.S. Claefer; Mountnessing,
Co. Essex (the meadow of the Mountneys, who were
formerly lords of the manor) ; Godalming (the meadow of
Godhelm).

INNER (Ger.), opposed to ausser (the inner and outer), as in
Innerzell, Ausserzell (the inner and outer church).

f an island, also in some cases pasture
INNIS (Gadhelic), . \

/^ /- i \ land near water, or a peninsula. It

YNYS, ENEZ (Cym.-Cel.), , ,, ' f f r

fr ^ j often takes the form of inch, as in

EL (y er -)> 1 Inchkeith (the island of the Keith

ULA (Lat.), family) ; Inchcolm (St. Columba's

NESOS (Grk.), T , j( T t-r j /i i \ T i.

Island) ; Inchfad (long isle) ; Inch-

garvie (the rough island) ; Inchard (high isle) ; Inch-
Cailleach (the island of the old women or nuns), in Loch
Lomond, being the site of an ancient nunnery; Inchmarnoch
(of St. Marnoch), in the Firth of Clyde ; Inchbrackie (the
spotted isle) ; Inchgower (the goat's isle) ; Inchtuthill (the
island of the flooded stream) ; Craignish, anc. Craiginche
(the rocky peninsula) ; Durness, in Sutherlandshire, is a
corrupt, from Doirbh-innis (the stormy peninsula) ; Ynys-
Bronwen (the island of Bronwen, a Welsh lady who was
buried there), in Anglesey ; Ynis-wyllt (wild island), off the
coast of Wales ; Inysawdre (the isle and home of refuge),
in Glamorgan. In Ireland : Ennis (the river meadow) ;
Enniskillen, Irish Inis-Cethlenn (the island of Cethlenn, an
ancient queen of Ireland) ; Ennisheen (beautiful island) ;
Devenish, in Lough Erne, is Daimhinis (the island of oxen).
But Enniskerry is not from this root ; it is corrupt, from
Ath-na-scairbhe (the rough ford) ; Orkney Isles, Gael. Orc-
innis (the islands of whales) ; they are sometimes called
Earr-Cath (the tail of Caithness) ; Innisfallen, in Lake
Kallarney (the island of Fathlenn) ; the Hebrides or
Sudereys, called Innisgall (the islands of the Gaels) ; the
Aleutian Islands, from Russ. alent (a bald rock) ; in Hol-
land, Duiveland (pigeon island), and Eyerlandt (the island
of the sand-bank) ; Eilenburg, in Saxony (the town on an
island in the R. Mulda) ; Isola. a town in Illyria (on an
island) ; Issola or Imo-Isola (low island), in Italy ; Lille,
in Flanders, anc. L'lsle, named from an insulated castle in

INVERJABL ON

the midst of a marsh ; Peloponnesus (the island of Pelops) ;
Polynesia (many islands).

/r jv i- \ ( a river confluence or a creek at
INVER, or INBHIR (Gadhehc), I . ,, , _,.

" < the mouth of a river. This word

INNER,

( is an element in numerous names

throughout Scotland ; and although it is not so common in
Ireland, it exists in old names, as in Dromineer, for Druim-
inbhir (the ridge of the river mouth). In Scotland it is
used in connection with aber, the word inver being found
sometimes at the mouth and aber farther up 'the same
stream: thus Abergeldie and Invergeldie, on the Geldie ;
Abernyte and Invernyte, etc. ; Inversnaid (the needle or
narrow confluence, snathad, a needle) ; Innerkip (at the
conf. of the Kip and Daff) ; Inveresk and Inverkeilor (at
the mouths of the Esk and Keilor), in Mid Lothian and
Forfar ; Innerleithen (at the conf. of the Leithen and
Tweed), in Peebles ; Inveraven (at the conf. of the Aven
and Spey) ; Inverness (at the conf. of the Ness with the
Beauly) ; Inveraray (at the mouth of the Aray) ; Inverury
the Urie) ; Inverkeithing (of the Keith) ; Inverbervie or
Bervie (at the mouth of the Bervie) ; Peterhead, anc.
Inverugie Petri or Petri promontorium (the promontory of
the rock of St. Peter), on the R. Ugie, with its church
dedicated to St. Peter ; Inverleith, now Leith (at the
mouth of the Leith) ; Inverarity (at the mouth of the Arity),
in Forfar ; Cullen, anc. Invercullen (at the mouth of the
back river) v. CUL.

ITZ, iz, IZCH, a Sclavonic affix, signifying a possession or quality,
equivalent to the Teut. ing; e.g. Carlovitz (Charles's town) ;
Mitrowitz (the town of Demetrius) ; Studnitz (of the foun-
tain) ; Targowitz (the market town) ; Trebnitz and Trebitsch
(poor town) ; Schwanitz (swine town) ; Madlitz (the house
of prayer) ; Publitz (the place of beans) ; Janowitz (John's
town) ; Schwantewitz (the town of the Sclavonic god
Swantewit).

J

JABLON (Sclav.), the apple-tree ; e.g. Jablonez, Jablonka, Jablona,
Jablonken, Jablonoko, Gablenz, Gablona (places abounding
in apples) ; Jablonnoi or Zablonnoi (the mountain of apples).

JAMA KAISER 113

JAMA (Sclav.), a ditch ; e.g. Jamlitz, Jamnitz, and Jamno (places
with a ditch or trench) ; Jamburg (the town in the hollow
or ditch) ; but Jamlitz may sometimes mean the place of
medlar-trees, from jemelina (the medlar).

JASOR (Sclav.), a marsh ; e.g. Jehser-hohen and Jeser-nieder (the
high and lower marsh), near Frankfort ; Jeserig and
Jeserize (the marshy place).

JASSEN (Sclav.), the ash-tree ; e.g. Jessen, Jessern, Jesseu, Jessnitz
(the place of ash-trees).

JAWOR (Sclav.), the maple-tree ; e.g. Great and Little Jawer, in
Silesia ; Jauer, in Russia ; Jauernitz and Jauerburg (the
place of maple-trees), in Russia.

JAZA (Sclav.), a house; e.g. Jaschen, Jaschwitz, Jaschutz (the
houses).

JEZIRAH (Ar.), an island or peninsula ; e.g. Algiers or Al-Jezirah,
named from an island near the town ; Al-Geziras (the
islands), near Gibraltar ; Alghero (the peninsula), in Sar-
dinia ; Jezirah-diraz (long island), in the Persian Gulf; Al-
Jezirah or Mesopotamia (between the river).

JOKUL (Scand.), a snow-covered hill ; e.g. Vatna-Jokul (the hill
with the lake) ; Orefa-Jokul (the desert hill) ; Forfa-Jokul
(the hill of Forfa) ; Long-Jokul (long hill).

JONC (Fr.), from juncus, Lat. (a rush) ; e.g. Jonchere, Joncheres,
Jonchery, Le Jonquer, La Joncieres, etc., place-names in
France.

K

KAAI, KAI, KADE (Teut), a quay or a bank by the water-side ;
e.g. Oudekaai (old quay) ; Kadzand (the quay or bank on
the sand) ; Moerkade (marshy bank) ; Kewstoke (the place
on the quay) ; Kew, in Surrey, on the Thames ; Torquay
(the quay of the hill called Tor).

KAHL (Ger.), ( bald, cognate with the Lat. calvus ; e.g. Kalen-
CALO (A.S.), ( berg and Kahlengebirge (the bald mountains).

, , /the emperor or Caesar; e.g. Kaisersheim,

.r, /T-V \ u\ ) Kaiserstadt (the emperor's town) ; Kaiser-
KEYSER (Dutch). < , . , ,

CYZAR (Sclav) jstuhl (the emperor's seat) ; Kaiserberg (the

V^ emperor's fortress), in Alsace, named from

a castle erected by Frederick II. ; Kaiserslautern (the em-

I

114 KALATKESSEL

peror's place), on the R. Lauter ; Kaiserswerth (the emperor's
island), on the Rhine ; Keysersdyk (the emperor's dam) ;
Keysersloot (the emperor's sluice), in Holland ; Cysarowes
(the emperor's village), in Bohemia ; Kaisariyeh, anc.
Ccesarea.

KALAT, or KALAH (Ar.), a castle ; e.g. Khelat, in Belochistan ;
Yenikale (the new castle), in the Crimea ; Calatablanca
(white castle), in Sicily ; Calahorra, Ar. K ' alat-harral (stone
castle), in Spain ; Calata-bellota (the oak-tree castle), in
Sicily ; Calata-girone (the surrounded castle), Sicily ; Calata-
mesetta (the castle of the women) ; Calatayud (the castle of
Ayud, a Moorish king) ; Alcala-real (the royal castle) ;
Alcala-de-Henares (the castle on the R. Henares), in Spain;
Sanjiac-Kaleh (the castle of the standard), corrupt, by the
French into St. Jaques, in Asia Minor ; Calatrava (the
castle of Rabah).

KAMEN (Sclav.), a stone ; e.g. Camentz, Kemmen, Kammena,
Kamienetz (the stony place) ; Kamminchen (the little
stony place), a colony from Steenkirchen ; Chemnitz (the
stony town, or the town on the stony river) ; Kersna-
kaimai (the Christian's stone house) ; Schemnitz, Hung.
Selmecz (stony town), in Silesia.

KARA (Turc.), black ; e.g. Karamania (the district of the blacks) ;
Karacoum (the black sand), in Tartary ; Kara-su (the black
river) ; Kara-su-Bazar (the market-town on the Kara-su) ;
Kara-Tappeh (the black mound), in Persia ; Kartagh and
Kartaon (the black mountain chains), in Turkey and Tar-
tary ; Kara-Dengis, the Turkish name for the Black Sea,
called by the Russians Tchernce-more, Ger. Schawarz-meer ;
Kara-mulin (black mill) ; Cape Kara-bournow (the black
nose), in Asia Minor.

KEHLE (Ger.), a gorge or defile ; e.g. Bergkehle (hill gorge) ;
Hundkehle (the dog's gorge) ; Langkehl (long gorge) ;
Kehl (the gorge), in Baden ; Schuylkill (the hidden gorge),
a river in America.

, , ( literally a kettle, but in topography ap-
KESSEL, KEZIL (Ger.), I ,. , / , . ' j

' . . " < plied to a bowl-shaped valley surrounded

| by hills ; e.g. Ketel, in Holstein ; Kessel,

in Belgium ; Kessel-loo (the low-lying grove or swamp), in

Belgium ; Kesselt (the low-lying wood, holt), in Belgium ;

KIR KIR CHE 1 1 5

Kettle or King's-kettle (the hollow), in the valley of the R.
Eden, in Fife, formerly belonging to the crown ; but such
names as Kesselstadt, Kesselsham, Kettlesthorpe, and
Kettleshulme are probably connected with the personal
name Chetil or Kettle, being common names among the
Teutons and Scandinavians.
... ( a wall or stronghold, a city or town ; e.g. Kir-

^ TH \ M ab ( the stron ? hold of Moab ) 5 Kiriathaim (the
' ( two cities) ; Kirjath-Arba (the city of Arba), now
Hebron ; Kirjath-Baal (of Baal) ; Kirjath-Huzoth (the city
of villas) ; Kirjath-jearim (of forests) ; Kirjath-sannah (of
palms), also called Kirjath-sepher (the city of the book).
The Breton Ker (a dwelling) seems akin to this word, as
in Kergneu (the house at the nut-trees), in Brittany.

,_ , c , . /a church. The usual derivation of

KIRCHE (Ger. and Scand.), I . . , . , , . , ,

/A e \ I this word is from kurtake, Grk.

>_ v. i oikos-kuriou (the Lord's house) ;

KERK (Dutch), I . , , *ur i v T-J c

\e.g. Kirkham, Kerkom, Kirchdorf

(church town) ; Kirchhof (church court) ; Kirchwerder
(church island), on an island in the R. Elbe ; Kirchditmold
(the church at the people's place of meeting) -v. DIOT.
Fiinfkirchen (the five churches), in Hungary ; Kirchberg
(church hill), in Saxony. Many parishes in Scotland have
this affix to their names, as in Kirkbean (the church of St
Bean) ; Kirkcaldy (the church of the Culdees, who formerly
had a cell there) ; Kirkcolm (of St. Columba) ; Kirkconnel
(of St. Connal) ; Kirkcowan, anc. Kirkuen (of St. Keuin) ;
Kirkcudbright (of St. Cuthbert) ; Kirkden (the church in
the hollow) ; Kirkhill (on the hill) ; Kirkhope (in the valley) ;
Kirkinner (the church of St. Kinneir). In England : Kirkby-
Lonsdale (the church town), in the valley of the Lune ;
Kirkby-Stephen (of St. Stephen, to whom the church was
dedicated) ; Kirkdale, in Lancashire ; Kirkham, also in
Lancashire ; Kirkliston (the church of the strong fort,
founded by the Knights Templars), in Linlithgow ; Kirk-
oswald, named after Oswald, King of Northumberland ;
Kirkurd, in Peeblesshire, Lat. Ecclesia de Orde (the church
of Orde or Horda, a personal name) ; Kirkwall, Norse
Kirk-ju-vagr (the church on the bay) ; Hobkirk (the church
in the hope or valley) ; Ladykirk, in Berwickshire, dedicated

ii6 KIS KNOLL

to the Virgin Mary by James IV. on his army crossing the
Tweed near the place ; Falkirk, supposed to be the church
on the Vallum or wall of Agricola, but more likely to be the
A.S. rendering of its Gaelic name Eglais-bhrac (the spotted
church), fah in A.S. being of divers colours ; Stonykirk,
in Wigtonshire, corrupt, from Steenie-kirk (St. Stephen's
church) ; Kirkmaden (of St. Medan) ; Carmichael for Kirk-
Michael (of St. Michael); Bridekirk (of St. Bridget); Carluke
for Kirkluke (of St. Luke) ; Selkirk, anc. Sella-chyrche-Regis
(the seat of the king's church, originally attached to a royal
hunting-seat) ; Laurencekirk (the church of St. Laurence,
Archbishop' of Canterbury, called the Apostle of the Picts) ;
Kirby-Kendal (the church in the valley of the Ken or Kent) ;
Channelkirk, in Berwickshire, anc. Childer-kirk (the child-
ren's church, having been dedicated to the Innocents).

KIS (Hung.), little ; e.g. Kis-sceg (little corner), in Transylvania ;
Kishissar (little fort).

KLAUSE, KLOSTER, a place shut in, from the Lat. claudo, also
a cloister ; e.g. Klausen (the enclosed place), in Tyrol ;
Klausenburg (the enclosed fortress) ; Klausenthal (the en-
closed valley); Kloster-Neuburg (the new town of the
cloister) ; Chiusa, in Tuscany, anc. Clusium, and Clusa, in
Saxony (the enclosed place), also La Chiusa, in Piedmont ;
but claus, as a prefix, may be Klaus, the German for
Nicholas, and is sometimes attached to the names of
churches dedicated to that saint.

KLEIN (Ger.), little ; e.g. Klein-eigher (the little giant), a mountain
in Switzerland.

, , . ( a hillock ; e.g. Noopnoss (the

KNAB, KNOP (Scand. and Teut.), I * . ., v v A ,.

rwlpftvn \ projecting point); Knabtoft

( (the farm of the hillock) ; The

Knab, in Cumberland ; Knapen-Fell (the hill with the pro-
tuberance), in Norway ; Knapdale (the valley of hillocks),
Argyleshire ; Knapton, Knapwell (the town and well near
the hillock) ; Snape (the hillock), in Suffolk and Yorkshire ;
Nappan (little hillock), and Knapagh (hilly land), in Ireland.
- T \ ( a hillock ; e.g. Knowle and Knoyle (the hillock) ;
'' -| Knowl-end (hill end) ; Knowsley (hill, valley, or
( field). In the form of know or now it is common
as an affix in Scotland.

KOHKOPF 117

KOH (Pers.), a mountain ; e.g. Koh-baba (the chief or father
mountain) ; Caucasus (mountain on mountain, or the moun-
tain of the gods, Asses) ; Kuh-i-Nuh (Noah's mountain), the
Persian name for Ararat ; Kashgar (the mountain fortress).

KOI (Turc.), a village ; e.g. Kopri-koi (bridge village) ; Haji-Veli-
koi (the village of the pilgrim Veli) ; Papaskoi (the priest's
village) ; Kadikoi (the judge's village) ; Hajikoi (the pil-
grim's village) ; Akhmedkoi (Achmed's village) ; Boghaz-koi
(God's house), near the ruins of an ancient temple in Asia
Minor.

KONIG CGer } ( a king ? e ' g ' Ko ' ni S shofen ( the kin f' s court ) 5
ftLG\ \ Konigheim (the king's dwelling) ; Konigsbrunn
''' ( (the king's well) ; Konigshain (the king's en-
closure) ; Konigshaven (the king's harbour) ; Konigsberg,
in Prussia, and Kongsberg, in Norway (the king's moun-
tain) ; Konigstein (the king's rock fortress) ; Coningsby,
Connington, Coniston, Kingsbury, places in England where
the Anglo-Saxons held their court ; Kingston, in Surrey,
where their kings were generally crowned ; Kingston or
Hull, upon the R. Hull, in Yorkshire, named after Edward
I. ; Kingston, Co. Dublin, so named in commemoration of
George IV. 's visit to Ireland ; Kingston, in Jamaica, named
after William III. ; Cunningham, Kingthorpe, Kingsby (the
king's dwelling or farm) ; but Cuningsburg, in Shetland, may
be derived from Kuningr (a rabbit) ; Kingsbarns, in Fife,
so called from certain storehouses erected there by King
John during his occupation of the castle now demolished.

KOPF KOPPE(Ger) T a headland or mountain peak; e.g.

'/w 1 M I Catzenkopf (the cat's head) ; Schneekopf

KUPA (Sclav ) "I and Schneek PP e (snowy peak); Och-

,V !'' I senkopf (the oxen's peak) ; Riesenkoppe

[ (giants' peak) ; Perecop, in Russia (the

gate of the headland) ; Vogelskuppe (the birds' peak) ;

Cape Colonna (the headland of the pillars), so named from

the ruins of a temple to Minerva ; Cape Leuca (the white) ;

Cape Negro (the black) ; Cape Roxo (the red cape) ;

Kuopio (on a headland), in Russia ; Cabeza-del-buey (ox

headland), in Spain ; Cabeciera (black headland), in Spain ;

Capo-d'Istria (the summit of I stria) ; Copeland, a district

in Cumberland full of peaks or headlands.

n8 KOPRILAAG

KOPRI, KUPRI (Turc.), a bridge ; e.g. Vezir-kopri (the vizier's
bridge) ; Keupri-bazaar (the market-town at the bridge) ;
Keupris (bridge town), in Turkey.

KOS (Sclav.), a goat ; e.g. Koselo (goat's river) ; Koslin (goat
town), in Pomerania.

KOSCIOL (Sclav.), a Romish church ; e.g. Kostel, Kosteletz
(towns with a Romish church), a Protestant church being
called Zbor, and a Greek church Zerkwa.

KRAL, KROL (Sclav.), a king; e.g. Kralik, Kralitz, Krolow,
Kraliewa, Kralowitz (the king's town or fortress).

KRASNA (Sclav.), beautiful ; e.g. Krasnabrod (the beautiful ford) ;
Krasnapol (the beautiful city) ; Krasno-Ufimsk (the beau-
tiful town of the R. Ufa) ; Krasna and Krasne (the beautiful
place).

KRE (Sclav.), a coppice ; e.g. Sakrau, Sakrow (behind the coppice).

KREIS (Ger.), a circle ; e.g. Saalkreis (the circle watered by the R.
Saal) ; Schwardswaldkreis (the circle of the Black Forest).

KREM, KRIM (Sclav.), a stone building ; e.g. The Kremlin (the
stone fort of Moscow) ; Kremmen, Kremenetz, Kremnitz,
Kremmenaia, Kremenskaia, towns in Russia, Poland, and
Lusatia.

KRONE, KRON (Teut. and Scand.), a crown ; e.g. Kronstadt,
Hung. Brasso (crown city), in Hungary ; Cronstadt, in
Russia, founded by Peter the Great ; Konigscrone (the
king's crown) ; Carlscrone (Charles's crown) ; Landscrone
(the crown or summit of the land), a mountain and town
in Silesia also with the same meaning, Landscrona, in
Sweden. Kron, however, as a prefix, comes occasionally
from krahn (a crane), as in Kronwinkel (the crane's corner).

KRUG (Ger.), a small inn ; e.g. Dornkrug (the thorn inn) ; Krug-
mtille (the mill at the inn).

,,, > (a site, a low-lying field ; e.g. Brawenlage

LAAG. LAGE (Ger.), ., ,, , ,, ' ., , ' . ,, . ,

/T^ iA \ (brown field) ; Wittlage (white field or wood

LOOG (Dutch), J \ .,. r>i i c. u\ Tx/r-ui

( field) ; Blumlage (flowery field) ; Muhlen-
loog (the mill field or site) ; Dinkellage (wheat field).
This word is also used as an adjective, signifying low; e.g.

LAC LADE 119

Loogkirk (low church) ; Loogheyde (low heath) ; Loogemeer
(low lake) ; Laaland (low island).
/T- x [a lake, cognate with the Lat. lacus

and the Cel. loch or Iwch. These
LACHE (Ger.), , . .,

j r> * \ { words in the various, dialects ongm-
LAGO (It., Span., and Port), . . c , 7 ,. , & ,
^ I ally signified a hollow, from the

[ roots lag, lug, and Grk. lakos; e.g.

Lachen, Lat. Adlacum (at the lake), a town on Lake Zurich ;
Interlachen (between the lakes), in Switzerland ; Biber-
lachen (beaver lake) ; Lago Maggiore (the greater lake),
with reference to Lake Lugano, which itself means simply
the lake or hollow ; Lago Nuovo (new lake), in Tyrol, it
was formed a few years ago by a landslip ; Lagoa (on a
lake or marsh), in Brazil ; Lagow (on a lake), in Prussia ;
Lagos, in Portugal (on a large bay or lake) ; Laguna- de-
Negrillos (the lake of the elms) and Laguna-Encinillos (of
the evergreen oaks), in Spain ; Laach, in the Rhine Pro-
vinces (situated on a lake), the crater of an extinct volcano ;
Anderlecht or Anderlac (at the lake or marsh), in Belgium ;
Chablais, Lat. Caput-lacensis (at the head of the lake, i.e. of
Geneva) ; Missolonghi, i.e. Mezzo-laguno (in the midst of a
marshy lagoon) ; Beverley, in Yorkshire, anc. Biberlac (the
beaver lake or marsh) ; Lago-dos-Patos (the lake of geese),
in Brazil ; Niederhaslach and Oberhaslach (lower and upper
lake), in Bas Rhin ; Lake Champlain takes its name from
a Norman adventurer, Governor-general of Canada, in the
seventeenth century ; Alagoas (abounding in lakes), a
province in Brazil, with its capital of the same name ;
Filey, in Yorkshire, in Doomsday Fuielac (i.e. bird lake,

LAD (Scand.), a pile or heap ; e.g. Ladhouse, Ladhill, Ladcragg,
Ladrigg (the house, hill, crag, ridge of the mound or cairn),
probably so named from a heap or cairn erected over the
grave of some Norse leader.

LADE, or LODE (A.S.), a way, passage, or canal; e.g. Ladbrook
(the passage of the brook) ; Lechlade, in Gloucester (the
passage of the R. Lech into the Thames) ; Evenlode (at
brink of the passage or stream) ; Cricklade, anc. Crecca-
gelade or Crecca-ford (the creek at the opening or entrance
of the Churn and Key into the Thames).

LAENLANN

. . ( land leased out, a fief ; e.g. Kingsland or
''' J. Kingslaen, in Middlesex, Hereford, and Orkney ;
( Haylene (the enclosed fief), in Hereford ; Len-
ham (the dwelling on the laen) ; Lenton, ditto.
LAESE (A.S.), pasture, literally moist, wet land; e.g. Lewes, in
Sussex ; Lesowes, in Worcester (the wet pasture) ; Lewis-
ham (the dwelling on the pasture), in Kent ; Leswalt (wood
pasture), in Dumfriesshire.

tf+ 'it. * \ ( a hollow, cognate with the Lat. lacus and
LAG, LUG (Gadhelic), I it _ ~_i_ , ri T / , , ,, x

T ftrKF rr>r ^ \ the Grk - lakk s; e.g. Logie (the hollow),

( in Stirling ; Logiealmond (the hollow of
the R. Almond in Perth) ; Logie-Buchan, in Aberdeenshire ;
Logie -Coldstone, Gael. Lag-cul-duine (the hollow behind
the fort), Aberdeen ; Logie-Easter and Logie- Wester, in
Cromarty ; Logie Loch and Laggan Loch (the lake in the
hollow) ; Logan (the little hollow) ; Logierait, Gael. Lag-an-
rath (the hollow of the rath or castle, so called from the
Earls of Atholl having formerly had their castle there in
Perthshire) ; Mortlach, Co. Banff, probably meaning the
great hollow. In Ireland : Legachory, Lagacurry, Lega-
curry (the hollow of the pit or caldron, coire) ; Lugduff
(dark hollow) ; Lugnaquillia (the highest of the Wicklow
mountains), is from the Irish Lug-na-gcoilleach (the hollow
of the cocks, i.e. grouse) ; Lough Logan (the lake of the
little hollow) ; Lagnieu, in France, anc. Lagniacum (the
place in the hollow of the waters) ; Laconia and Lace-
demonia (in the hollow), in Greece.

(C Hh V \ f an enc l sure > a church, a house; but Mr.
, r ) Skene considers that the Cel. llan comes
LLAN (Cym.-Cel.). < , i_ T , ^/ / i 11 \

VT N J f rom t* 16 Lat. planum (a level place), just as

(^the Gael. Ian (full) comes from the Lat.
plenus. This word is more common in Welsh names than
in the topography of Ireland and Scotland, and in its
signification of a church forms the groundwork of a vast
number of Welsh names. In Ireland it means a house as
well as a church, as in Landbrock (the badger's house) ;
Landmore (the great church), in Londonderry; Landa-
hussy (O'Hussy's church), in Tyrone ; Lanaglug (the
church of the bells). It is not so frequent in Scotland, but
the modern name of Lamlash, in the Island of Arran, for-

LANN 121

merly Ard-na-Molas, the height of St. Molios, who lived
in a cave there, seems to be the church or enclosure of this
saint ; Lambride, in Forfar, is Lannbride (St. Bridget's
church) ; Lumphanan is from Lann-Finan (St. Finan's
church). The derivation of Lanark, anc. Lanerk, is prob-
ably from the Welsh Llanerck (a distinct spot or fertile
piece of ground). There are many examples of this root
in Brittany ; e.g. Lanleff (the enclosure on the R. Leff) ;
Lanmeur (great church) ; Lannion (the little enclosure) ;
Landerneau and Lannoy (the enclosure on the water) ; but
in French topography the Teut. land generally signifies
uncultivated ground ; e.g. La Lande, Landes, Landelles, La
Landelle, Les Landais, Landau, etc. v. Cocheris's Noms
de Lieu. Launceston, in Cornwall, is probably corrupt,
from Llan-Stephen. The greatest number of our examples
must be taken from Wales. There are Lantony or Llan-
Ddevinant (the church of St. David in the valley, nant, of
the R. Hodeny) ; Llan-Dewi-Aberarth (St. David's church
at the mouth of the Arth) ; Lampeter (of St. Peter) ; Llan-
Asaph (of St. Asaph) ; Llanbadern-fawr (the great church
founded by Paternus), also Llan-Badarn-Odyn ; Llandelo-
vawr (of Feilo the Great) ; Llandewi-Brefi (St. David's
church). Brevi here means the bellowing, from the dismal
moans of a sacred animal killed here ; Llandovery, corrupt,
from Llan-ym-dyffrwd (the church among the rivers, at the
confluence of three streams) ; Llanudno (of St. Tudno) ;
Llanelly (of St. Elian) ; Llanfair (of St. Mary) ; Llanover
(the church of the Cover wells) ; Llanon (the church dedi-
cated to Nonn, the mother of St. David) ; Llanfair-yn-
nghornwy (on the horn or headland of the water). There are
several of this name, as Llan-fair-ar-y-bryn (St. Mary's
church on the hill) ; Llanfair-helygen (St. Mary's church
among willows) ; Llanfair-o'r-llwyn (on the lake) ; Llanfi-
hangel (of the angel) ; Llanfihangel-genau'r-glyn (the church
of the angels at the opening of the valley) ; Llanfihangel-y-
creuddin, a church erected probably on the site of a bloody
battle ; Llanfihangel-lledrod (the church at the foot of a
declivity) ; Llangadogvawr (of St. Cadoc the Great) ; Llan-
geler (of St. Celert) ; Llangollen (of St. Collen) ; Llanidloes
(of St. Idloes); Llaniestyn (of St. Constantine) ; Llannethlin,

122 LAR

anc. Mediolanum (the church among the pools or marshes) ;
Llantrissant (of three saints) ; Llanddeusaint (of two saints) ;
Llanberis (of St. Peres) ; Llandegla (of St. Theckla) ;
Llanrhaiadr (the church of the cataract) ; Llanfaes (the
church of the battle-field) ; LandafF, on the R. Taff; Llan-
goedmore (the church of the great wood) ; Llanaml-lech
(the church on the stony ground, etc.) ; Llangwyllog (the
gloomy church, perhaps in the shade of the Druidic grove) ;
Llanfleiddian (dedicated to a bishop named Flaidd) ; Llan-
llawer (the church of the multitude, llawer, close to which
was a sainted well famous for its medicinal properties, and
which was resorted to by crowds of impotent folk) ; Llancilcen
(the church in the nook, a/, at the top, cen, of a hill), a
parish in Flint ; Llan-mabon (of St. Mabon) ; Llan-Beblig,
corrupt, from Bublicius, named for the son of Helen, a Welsh
princess ; Llan-sant-Fagan, named in honour of St. Faganus,
a missionary from Rome. Llan is sometimes corrupted to
long in Scotland, as in Longniddrie ; Lagny, a town in
France, anc. Laniaciim (the church or enclosure on the
stream). From the Teut. land, i.e. a country or district,
some names may come in appropriately under this head
thus Scotland (the land of the Scots), from Ireland ; Monk-
land, in Lanarkshire (belonging to the monks) ; Natland,
in Norway (the land of horned cattle) ; Sutherland (the
southern land, as compared with Caithness), both Suther-
land and Caithness having formed part of the Orkney
Jarldom ; Cumberland (the land of the Cymbri), being part
of the British kingdom of Cumbria ; Holland (the marshy
land, ollant) ; Gippsland, named in honour of Sir George
Gipps, a governor of Port Philip ; Friesland (the land of
the Frisii) ; Beveland (of oxen or beeves) ; Baardland (of
the Lombards) ; Westmoreland (the land of the West-
mot ingas or people of the Western moors) ; Gothland,
in Sweden (the land of the Goths) ; Jutland (the land
of the Getae or Jutes, the Cimbric Chersonesus of the
ancients).

//-MJ /- \ /a site, abed; and in Germany.

LAR, LAAR, LEER (Old Ger.), ' . t ' 4

' ,. '. 1 according to Buttmann, a field ;

LAER (A. o. ) -\ . i

//- jt. v \ ^ m topography, synonymous

LATHAIR, or LAUER (Gadhelic), l .. * & r *' f ,7 .

" ^ with lage; e.g. Goslar (the site

LAUFLAYA 123

or field on the R. Gose), in Hanover ; Somplar (marshy
field) ; Wittlar (woody field) ; Dinklar (wheat field) ; Wetzlar,
in Prussia, anc. Wittlara (woody field) ; Wassarlar (watery
field) ; Noordlaren (the northern site) ; Lahr (the site), a
town in Baden. In Ireland this word takes the forms of
laragh and laraj e.g. Laraghleas (the site of the fort) ;
Laraghshankill (of the old church). Lara, however, is
sometimes a corrupt, of Leath-rath (half rath), as in
Laragh, in West Meath ; and laar and lare often mean
middle, as in Rosslare (the middle peninsula) ; Ennislare
(the middle island) ; Latheron, in Caithness, is the site of
the seal.

,_ . (a current, a rapid, from laufen. Ger. ;

LAUF, LAUFEND (Ger.), I , . , ' j 77 , A o /

LOOP (Dutch} 1 hlau P en > Scand - ' hlea P en > A.S. (to

( run, to leap) ; e.g. Laufen (the rapids),
on the R. Salzach ; Lauffenberg (the town near the rapids
of the Rhine) ; Laufnitz (the leaping river) ; Lauffen (on the
rapids of the R. Inn) ; Leixlip, in Ireland, Old Norse Lax-
hlaup (salmon-leap), on a cataract of the R. Liffey ; Beck-
loop (brook cataract), in Holland ; Loop-Head, Co. Clare,
Irish Leim-Chon-Chuillerin (Cuchullin's leap) v. Joyce's
Names of Places.

LAWfA.S} hleaw ( a hil1 ' c S nate with the Irish *<&*'' '&
LOW \ Houndslow ( the d S' s hil1 ); Ludlow (the

( people's hill, lead) ; Greenlaw, in Berwick-
shire (the green hill) the modern town is situated on a
plain, but old Greenlaw was on a hill ; Winslow (the hill of
victory), in Berks ; Marlow (the chalk or marshy hill) ;
Wardlaw (guard hill) ; Hadlow, anc. Haslow (hazel hill) ;
Castlelaw, in the Lammermuir range, named from Roman
camps on these hills ; Sidlaw Hills (the south hills, in re-
ference to their forming the southern boundary of Strath-
more) ; Warmlow, Co. Worcester, anc. Waermundes-hleau
(the hill of Waermund, a personal name) ; Fala, a parish
in Mid Lothian, abbreviated from Fallaw (the speckled hill) ;
Mintlaw, in Aberdeenshire, corrupt, from Moan-alt-law (the
hill at the moss burn).

LAYA (Sansc.), an abode ; e.g. Naglaya (the abode of snakes) ;
the Himalaya Mountains (the abode of snow) ; Hurrial, for
Arayalaya (the abode of Hari or Vishnu).

124 LEACLEGIO

LEAC (Gadhelic) f a flat stone in topography, found in the

LLECH (Cvm -Ce'l \ } f rmS f U k a " d ^ co nate with the
''' ( Lat. lapis and Grk. lithosj e.g. Lackeen,

Licken (the little stone) ; Slieve-league (the mountain of
the flagstone) ; Lickmollasy (St. Molasse's flagstone) ; Bel-
leek, Irish Bel-leice (the ford of the flagstone), near Bally-
shannon ; Lackagh (full of flagstones) ; Lickfinn (white
flagstone) ; Duleek, anc. Doimhliag (the stone house or
church) ; Auchinleck (the field of the stone), in Ayrshire ;
Harlech, in Merioneth ; Ar-llech (on the rock, the place
being situated on a craggy eminence) ; Llananl-lech v.
LLAN ; Llech-trufin, probably originally Llech -treffen (the
rock of the look-out, or twrfine) ; Llanml-lech (the church
among many stones) ; Tre-llech (stone dwelling) ; Llech-
rhyd (the ford of the flat stone) ; Leek, Lech, Leckbeck
(the stony rivers) ; Leckfield (the field on the R. Leek) ;
Leckwith, in Wales, for Lechwedd (a slope).

LEAMHAN (Gadhelic), the elm-tree ; e.g. the Laune, a river at
Killarney, and the Leven, in Scotland (the elm-tree stream) ;
Lennox or Levenach (the district of the R. Leven), the
ancient name of Dumbartonshire ; Lislevane (the fort of the
elm-tree), in Ireland. According to Mr. Skene, the Rivers
Leven in Dumbartonshire and in Fife have given their
names to Loch Lomond and Loch Leven, while in each
county there is a corresponding mountain called Lomond.

LEARG (Gadhelic), the slope of a hill ; e.g. Largy, in Ireland ;
Lairg, a parish in Sutherlandshire ; Largs, in Ayrshire, and
Largo, in Fife, from this word ; Largan (the little hill-slope) ;
Largynagreana (the sunny hill-slope) ; Larganreagh (gray
hill-slope), in Ireland.

LEBEN (Ger.), a possession, an inheritance. Forsteman thinks
this word is derived from the Old Ger. laiban (to leave or
bequeath), cognate with the Grk. leipa, and not from leben
(to live) ; e.g. Leibnitz, anc. Dud-leipen (the inheritance of
Dudo) ; Ottersleben (of Otho) ; Ritzleben (of Richard) ;
Germersleben (of Germer) ; Osharsleben (of Ausgar) ; San-
dersleben (of Sander) ; Hadersleben (of Hada).

LEGIO (Lat), a Roman legion; e.g. Caerleon, on the Usk, anc.
Isca-Legionis ; Leicester, Legionis-castra (the camp of the
legion) ; Leon, in Spain, anc. Legio, being the station of

LEHMLEY 125

the seventh Roman legion ; Lexdon, anc. Legionis-dtmum
(the fort of the legion) ; Megiddo, in Palestine, now Ledjun,
anc. Castra-legionis (the camp of the legion).

LEHM (Ger ) ( day> mud ' e ' g ' the Leam ( the mudd y river ) ;
) A *\'\ ) Leamington (the town on the R. Leam) ; Lehm-
an M ) hurst (the clayey wood) ; Lambourn (muddy
'' (^ brook) ; Leemkothen (the mud huts).

LEITER (Gadhelic), the slope of a hill ; e.g. Ballater, in Aberdeen-
shire (the town on the sloping hill) ; Letterfearn (the alder-
tree slope); Letterfourie (the grassy hill-side, feurach); Find-
later (the cold hill-slope, fi onri), in Scotland. In Ireland :
Letterkenny (the hill-slope of the O'Cannons) ; Letterkeen
(beautiful hill-slope) ; Lettermullen (Meallan's hill-slope) ;
Letterbrick (the badger's hill-slope) ; Letterlickey (the hill-
slope of the flagstone) ; Letherhead, in Surrey (at the head
of the slope, Welsh llethr), on the declivitous bank of the
R. Mole ; Machynlleth for Mach-yn-Llethr (the ridge on the
slope), a town in Montgomery.

/ A e \ ( the P e pl e > e 'g' Leutkirch (the people's church) ;

/P \ *\ Liege, Ger. Liittich, anc. Leodicus-vicus (the

^ ( people's town) the hill on which the citadel

stands was called Publes-mont (the people's hill) ; Leeds,

in Yorkshire, anc. Loidis (the people's town, according to

Bayley) ; Whittaker, however, makes it the town of Loidi, a

personal name) ; but Leeds, in Kent, is said to have been

named after Ledian, the Chancellor of Ethelred II.

LESSO, LESSE (Sclav.), a wood or thicket ; e.g. Lessau, Leske,
Leskau, Lessen, Lissa (the woody place), towns in Prussia ;
Leschnitz, in Silesia, and Leizig, in Saxony, with the same
meaning ; Leschkirch (the church in the wood), in Tran-
sylvania ; Liezegorike (woody hill).

LEUCUS (Grk.), white ; e.g. Leuctra, Leuctron, Leucadia, so 'named
from the white rocks at its extremity ; Leucasia (the white
river) ; Leucate (the white promontory in Greece).

T FV T F A ( A q N ( a district in English topography generally

L,H,l. 1.1. A C/\. O. ). ' ,. , ^11 i

< applied to an open field or meadow ; e.g.

[ Leigh (the meadow), in Lancashire ; Berkeley,

Thornley, Oakley, Auchley, Alderley, Brachley (the meadow

of birch, thorn, oak, alder, ferns) ; Hasley (of hazels) ;

Hagley (the enclosed meadow) ; Horsley (the meadow of

126 LIN LINN E

Horsa, or of horses) ; Brockley (of the badger) ; Hindley
(of the stag) ; Everley (of the wild boar, aper) ; Bradley
(broad meadow) ; Stanley (stony meadow) ; Loxley (of
Loki, a Scandinavian deity) ; Ashley (ash-tree meadow) ;
but Ashley, S. Carolina, was named after Lord Ashley in
the reign of Charles II. ; Morley (moor-field) ; Bisley (bean-
field) ; Cowley (cow's field) ; Linley (flax-field) ; Monkley
(the monk's field) ; Audley, Co. Stafford (old field) ; but
Audley, in Essex, took its name from a palace erected
by Thomas Audley, Lord Chancellor of England ; Ofley
(the field of King Offa) ; Tarporley, in Cheshire, corrupt,
from Thorpeley (the farm-field or meadow) ; Chorley (the
meadow of the R. Chor) ; Bosley (Bodolph's field) ; West
Leigh, North Leigh, Leighton, from the same root ; Satter-
leigh (the field of Seator, an A. S. deity) ; Earnley, Sussex
(eagle meadow) ; Ripley, in Yorkshire, from ffryp, a
peronal name ; Bentley, bent, pasture (a coarse kind of
grass) ; Tewesley and Tisley, from Tiw, a Saxon deity
as also Tewing, Tuoesmere, and Teowes (thorn) ; Henley
(the old meadow or field), supposed to be the oldest town
in Oxfordshire.

LIN (Esthonian), a fort or town ; e.g. Rialin, now Riga (the fortress
of the Rugii), in Russia ; Pernau, anc. Perna-ltn (the lime-
tree fort) ; Tepelin (hill town ; tepe, Turc. hill).

,~ ^ ( the linden-tree ; e.g. Lindhurst

LINDE (Ger.), , T ,, ' . & .. ,

/AC- jo j \ -\ ano - Lyndhurst (the linden -tree
LIND, LYND (A.S. and Scand.), ) j\ jv T-J r T

" ( wood) ; Lmdheim, Lindorf, Lim-

burg, in Germany (the town of linden-trees) ; as also Lim-
burg, in Holland, formerly Lindenbiirgj Lindau (the linden-
tree meadow) ; Lindesnaes (the promontory of linden-trees),
in Norway ; La Linde, Le Lindois (abounding in linden-trees) ;
Limboeuf, Lindeboeuf (linden-tree dwelling), in France.

//- ji. i- \ ( a pool, a lake, sometimes applied to a

LINNE (Gadhelic), i , ' . . "* .

//- ^ i \ ; waterfall, not as associated with the cas-

LLYNN (Cym.-Cel.), < . , ,, , . , . .

/ A o \ i cade, but with the pool into which it is

HLYNNA (A.S.), / , ~ .,

^received, as in the Linn of Dee, in Aber-
deenshire, and Corra-linn, on the Clyde. Dublin (the black
pool) takes its name from that part of the R. LifFey on
which it is built ; and there are several other places in
Ireland whose names have the same meaning, although

LIOS 127

variously spelt, as Devlin, in Mayo ; Bowling and Doolin,
in Kilkenny and Clare ; Ballinadoolin (the town of the
black pool), in Kildare. In several such cases the proper
name was Ath-cliath (hurdle ford), literally Baile-atha-cliath
(the town of the hurdle ford), the original name of Dublin.
The ancient name of Lincoln, Lindum, is the hill fort on
the pool ; Linlithgow comes from the same root, and is
probably the gray lake how it came by the termination
gow, gu, or cu, as it is variously spelt, cannot be deter-
mined ; Linton, in Roxburghshire, is the town on the pool ;
Linton, in Peebles, on the R. Lyne in Cambridge (on the
brook, hlynna) ; Dupplin, on the R. Earn, in Perthshire
(the black pool) ; Crailing, in Berwickshire, anc. Traverlin
(the dwellings, treabhar, on the pool) ; Edarline (between
the pools) ; Aber-glas-lyn (the estuary of the blue pool), in
Wales ; Lynn-Regis (the king's pool), in Norfolk ; Roslin
(the projecting point on the pool), in Mid Lothian ; Lynn-
yr-Afrange (the beaver's pool), in Wales ; Mauchline, in
Ayrshire (the pool in the plain, magh) ; Lincluden, in
Kirkcudbright (the pool of the R. Cluden) ; Lindores, in
Fife, probably not from this root, but a corrupt, of Lann-
Tours, being the seat of the abbey of Tours, founded by
David, Earl of Huntingdon. Lyme-Regis (the king's pool),
in Dorset ; Lymington, anc. Linton (the town on the pool),
in Hants ; Llyn-hir (long pool) ; Llyn-y-cun (the dog's pool),
in Carnarvon ; Llynn-y-Nadroedd (the adder's pool) ; Llynn-
ye-cae (the enclosed pool), all in Wales ; Llyn-tegid (the
fair or beautiful lake) ; Lly-gwyn, with the same meaning ;
Llyn-Teivy, of the R. Teivy, in Wales ; Llyn-Safaddon,
corrupt, from Llyn-saf-baddon (the standing pool or fixed
bathing place) v. BAD.

//- ju T \ ( an enclosure, a garden, or a fort. In
LIOS, or LIS (Gadhelic), ) T , , .

; j <* v.\ { Ireland it generally meant originally a

LES (Breton and Cornish), ) . i j / i .

' ( place enclosed with a circular entrench-
ment, for the purpose of shelter and safety, and is often
translated by the Lat. atrium (the entrance-room to a
dwelling or temple). There are eleven places in Ireland
called Lismore (the great enclosure) ; Lismore also in
Argyleshire ; Listowel (Tuathal's fort) ; Liscarrol (Carrol's
fort) ; Liscahane (Cathan's fort) ; Lissan, Lissane, Lessany

128 LI PA LOCH

(the little fort) ; Ballylesson (the town of the little fort) ;
Lisclogher (stone fort) ; Lislevane (the fort of the elm) ;
Lismullin (of the mill) ; Lisnadarragh (of the oaks) ;
Lisnaskea, i.e. Lios-na-sceithe (of the bush) ; Lissard (high
fort) ; Gortnalissa (the field of the fort) ; Lisbellaw, i.e.
Lios-bel-atha (the fort at the ford mouth) ; Dunluce (strong
fort) ; Thurles, Co. Tipperary, from Durlas (strong fort) ;
Rathurles (the rath of the strong fort) all in Ireland ;
Liskard or Liskeard (the enclosure on the height), in Corn-
wall and Cheshire ; Lostwithel, in Cornwall, i.e. Les-vthiel
(the lofty palace), one of the ancient seats of the Duke of
Cornwall ; Lesmahago, in Lanarkshire, Lat. Ecclesia-
Machute (the enclosure or church of St. Machute) ; Les-
neven, in Brittany, i.e. Les-an-Evan (the enclosure or palace
of Evan, Count of Leon) ; Leslie, in Fife (the enclosure on
the R. Leven) ; Lessudden or St. Boswell's, in Roxburgh-
shire, bears the first name from Aidan, the Bishop of
Lindesfarne, who is said to have lived there ; and its second
name from Boisel, a disciple of St. Cuthbert. The Spanish
llosa is akin to the Celtic lios, as in Lliosa-del-Obispo (the
bishop's enclosure).

LIPA (Sclav.), the linden-tree ; e.g. Leipzig, Lipten, Laubsdorf or
Libanoise, Lauban or Luban, Luben, Laubst, Labolz, etc.
(the places abounding in linden-trees) ; Lubeck and Lublin
may come from the same root, or from a Sclavonic word
signifying beloved.

LLWYD (Welsh), gray-brown ; e.g. Rhipyn Llwyd (the gray upland) ;
Llwyd-goed (gray wood).

//- ji. i- \ ( a lake ; e.p. Loch Broom (the lake

LOCH, LOUGH (Gadhelic), r , * . \ T i, /- / r

/} < of showers, braori) ; Loch Carron (of

LLWCH (Cym.-Cel.), J ., ' \ T , ~ . v

( the winding water) ; Loch Dome

(deep loch) ; Loch Duich, in Ross-shire (the lake of St.
Duthic, the same person from whom the town of Tain took
its Gaelic name, Baile- Duich, St. Dulhaick's town) ; Loch
Fyne (the fair lake) ; Loch Lomond (the lake of the elm-
tree river) ; Loch Nell (of the swan, eala) ; Loch Ness (of
the waterfall, i.e. of Foyers) v. EAS ; Loch Long (ship
lake, Scand. Skipafiord) ; Gareloch (short lake, gearr), in
Ross-shire, and also a branch of the Firth of Clyde ; Loch
Etive (dreary loch, eittdh) ; Lochlubnaig (the lake of the

LOCH 129

little bend, lubnaig) ; Lochbuie and Lochbuy (the yellow
loch) ; Lochmuic (of the wild boar) ; Lochgorm (blue
loch) ; Lochlaggan (of the hollow) ; Loch Tay (of the R.
Tay or Tamha, quiet river) ; Lochgelly (of the fair water) ;
Loch Maree (the lake of St. Malrube) ; Lochard (high
loch) ; Loch Awe and Loch Linnhe (here duplicate names,
aw signifying water and linne a pool) ; Loch-na-keal (the
loch of the cemetery, till) ; Loch Earn (the west loch, i.e.
west of Loch Tay) ; Lochgelly (white lake, gealicK) ; Loch
Katrine, probably the lake of the Caterans or freebooters ;
Benderloch, in Argyleshire, i.e. Bendaraloch (the hill
between the lakes) ; Lochnagar, i.e. Lochan-na-gabhar (the
little lake of the goats, at the base of the mountain to which
it gives its name) ; Lochmaben, probably the loch of the
bald headland, as in an old charter the castle at the head
of the loch is called Lochmalban; Lochfad (long loch), in
the Island of Bute, five miles long and scarce half a mile
broad ; Loch Achray, in Perthshire (the loch of the level
plain, reidh) ; Leuchars, in Fife, formerly Lough-yards, the
low grounds of the village used to lie under water for the
greater part of the year. In Ireland there are Lough Derg
(red lake), originally Loch Dergderc (the lake of the red
eye, connected with a legend) ; Lough Conn (from a per-
sonal name Conn) ; Loch Rea (gray or smooth lake, reidh,
smooth) ; as also Loch Ryan, in Kirkcudbright (of the
smooth water, reidhan) Loch Foyle (the lake of Febhal,
the son of Lodan) ; Loughan, Loughane (little lake) ;
Lochanaskin (the little lake of the eels) ; Lough Corrib,
corrupt, from Lough Orbsen (the lake of Orbsen or
Mannanan, over whose grave it is said to have burst forth) ;
Lough Erne, in Ireland, named from the Ernai, a tribe ;
Lough Finn, named after a lady called Finn, who was
drowned in its waters ; Lough, i.e. Loch-n'-Echach (the lake
of Eochy, a Munster chief, who, with his family, was over-
whelmed in the eruption which gave their origin to its
waters) ; Loch Swilly, probably a Scand. name, meaning
the lake of the surges or whirlpool, sivelchie. The town of
Carlow was originally Cetherloch (the quadruple lake, cether,
four), from a tradition that formerly the R. Barrow formed
four lakes at this spot.

K

130 LOCUS LUG

LOCUS CLat ) f a place ; e ' g ' Netle y> Lat Laeto-loco (at

T r /A c \ | the pleasant, cheerful place), so called

, T ^ /r- r i \ \ from a monastery founded there by

LOK, LLE (Cym.-Cel.), ] , j ,? f ,

LIEU(Fr) Mereward, King of Mercia, in 658;

[ Madley (the good place) ; Matlock (the

meat enclosure or storehouse) ; Leominster, Lat. Loaes-

fanum (temple place) ; Porlock or Portlock, in Somerset

(the place of the port) ; Lok-Maria-Ker (the town of Maria

Ker), in Brittany. In France : Richelieu (rich place) ;

Chaalis, anc. Carolis-locus (the place of Charles the Good,

Count of Flanders) ; Beaulieu (beautiful place) ; Loctudey,

at Finisterre, corrupt, from Loc-Sancti-Tudene (the place of

St. Tudy) ; Locdieu and Dilo, i.e. Dei-locus (God's place) ;

Lieusaint (holy place) ; Baslieu (low place).

//- j T-> ^ i.\ ( a meadow or thicket, and sometimes
LOH, LOO (Ger. and Dutch),

' " < a marsh ; e.g. Waterloo (watery

( meadow) ; Venloo (the marshy

meadow), and perhaps Lotivain may have the same mean-
ing; Groenloo (green thicket) ; Hohenlohe (the high marshy
meadow) ; Tongerloo (the marshy meadow of the Tungri) ;
Schwarzenloh (the black thicket) ; Anderlues (on the marsh).
//- \ (a path ; e.g. Iser-lohn (the path by the R. Iser) ;

/V, v\ \ Forstlohn (the path in the wood) ; Neerloon and
LOON (Dutch), ) _, .

/J ( Oberloon (the lower and upper path) ; Loon-op-

Zand (the path on the sand).

LUCUS (Lat ) f a Sa red gr ve ; e ' g ' Lug ' in Italy '

. V^TT'I t. x < anc. Lucus-Diatuz (the sacred grove

LLWYN (Welsh), a grove, ) ,. , T V, r

( of Diana); Lugo, in Spam, anc. Lucus-

Augusti (the sacred grove of Augustus) ; Les luches, in
France, near the remains of an ancient temple ; Luc, anc.
Lucus, in Dauphiny.

LUC LUKA fS 1 ^ ( a mars ^' c g nate with the Lat.

' /y-jt_ v \ ) lutum; e.g. Lusatia or Lausatz (the

LEOIG (Gadhehc), , ' & ,. T , r v , .

,V v marshy land) ; Lassahn, Ger. Lakt-

LAUK (Esthoman), j ,

V burgum (the town on the marsh) ;

Lugos or Lugosch, Luko and Leignitz, with the same mean-
ing, in Poland and Silesia ; Podlachia (near the marshes),
a district in Poland. The towns of Lyons, Laon, and Leyden
were formerly named Ltigdimum (the fortress in the marshy
land) ; Paris was formerly Lutetia-Parisiorum (the marshy

LUND MAES 131

land of the Parisii). In France : Loches, formerly Lttcca;
and Lochice (the marshy land) ; and Loche, formerly Loch-
eium (the marshy dwelling), in the departments of Indre et
Loire.

LUND (Scand.), a sacred grove ; e.g. Lund, towns in Sweden and
in the Shetlands ; Lundgarth (the enclosed grove), in York-
shire ; Lundsthing (the place of meeting at the grove), in
Shetland ; Charlottenlund, Christianslund, and Fredericks-
lund (the grove of Charlotte, Christian, and Frederick), vill-
ages in Denmark ; and perhaps the island Lundy, in the
Bristol Channel.

LUST, LYST (Teut.), pleasure applied, in topography, to a palace
or lordly mansion ; e.g. Ludwigslust, Charlottenlust, Raven-
lust (the palaces of Ludovick, of Charlotte, and of Hrafen) ;
Lostwithel, in Cornwall (the manor of Withel), in the old
Brit, language, Pen Uchel coet (the lofty hill in the wood,
and the Uzella of Ptolemy) ; Lustleigh (the valley of plea-
sure), in Devon.

LUTTER, LAUTER (Teut.), bright, clear; e.g. Lutri, on Lake Geneva;
Luttar, in Brunswick (the bright place) ; Latterbach and
Lauterburn (clear stream) ; Lauterburg, in Alsace, on the
R. Lauter ; Lutterworth (the bright farm) ; Lauterecken, in
Bavaria, at the corner, eck, of the R. Lauter.

LUTZEL LYTEL (Teut ) ( SmaU ' 6 ' g ' Lut S enrode ( the little clear -

LILLE (Scand ) } ing ^ ; Luxembur & corrupt, from Lutzel-

{ burg (small fortress), Latinised Lucis-
Burgum (the city of light), and hence passing into Lux-
emburg ; Lucelle or Lutzel, in Alsace ; Lutzelsten (the small
rock), in Alsace.

M

MAEN (Welsh), a stone ; e.g. Maentwrog (the tower-like pillar), a
parish in Merioneth ; Maen or Dewi (St. David's possession).

,//- /- i \ ( a meadow or field, cognate with the
MAES,orFAES(Cym.-Cel.), l~ . 7 ' ' ,,

/ A o \ } Gael, magn: e.g. Maescar (the pool

MOED, Or MEAD (A.S.), < . , - .*. J .' & . , v -*??!

MATTE (Ger ) ) ! n ' ' Maisemore (SF**- field )>

^ in Brecknock and Gloucestershire ;

Marden, in Hereford, anc. Maes-y-durdin (the field of the

132 MAGENMAGH

water camp) ; Basaleg, a parish in Wales. The name has
been corrupted Maes-aleg, signifying elect land, from an
event famous in Welsh history, which took place there.
Maes-teg (the fair field) ; Maes-yr-onnen (the field of ash-
trees) ; Cemmaes (the plain of the ridge, cefri) ; Maes-y-
Mynach (monk field) ; Cemmaes, i.e. Cefn-maes (the ridge
of the plain), in Wales ; Runnymede, Co. Surrey (the
meadow of the council), Latinised Pratum-concilii ; Ander-
matt (on the meadow) ; Zermatt (at the meadow), in
Switzerland ; Matterhorn (the peak of the meadow) ;
Aeschenmatt (ash-tree meadow) ; Maes-Garmon (the field
of St. Germanus), in Wales ; Soultzmatt (the meadow of
mineral waters, salz), in Alsace.

MAGEN, MEKEN, or MAIN (Teut.), great ; e.g. the R. Main, anc.
Magen-aha (great water) ; Mainland, anc. Meginland (great
island), in the Orkneys ; Mainhardt (great wood) ; Mein-
ingen (the great field) v. GEN in Germany.

,,,,., C a field or plain, corrupt, into Maw

MAGH (Gadhelic), i/r T !i i.

//- <~ i\ -j \ or Moy, Latinised magus; e.g. Magh-
MACH (Cym.-CelA a ridge, j , * ,

' ( breagh (the beautiful plain), in

Ireland, extending from the R. Liffey to the borders of Co.
Louth ; Moy and May (the plain), both in Ireland and in
Scotland; Moidart (the high plain), in Inverness-shire; Mayo
(the plain of yew-trees) ; Moynalty, Irish Magh-nealta (the
plain of the flocks) ; Macosquin, in Londonderry, corrupt,
from Magh-Cosgrain (the field of Cosgrain) ; Mallow, in
Cork, Magh-Ealla (the plain of the R. Allo or Ealla, now
the Blackwater) ; Moville and Movilla (the plain of the old
tree, bile) ; Moycoba, for Magh-Coba (the plain of Coba) ;
Machaire, a derivative from Magh, is found under the forms
of Maghera and Maghery, thus Magheracloone (the plain
of the meadow) ; Magheraculmony (the plain at the back of
the shrubbery) ; Maynooth (the plain of Nuadhat) ; Moira,
corrupt, from Magh-rath (the plain of the forts), Co. Down ;
Moyarta (the plain of the grave, ferta). In Scotland we find
Rothiemay, in Banff, corrupt, from Rath-na-magh (the castle
of the plain) ; Monievaird, i.e. M agh-na-bhaird (the plain
of the bards), in Perthshire ; Machynlleth (the ridge on the
slope), a town in Montgomeryshire, Wales. In its Latin-
ised form this word is found in Marcomagus, now Margagen

MA HA MAN 1 33

(the plain of the Marcomanni) ; Juliomagus and Csesa.ro-
magus (of Julius and Caesar) ; Noviomagus (the new plain) ;
and again the same word became magen or megen among
the Teutonic races, thus Noviomagus became Nimeguen ;
Nozon was anc. Noviomagus or Noviodunum; Riom, in
France, anc. Ricomagus (rich plain) ; Maing or Meung, on
the Loire, formerly Magus ; Argenton, Argentomagus (silver
field) ; Rouen, anc. Rothomagus (the fort on the plain).
The ancient name of Worms was Bartomagus, which Butt-
man says means high field ; its present name was corrupted
from Vormatia; Mouzon, in France, was Mosomagus (the
plain of the R. Meuse).

MAHA (Sansc.), great ; e.g. Mahabalipoor (the city of the great god
Bali) ; Mahanuddy (the great river) ; Mahadea Mountains
(the mountains of the great goddess) ; Maha-vila-ganga (the
great sandy river) ; Mantote, in Ceylon, corrupt, from Maha-
Totta (the great ferry).

MAHAL, MAL, or MOLD (Teut.), the place of meeting ; e.g. Mahl-
burg or Mailburg, in Lower Austria (the town of the place
of meeting) ; Detmold, anc. Theotmalli (the people's meet-
ing-place ; Wittmold (the meeting-place in the wood) ;
Moldfelde (in the field) ; Malton (the town of the meeting),
in Yorkshire ; Maulden (the valley of the meeting), in Bed-
fordshire ; Kirch-ditmold (the church at the meeting-place).

MALY, or MALKI (Sclav.), little ; e.g. Malinek, Malinkowo, Malenz,
Malchow, Malkow, Malkowitz (little town) ; Maliverck (the
little height).

MAN, or MAEN (Cym.-Cel.), a place or district ; Maenolat Mainor,
Welsh (a possession), akin to the Lat. mansio and the Fr.
maison. From this word may be derived Maine, a province
of France ; Mans and Mantes, although more directly they
may probably come from the Cenomanni, a people who for-
merly inhabited that district in France ; Mantua, in Italy,
and La Mancha, in Spain, may be placed under this
head ; also Manchester, anc. Mancuntum, and Mancester,
anc. Manduessedum; Menteith, in Perthshire, the district
of the R. Teith. In the Welsh language the letter m is
changed into f, and pronounced v, and fan abridged to fa,
thus Brawdfa (the place of judgment) ; Eisteddfa (the
sitting place) ; Gorphwzsfa (resting place) ; Morfa (the shore

134 MANSUSMARK

or sea place) ; Manaera (the place of slaughter), probably
the site of a battle ; Manclochog (the ringing-stone). 1

MANSUS (Lat.), a farm or rural dwelling, to which was attached a
certain portion of land. It was often contracted into mas,
miex, or mex; e.g. La Manse, Mansac, Manselle, Le Mas,
Beaumets, Beaumais, in France. The Manse, i.e. the dwell-
ing and glebe attached to a parish in Scotland ; Mains, a
parish in Forfar.

MANTIL (Old Ger.), the fir-tree ; e.g. Mantilholz (the fir-wood) ;
Mantilberg (fir-tree hill) ; Zimmermantil (the room or
dwelling at the fir-trees).

MAR, a Ger. word, used both as an affix and a prefix, with
various meanings. As a prefix, it occasionally stands for
mark (a boundary), as in Marbrook (the boundary brook),
and March wiail (the boundary of poles), in Wales ; some-
times for a marsh, as in Marbach, on the Danube, and
Marburg, on the Neckar ; sometimes also for mark, an Old
Ger. word for a horse, as in Marburg, on the R. Lahn, and
Marburg and Mardorf (horse town), in Hesse. As an affix,
it is an adjective, and signifies, in the names of places and
persons, clear, bright, distinguished, or abounding in ; e.g.
Eschmar (abounding in ash-trees) ; Geismar (in goats) ;
Horstmar (in wood) ; Weimar (in the vine).
RIC fC \ (the boundary; e.g. Styria or Stiermark, the

M (f^^\ J Boundary of the R. Steyer ; Markstein (the

,' ''! j boundary stone) ; Markhaus (the dwelling on the
^ ''' (^ border) ; March, a town in Cambridge; La
Marche (the frontier), a domain in France, having been the
boundary between the Franks and Euskarians ; Mercia,
one of the kingdoms of the Heptarchy, bordering on Wales ;
and Murcia, in Spain, the boundary district between the
Moorish kingdom of Granada and the other parts of Spain ;
Newmark, Altmark, Mittelmark (the new, old, and middle
boundary), in Germany ; Mark, in the Scandinavian lan-
guage, meant a plain or district, thus Denmark means the
plain of the Danes ; Finnmark (of the Finns) ; Markbury,
in Cheshire ; Markley, in Hereford (the boundary town and
field). The Marcomanni were the March or boundary men

1 It obtained the name from two large stones that lay on the roadside near
the church, and possessed that property.

MARKT MEDINA 135

of the Sclavonic frontier of Germany ; the R. March or
Morava, the boundary between Lower Austria and Hungary ;
Marbecq and Marbeque, rivers in France ; Mardick (the
boundary dike).

MAKJCT (T t\ ( a mar ^ et > sometimes found as mart ; e.g. Markt-
" 1 miihle (the market mill) ; Marktham, Markt-
( flecken (market-town), in Germany ; Martham,
also in Norfolk ; Neumarkt in Germany, and Newmarket
in England (new market-town) ; Martock, in Somerset (the
oak-tree under which the market of the district used to be
held) ; Market-Raisin, in Lincoln, on the R. Raisin ; Bibert-
Markt, in Bavaria, on the R. Bibert ; Kasmarkt, in Hun-
gary, corrupt, from Kaiser-Markt (the emperor's market-
town) ; Donnersmarkt, the German translation or corrup-
tion of Csotartokhely (the Thursday market-place), in Hun-
gary. The cattle-market at Stratford-on-Avon is still called
the Rother-market, from an old word rather, for horned
cattle.

MARSA (Ar.), a port ; e.g. Marsala, in Sicily, i.e. Marsa-Allah
(the port of God) ; Marsalquivir, i.e. Marsal-el-kebir (the
great port). In Malta : Marsa-scala, Marsa-scirocco, Marsa-
muscetto, Marsa Torno.

MAS (Irish), the thigh applied in topography to a long low
hill ; e.g. Massreagh (gray hill) ; Mausrower (thick hill) ;
Massareene, i.e. Mas-a-rioghna (the queen's hill) ; but
Massbrook, Co. Mayo, is not from this root ; it is a trans-
lation of Sruthan-an-aiffrinn (the brook where the mass
used to be celebrated).

MAUM, MOYM, or MAM, Irish madhm (a mountain pass or chasm) ;
e.g. Maum-Turk (the boar's pass) ; Maumakeogh (the pass
of the mist); Maumnaman (of the women) ; Maumnahaltora
(of the altar).

MAVRO (Modern Grk.), black ; e.g. Mavrovouno (the black
mountain) ; Mavro Potamo (the black river), in Greece ;
Mavrovo and Mavroya (the black town), in Turkey.

MAWR, by mutation fawr, Welsh (great) v. MOR, p. 143.

MEDINA (Ar.), a city or the metropolis ; e.g. Medina, in Arabia,
called by the Arabs Medinat-al-Nabi (the city of the
prophet). In Spain : Medina-de-las-torres (the city of the
towers); Medina- del -campo (of the plain); Medina-del-

136 MEERMENIL

pomar (of the apple-orchard) ; Medina-del-rio-seco (of the
dry river-bed) ; Medina-Sidonia (of the Sidonians). This
city was so named by the Moors, because they believed it
to have been built on the site of the Phoenician city Asidur.

MEER, MERE (Teut.), a lake, sea, or marsh ; e.g. Blakemere (the
black lake, blaec), in Hereford ; Great Marlow or Merelow
(the hill by the marsh); Cranmere (the crane's lake or
marsh) ; Winandermere, so called, according to Camden,
from the winding of its shores ; Wittleseamere, Buttermere,
and Ellsmere, probably from personal names ; Meerfeld,
Meerhof, Meerholz, and Meerhout (the field, court, and
wood near the lake or marsh), in Holland. But mere, in
place-names, is said sometimes to mean a boundary thus
Merse, the other name for Berwickshire, may mean either
the marshy land or the boundary county between England
and Scotland. Closely connected with meer (a lake) are
the words in the Celtic as well as in the Teutonic languages,
denoting marshy lands, z>. lands that have lain under water,
and are still partially submerged such as merse, A.S. ;
morast, Ger. ; morfa, Welsh ; marts/t, Gadhelic ; marsk,
Scand. ; and marais, Fr. Many places in Great Britain
and the Continent derive their names from these words, thus
the Maros or Marosh ; and the Morava (marshy rivers);
Moravia (the district of the marshy river) ; Morast, in
Sweden (the town on the marsh) ; Merton, in Berwickshire
(the town on the marsh) ; Morebattle, in Roxburghshire, anc.
Mereboda (the dwelling on the marsh) ; Ostermarsh (east
marsh), in Holland; Marengo (the marshy field), in Italy;
Les Moeres (the marshes), in Flanders ; Marchienne,
Marchienes, Maresche, Maresches, Marest, etc., in France ;
Marcienisi, in Italy (marshy localities). The River Mersey
may come from this word, or it may mean the border river
between England and Wales.

MENIL, MESNIL (Fr.), from Mansionile, the dim. of mansusj e.g.
Grandmenil (the great dwelling or hamlet) ; Le Menil-la-
comtesse (the manor of the countess) ; Mesnil-eglise (the
church hamlet) ; Mesnil-Guillaume, Mesnil-Gilbert, Mesnil-
Jourdan, named from the proprietors ; Mesnil-sur-PEstree
(the hamlet on the Roman road called Strata Estree) Les
Menils, Menillot, etc., in France.

MENZIL MINSTER 137

MENZIL (Ar.), a village ; e.g. Miselmeri, corrupt, from Menzil-el-
Emir (the emir's village) ; Mezojuso, from Menzil- Yusuf
(the village of Joseph).
,,, , , ( little, cognate with the Lat. minor; e.g. the Rivers

J\ < Minnow and Mynwy, in Wales : the Mincio, in
MIO (Scand.), ) . , . ,,. ' : , ,, /',

( Italy ; the Mmho, in Portugal ; Minorca (the

less), in opposition to Majorca (the greater island) ; Miosen
(the little sea or lake), in Norway.

MICKLA, MYCEL (Teut. and Scand.), great, Scotch muckle; e.g.
Mickledorf, Michelstadt, Michelham, Mickleton (great
dwelling) ; Micklebeck (great brook) ; Michelau (great
meadow) ; Mitchelmerse (the great marsh) ; Mecklenburg,
anc. Mikilinberg (the great town or hill fort) ; Muchelney
(the great island), in Somersetshire, formed by the conf.
of the Rivers Ivel and Parret ; Meikle Ferry (the great
ferry), on Dornoch Firth ; Micklegarth (the great enclosure),
the Scandinavian name for Constantinople, Grk. Megalo-
polis; but mikil or miklos, especially in Russia and Hun-
gary, is often an abbreviation of St. Nicholas, and denotes
that the churches in these places were dedicated to that
saint" thus Mikailov, Mikhailovskaia, Mikhalpol (St.
Nicholas's towns), in Russia; Miklos-Szent and Miklos-
Nagy-Szent, in Hungary ; Mikolajow, in Poland ; Mitcham,
in Surrey, in Doomsday is Michelham.

MIN, MEN, or MAEN (Cym.-Cel.), a high rock or the brow of a
hill ; e.g. Maen-du (black rock), in Monmouth ; Minto, a
parish in Roxburghshire, on the brow of a steep hill ; Meon-
stoke (hill station) ; East and West Meon, in Gloucester-
shire ; Mendabia (at the foot of the hill), in Spain ; Alt-
maen, corrupt, to " Old Man of Coniston," in the Lake
country, and to the " Old Man of Hoy," in the Orkneys ;
the " Dodmaen," in Cornwall v. DODD has been cor-
rupted to Deadman.

MINSTER, MYNSTER (A.S.), j ? m nk ' S ^"^ rm naste T,
MUENSTER (Ger.), * ence a Cathedral -Lat. monas-

[ tertum ; e.g. Illmmster, Axminster,

Stourminster, Kremmunster, Charminster (the monasteries
on the Rivers 111, Ax, Stour, Krem, and Char) ; Beam-
minster, Co. Dorset, named after St. Bega ; Kidderminster

138 MIRMITTEL

(the monastery of Earl Cynebert) ; Westminster (the min-
ster west of St. Paul's) ; Warminster (near the weir or dam
of the R. Willey) ; Monasteranenagh (the monastery of the
fair) ; Monasterboice (of St. Bcethus) ; Monasterevin (of
St. Evin), in Ireland ; Monasteria de la Vega (of the plain),
in Spain. In France : Moutier, Moustier, Moustoir, Mun-
ster, Monestier (the monastery) ; Montereau, Montreuil,
Marmoutier (the monastery of St. Martin) ; Masmoutier
(of Maso) ; Noirmoutier and Rougemoutier (the black and
red monastery) ; Toli-Monaster or Bitolia (the monastery
of the beech-trees), in Turkey ; Munster (the monastery),
in Alsace ; but Munster, a province in Ireland, is com-
pounded from the Scand. ster qu. v. and the Irish
Mumha, a king's name ; Munster-eifel (the monastery at
the foot of the Eifel-berg).

MIR (Sclav.), peace ; e.g. Mirgorod (the fortress of peace) ;
Miropol, Mirowitz, Mirow (the town of peace).

MITTEL, MIDDEL (Teut. and Scand.), j * e m T id ? le ' CO f ate *

dav.), i the Lat - r^' 5^.

( mesas, and Gadhehc

meadhon; e.g. Middleby, Middleton, Middleham, Mitton,
Middleburg (the middle town) ; Middlesex (the territory of
the middle Saxons) ; Middlewich (the middle salt manufac-
tory), in Cheshire v. WICH ; Midhurst (the middle wood),
in Sussex ; Midmar (the middle district of Mar), in Aber-
deenshire ; Ardmeanadh, Gael. Ardmeadhonadh (the middle
height), being the Gaelic name for Cromarty ; Mitford (the
middle ford) ; Melton-Mowbray, sometimes written Medel-
tune (the middle town), formerly belonging to the Mowbray
family ; Mittelgebirge (the middle mountain range) ; Mittel-
walde, Sclav. Medzibor (the middle of the wood), in Silesia ;
Methwold, in Norfolk, with the same meaning ; Mittweyda
(in the midst of pasture ground), in Saxony ; Methley and
Metfield (middle field) ; Meseritz and Meseritsch, i.e. mied-
zyvreka (in the midst of streams), in Moravia and Pomer-
ania ; Mediasch (in the midst of waters), in Hungary ;
Misdroi (in the midst of woods), in Pomerania ; Mediter-
ranean Sea (in the middle of the land) ; Media (the middle
country, as then known) ; Mesopotamia, Grk. (the country
between the rivers) ; Mediolanum (in the midst of the plain

ML AD YMOIN 1 39

or land) v. LANN the ancient name of Milan, Saintes, and
some other towns.

MLADY, MLODY (Sclav.), new ; e.g. Mladiza, Mladowitz, Mladzo-
witz (new town), in Bohemia ; Bladen and Bladow, corrupt,
from Mladen, with the same meaning, in Silesia.

/a round hill or a bald promontory,

MOEL (Lym.-LeL) I &n adjective signifying bald and

MAOL, MEALL (Gadhelic), < , \. , ^ ?.,/ & ,

' , . v . J ft en applied to hills and promon-

( tories, thus the Mull or promon-
tory of Cantyre and Galloway ; Meldrum, in Aberdeenshire,
and Meeldrum, in Ireland (the bald ridge) ; Melrose, i.e.
Maol-ros (the bald headland), Old Melrose having been
situated on a peninsula formed by the Tweed ; the Eildon
Hills, near Melrose, corrupt, from Moeldun (bald hill) ; the
Island of Mull, one of the Hebrides ; Mealfourvounie (the
hill of the cold moor), in Inverness-shire ; Glassmeal (gray
hill), in Perth ; Malvern (the bald hill of the alders, gwer-
neri) ; Moel-y-don (the hill of the waves), in Anglesea ;
Moel-Aelir (the frosty hill) ; Muldonach (the hill of Donald),
one of the Hebrides ; Moel-Try-garn (the ridge of the three
cairns) ; Moel-Eilio (the mount of construction) ; Moel-y-crio
(the hill of shouting) ; Moel-ben-twrch (boar's head hill), in
Wales ; Moel-cwm-Cerwyn (the bald dingle of the cauldron) ;
Moelfre, corrupt, from Moelbre (bald hill), in Wales. In
Ireland this word often takes the form of moyle, as in Kil-
moyle (bald church) ; Rathmoyle, Lismoyle, Dunmoyle
(the bald or dilapidated fort) ; Mweelbane (the white hill) ;
Meelgarrow (rough hill) ; Meelshane (John's bald hill) ;
Mweel-na-horna (the bald hill of the barley) ; Maulagh
(abounding in hillocks) ; Mullaghmeen (smooth hillock) ;
Mulboy (yellow hillock), etc. ; Mullanagore and Mullana-
gower (the little summit of the goats). In Wales : Moel-
hebog (hawk hill) ; Moel-eryn (eagle hill), in Wales. The
Mool of Aswich and the Mool of Land, in Shetland.

tr- ju r \ ( a moss or bog. In Ireland : Mona-
MOIN, MOINE (Gadhelic), & ,, . , ., ,.,

' /J < braher, i.e. Moin-nam-bratnar (the

{ bog of the friars) ; Monalour (of the

lepers) ; Moneen (the little bog) ; Ballynamona (the town
of the bog) ; Monard (high bog) ; Montiagh, for Mointeach

140 MONCH MONDE

(the boggy place) ; Monabrock (the badger's moss) ; Mon-
roe (the red moss) ; Mon is, however, sometimes used
instead of monadh (a rising ground in a moor), as in Co.
Monaghan, Muineachan (abounding in little hills) ; which
country, however, according to the Annals of the Four
Masters, was named from its chief town (the town of monks).
In Scotland : Moin, a moorland district in Sutherlandshire ;
Monzie and Moonzie (the mossy land), in Fife and Perth-
shire ; Montrose (the boggy promontory) ; Mon, again for
monadh, in Monimail (bald hill), in Fife ; Moncrieffe (the
woody hill, craobach) ; Moness (the hill of the cascade,
eas).
,_ , a monk, from the Greek monos (alone) ;

MONCH (Ger.), n/r i 4. TV/T i ^ A

>. '' e.g. Monkton, Monkstown, Monkswood,

^ ,' ''!, .. . Monkland, named from lands belonging
MONACH (Gadhehc). ', T ,,.. , ft ,

.V, (' to the monks ; Le Monch (the monk), one

MYNACH (Cym.-Cel.), *^ v x. r ^ T, AI

of the highest of the Bernese Alps ; Mon-

achty (the monks' dwelling), in Wales ; Llan-y-mynach (the
monks' church or enclosure), Co. Salop ; Monksilver, in
Somerset, corrupt, from Monk-sylva (the monks' wood) ;
Monkleagh (the monks' meadow) ; Munsley, with the same
meaning, in Hereford ; Monach-log-ddu (the place of the
black monks), in Wales ; Munchberg (monk's hill), in
Bavaria ; Munchengratz (the monks' fortress), in Bohemia ;
Munich and Munchingen (belonging to the monks), in
Germany.

, . ( a river mouth j e.g. Dortmund, Fisch-

MONDE, MUND (Ger.),

/c j \ \ mund, Dendermund, Roermonde,
MUNNI, MINDE (Scand.), ) .. , j

" ( Travemunde, Saarmund, Tanger-

miinde, Ysselmonde, Rupelmonde, Orlamunda, Stolpe-
miinde, Swinmund or Sweinemund, Ukermiinde, Warne-
munde, at the mouth of the rivers forming the first part
of these names ; Miinden, in Hanover (at the mouths of the
Rivers Werra and Fulda) ; Monmouth (at the conf. of the
Mynwy and Wye) ; Plymouth, Falmouth, Sidmouth, Yar-
mouth, Grangemouth, Teignmouth, Wearmouth, Cocker-
mouth, at the mouths of these rivers ; Bishop's Wearmouth,
founded by Biscop in the middle of the seventh century ;
Deulemont, in France, at the mouth of the Deule ; Glad-
mouth, in Wales, formerly Cledemuth, at the mouth of the

MONE YMONT 1 4 1

Clede or Cleddy ; Minde, in Iceland, at the mouth of Lake
Miosen.

MONEY, a frequent prefix in Irish names from muine (a brake or
shrubbery) ; eg. Moneymore, Moneybeg (the great and little
shrubbery) ; Moneygorm (the blue shrubbery) ; Moneyduff
(the black or dark shrubbery) ; Moneygall (the shrubbery
of the strangers).

. j T \ ( a mountain, from the

MONT, MONTE (Fr. and It), I T . ,

, ' , T, . x < Lat. mans, and cog-

MONTANA and MONTE (Span, and Port.), ) . , ' ?

' ( nate with the Gadhelic

monadh, and the Cym.-Cel. mynydd; e.g. Montalto (high
mount) ; Montauban (the mount of Albanus) ; Montechiaro
(clear mount) ; Monte-fosoli (brown mount) ; Montehermosa
(beautiful mount), in Spain ; Montenegro, Turc. Karadagh,
Sclav. Zerna-gora (black mount), in Turkey ; Beaumont,
Chaumont, Haumont (the beautiful, bald, and high mount) ;
Montereale and Montreal (the royal hill) ; Montreal, in
Canada, so named by Cartier in 1555; Monte-Rosa, anc.
Mons-sylva (woody hill) ; Monte-Video (the prospect mount) ;
Montmartre, anc. Mons-Martyrum (the hill of the martyrdom
of St. Denis), but its earlier name was Mons-Martis (the
hill of Mars) ; Montmirail, Lat. Mons-mirabilis (the wonder-
ful mountain) ; Remiremont, Lat. Romaries-mons, founded
by St. Romarie in 620; Monte-Cavallo, corrupt, from Monte-
Calvaria (the Mount of Calvary), so called from a number
of chapels, in which were represented the successive scenes
of our Lord's passion. From monticellus, the diminutive
of mont, have arisen such place-names as Moncel, Le
Monchel, Monchelet, etc. ; Mont d'Or (golden mount), in
Auvergne; Montefrio (cold mount), in Spain; Montpellier, Lat.
Mons-puellarum (the hill of the young girls), so called from
two villages belonging to the sisters of St. Fulcrum ; Mont-
serrat (the serrated hill) ; Clermont (bright hill) ; Mondragon
and Montdragone (the dragon's hill) ; Monfalcone (hawk
hill) ; Mons, Ger. BergJten (hill town), in Belgium ; Piedmont
(at the foot of the Alps) ; Floremont or Blumenberg (flowery
hill), in Alsace ; Montaign and Monthen, anc. Mons-acutus
(sharp or peaked hill) ; Montigny, Montignac (mountainous) ;
Jeumont, anc. Jovismons (the hill of Jove), in France ;
Mount Pilatus (the mount with the cap of clouds, hompileus,

I 4 2 MONT MOOS

Lat. a felt cap) ; Richmond, in Yorkshire, named from a
castle in Brittany, from which the Earl of Richmond took
his title, meaning the rich or fertile hill ; Richmond, in
Surrey, named by the Earl after his Yorkshire estate, for-
merly called Shene from the splendour of the royal residence
there, sane, A.S. (splendid); Righimont, in Switzerland, cor-
rupt. from Mons-regius (royal hill) ; Montacute (sharp hill),
in Somerset ; Tras-os-Montes (beyond the hills), in Portugal ;
Apremont, in France, for Aspromonte (rough hill) ; Pyrmont,
corrupt, from Mons-Petrus (St. Peter's mount) ; Montferrato
(the fortified hill). Mont also signified a hill fort, like berg
and dttn, as in Montalcino (the fort of Alcinous), in Italy ;
Montgomery, in Wales, (the fortress of Roger de Mont-
gomerie, who erected a castle there in 1093) its earlier
name was Tre-Faldwyn (the dwelling of Baldwin, a Nor-
man knight) ; Charlemont, in France, named after Charles
V.; Henri chemont, after Henri -Quatre. In Wales: the
town of Mold, abbreviated from Mons-altus (high fort)
the Normans built a castle there ; Mynydd-du (black hill) ;
Mynydd-mawr (great hill) ; Mynydd-moel (bald hill). In
Scotland : Monadh-ruadh (the red mount or the mountli),
the Gaelic name for the Grampians ; Mount Battock, Gael.
Monadh-beatach (the raven's hill) ; Mountbenjerlaw, in
Selkirkshire, originally Ben-Yair (the hill of the R. Yair),
to which the A.S. law and the Norman mount were added.
But monadh in Gael, signifies a mountain range, and some-
times a moor, as Monadh-leath (the gray mountain range).
Probably Mendip, in Somerset, is the deep hill, Welsh d-wfn
and mynyddj Monimail (bald hill) ; Monifieth (the hill or
moor of the deer, feidK). The Mourne Mountains, in
Ireland, means the mountains of the tribe ; Mughhorna.
Mon, in the Basque language, also signifies a hill, and is
found in Monzon, an ancient town of Spain, with a hill fort ;
Monda and Mondonedo, in Spain ; and Mondego, in
Portugal ; and in Carmona (hill summit), in Spain.

/o j \ ( mossy ground ; e.%. Donaumoss

MOOS (Ger.), MOS (Scand.), I moi f ead ow of the Danube);

MECH, MOCK (Sclav.), | ^ osston > the town on the mos

ground) ; Moseley (moss-field or valley) ; Moscow, on the
R. Moskwa (mossy water) ; Mossow, Mehzo, Mochow,

MOR MOR 143

Mochlitz (the mossy ground) ; Mohacs, Ger. Margetta (the
marshy or mossy island), in the Danube ; Miesbach (the
district of the mossy brook), in Bavaria. The Irish word
meet hail (soft mossy land) is almost synonymous with these
roots. It is found in Mohill, Co. Leitrim ; Mothel in
Waterford, and Mothell in Kilkenny ; Cahermoyle (the
stone fort of the mossy land) in Ireland, and in Muthil in
Perthshire.

MOR, MOER (Teut. and Scand.), waste land, heath ; Scot, muir ;
e.g. Moorby, Morton, and Moreton (the dwelling on the
moor) ; Morpeth (the moor path) ; Oudemoor (the old
moor), and Oostmoer (east moor), in Holland ; Moorlinch
(the moor ridge, htinc) ; Lichtenmoer (the cleared moor) ;
Muirkirk (the church in the moor), in Argyleshire ; Murroes,
corrupt, from Muirhouse, a parish in Co. Forfar ; Tweeds-
muir (the moor at the source of the R. Tweed), a parish in
Peeblesshire ; Muiravonside (the mossy land on the banks
of the R. Avon), in Stirlingshire.

, ,, ,. x great ; e.g. Morven (the great

MOR (Gadhelic), vm u-n V u

//- /- i \ u * ben or hill), a hill in Caithness

MAWR(Cym.-CeL), or by mutation , , ". ., , ..

,. ^ ' AT i r nf an d also in Aberdeenshire ;

fawr; e.g. Morlais for Mawr- ,, , T

J , . , , * , N ., Morven or Morvern, i.e. Mor-
clais (the great trench), the

name of a ruined castle near

passes.

Earrain (the great district),

/- j-cc u -I*, u m Argyleshire, called by the

Cardiff, built above a deep , 6 T > iu *

', , , . , , , Gaels Kenalban, corrupt, from

gully, through which a brook

Cenealbaltyn, i.e. the tribe of
Baldan, a personal name ; Ken-
more (the great headland), on Loch Tay ; Penmaen-mawr
(the great stone-hill), in Wales.

,~ ^ , j c T \ ( the sea, cognate with the Lat. mare.

MOR (Cym.-Cel. and Sclav.), I , . ' , .

//- ju T \ l an " its derivatives in the Romance
MUIR (Gadhelic), , ,

/inr i u\ u 1 languages, and the Teut. meerj e.g.

MORFA (Welsh), sea-marsh, I . '

^Armonca or Brittany, and Pomer-

ania (the districts on the sea-shore) ; Morbihan (the little
sea), in Brittany; Morlachia or Moro- Vlassi (the Wallachs'
or strangers' land by the sea) v. WALSCH ; Morlaix (a
place on the sea-shore), in Brittany ; Glamorgan, Welsh
gwlad-morgant (the district of Morgan Mawr, an ancient
king of Wales) ; Morgan, in Cornwall, i.e. by the sea-shore ;
Maracaybo(the headland by the sea-shore), in South America ;

144 MOSTMllHLE

Parimaribo (the dwelling near the sea), in South America ;
Connemara, in Ireland, Irish Conmac-ne-Mara, the de-
scendants of Conmac (by the sea-side).

MOST (Sclav.), a bridge ; e.g. Dolgemost (long bridge) ; Maust,
Most, Mostje (the place at the bridge), in Bohemia ;
Babimost (the old woman's bridge, i.e. the fragile bridge),
abbreviated to Bomst ; Priedemost (the first bridge), in
Silesia ; Mostar (old bridge), a town in Turkey.

MOT, or MOOT (A.S.), the place of assembly, where the Anglo-
Saxons held their courts of justice ; e.g. Mote-hill, at Scone ;
the Moat Hill, near Hawick ; the Mote of Galloway ; the
Moat of Dull, in Perthshire, and of Hamilton, on Strath-
clyde ; Moot-hill, at Naseby ; and in the Lake District,
Montay and Caermote ; Moothill also appears in Aberdeen-
shire ; Almoot, near Peterhead, meaning the meeting-place
on the height, has been corrupted into Old Maud, and the
railway company have called their station New Maud. It
is found in the Gaelic name for the Island of Bute, Baile-
mhoide (the dwelling of the courts of justice), but in this
case, as in Ireland, the word was probably borrowed from
the Saxons. The word is found in Ireland, signifying a
large mound, as well as in connection with the courts of
justice as in Tom-an-mhoid (the hill of the court of justice);
La Motte, Fr. (a hillock), common in France.

MilHLE (Ger.), MYLEN (AS.), f a mil1 ' ^ C ? nat / ? With the L f

MUILENN (Gadhelic), ola > and , lts derivatlves > n the

Romance languages ; e.g. Mulen-

MELIN (Cym.-Cel.),
MLYN (Sclav.),

MOLEN (Dutch),

bach and Molinbech (mill brook) ;
Miihlan, Miihldorf, Miihlhausen,

Muhlheim (mill dwelling) ; Mo-
leneynde (mill corner), in Germany and Holland. In Eng-
land and Scotland : Melbourne, Milton, Millwick, Milford,
Milden, Milnathorpe (the stream, town, ford, hollow, farm,
of the mill) ; but Milton, in Kent and in Dorsetshire, are
corrupt, from middle town ; Moulin, a parish in Perthshire.
In France : Moulins (the mills), so called from the great
number of water mills formerly on the R. Allier; Miilhausen
or Mulhouse, in Alsace, celebrated for its manufactures ;
Molina, a manufacturing town in Murcia ; also in Spain,
Molinos-del-Rey (the king's mills). In Ireland : Mullina-

MULLAGHNAES 145

hone (the mill of the cave) ; Mullinavat (of the stick) ;
Mullintra (of the strand) ; Mullinakil (of the church). In
Sclavonic districts : Mlineh, Mlinki, Mlinsk, Mlinow, etc.
MULLAGH (Gadhelic), the top or summit, and sometimes applied
to hills of a considerable height; e.g. Mullaghmeen (the
smooth summit) ; Mulkeergh (the summit of the sheep,
caotrich) ; Mullan (the little summit), in Ireland ; probably
the Island of Mull, in the Hebrides.

., . /a wall ; e.g. Maurs (the walled town), in France ;
^ r *'' J also Villa -de-Muro-cincto (the dwelling sur-

, v ) rounded by walls) ; Morsain, in 879 Muro-

MURA (Sclav.), I . e ' , ', , 11 \ n/r i / u

" \ anctus (surrounded by walls) ; Murviel (old

walls), in Herault, a place where the ruins of an ancient
Gaulish city are found ; Mauerhof (the enclosed court), in
Germany ; Trasmauer (the walled town on the R. Trasen),
. in Austria ; Murany-var (the walled fortress), in Hungary ;
Muriel-de-la-fuente (the walled town of the fountain) ;
Muriel-viejo (the old walled town) ; Murillo (the little walled
town), in Spain ; Murviedro (the old fortifications), called
by the Romans Muriveteres, because they believed it to be
on the site of the ancient Saguntum ; Semur, in France,
corrupt, from Sinemurum (without walls).

N

e /A c \ ( a nose > cognate with the Lat. nasus, and in

NOES (Scand ) J to PS ra P h y applied to a promontory ; e.g. the

,J; . " j Naze, in Norway, and Nash, in Monmouth ;

^Nash-scaur (the promontory of the cliff), in

Wales ; Katznase (the cat's headland) ; Blankenese (white

cape), in Holstein ; Foreness, Sheerness, Fifeness, Buchan-

ness, Blackness, in England and Scotland ; Roeness (red

cape), Shetland ; Vatternish (water cape), in Skye ; Bor-

rowstounness or Bo'ness, in West Lothian (the cape near

Burward's dwelling) ; Holderness (the woody promontory) ;

Langness and Littleness, in Man ; Dungeness (danger

cape) ; Furness (the cape of the beacon-fire), the site of an

ancient lighthouse in Lancashire ; Saturnness (the southern

cape), in Kirkcudbright ; Shoeburyness, corrupt, from

Sceobirig (the cape of the sea-fortress) ; Skegness (the cape

146 NAGORENA VA

near the wood, skogr) ; Skipness (ship headland) ; Sviata-
nos, Sclav, (holy cape), in Russia ; Caithness (the promon-
tory of the Catti, a tribe).

NAGORE (Hindu nagar, Sansc. nagura), a city ; e.g. Barnagore
for Varaha-nagur (the city of the boar) ; Chandernagore (of
the moon) ; Serenagur (of the sun).

NAGY (Hung.), great ; e.g. Nagy-Karoly (Charles's great town) ;
Nagy-Malton (St. Matthew's great town) ; Nagy-Szent-
Miklos (of St. Nicholas) ; Nagy-varad (great fortress) ;
Nagy-Koros (the great town on the R. Koros).

NAHR (Semitic), a river ; e.g. Nahr-el-keber (the great river) ;
Nahr-el-kelb or Lycus (the river of the dog or wolf), so
named from a fancied resemblance of a rock near its mouth
to the head of these animals ; Nahr-Mukatta (the river of
slaughter); Aram-Naharaim (the high lands of the two
rivers, i.e. Mesopotamia); Nahar-Misraim (the river of
Egypt, i. the Nile).

NANT (Cym.-Cel.), a brook or a valley through which a stream
flows ; e.g. Nantmel (the honey brook) ; Sych-nant (dried-
up brook) ; Nancemillin (the valley of the mill), in Wales ;
Dewffneynt (the deep valley) was the ancient British name
of Devonshire ; Levenant (smooth stream) ; Nant-frangon,
i.e. Nant-yr-a-franc (the beavers' valley) ; Nantglyn (the glen
of the brook) ; Nant-y-Gwrtheyren (Vortigern's valley), in
Wales ; Nans, in Cornwall ; also in Cornwall Penant (the
head of the valley), and Cornant (a brook) ; Nantwich, in
Cheshire (the salt-works, wick, on the brook or stream, i.e.
the Weaver) ; Nantua (in a valley of the Alps) ; Nantes
named from the Namnetes (dwellers in the valley) ; Moch-
nant (the swift brook) ; Nannau (the brooks), in Wales ;
N angle, a bay on the coast of Wales, perhaps N ant-gel or
eel (a secret corner) the Rev. J. James. Nevern, a
parish in Wales, for Nant-ynfer (the brook of the conflu-
ence) ; Nancy (the valley dwellings) ; Nans, Nant, with the
same meaning, in France ; Nanteuil (the valley of the
fountain) v. CEUIL ; Nantberis (St. Peris's brook).

NASS (Ger.), moist ; e.g. Nassau (the moist meadow) ; Nassenfeld
(moist field) ; Nassenhuben (the huts in moist land) ;
Nassenbeuren (the dwelling in moist land).

NAVA (Basque), a plain ; e.g. Nava-de-los-Oteros (the plain of the

NEDERNEU 147

heights) ; Nava-hermosa (beautiful plain) ; Navarre and Nav-
arreux (the plain among hills) ; Navarette (the plain at the
foot of the hill) ; Paredes-de-nava (the houses of the plain).

NEDER, NIEDER, NEER (Teut. and Scand.), lower ; e.g. Nether-
lands (the lower lands) ; Netherby (lower town) ; Nieder-
lahnstein (the fortress on the lower R. Lahn) ; Nederheim,
Nederwyk (lower dwellings).

NEMET (Celtic), a sacred grove, cognate with the Lat. nemus and
the Grk. nemos ; e.g. Nemours, anc. Nemoracum (the place
of the sacred wood or grove) ; Nanterre, also in France,
anc. Nemetodurum (the sacred grove on the waters) ;
Nismes, anc. Nemausus (the place in the grove) ; Augusto-
nemetum (the splendid place of the grove), being the ancient
name of Clermont ; Nemetacum, the ancient name of Arras ;
Nemea (the place of the grove), in Greece.

f new, cognate with the Lat. novus and
NEU (Ger.), ' i , ^, . , . .

/' .. the Grk. neos and their derivatives :

NEWYDD (Cym.-Cel.), VT i. XT j r TVT t j. TVT

NUADH rGadhelic 1 ) ^ 'f ' Neubur S> Neudorf > Neustadt, Neu-

'', . I ville, Newbury, Newburgh (new town);
NOWY and NAU (Sclav.), , T , . /

" [ Neumarkt (new market) ; Newbold,

Newbottle, Newbattle (new building), in Germany, Eng-
land, and Scotland ; Newburgh, in Fife, is a town of con-
siderable antiquity. It owes its origin to the Abbey of
Lindores, in its neighbourhood. It was erected into a
burgh or barony by Alexander III., in 1266, and in the
charter it was called "Novus burgus, juxta monasterium de
Lindores." It seems, therefore, that there was a more
ancient burgh belonging to the abbey in the neighbourhood
Newburn (new stream), in Fife. Newhaven (the new
harbour), in relation to the older harbour of Leith. In the
sixteenth century Newhaven had a chapel dedicated to the
Virgin Mary, and was then called our Lady's port of grace ;
but in the year 1511 the city of Edinburgh bought up the
village and harbour. In France : Nevers and Noyon, anc.
Noviodunum (the new fortress) ; Neuvy, with the same
meaning ; Neuve'glise (new church) ; Villeneuve (new
villa) ; Nievre and Nivernais, a department and ancient
province of France ; Nienburg, corrupt, from Neuenburg
(new town), in Hanover ; Newport (new harbour), in
Belgium ; Newport, in the Isle of Wight, so named because

148 NEUNIJNY

it superseded the older harbour at Carisbrook ; Newport, in
Wales, which superseded Caerleon ; Neusatz or Neoplanta
(new station), founded in 1 700, on the Danube ; Neusohl
(new seat), in Hungary its native name is Bestereze-banya
(the mine on the R. Bistritz); Neustadl (new stall); Neuwied
(new pasture) ; Nimeguen, anc. Noviomagus (new field), in
Holland ; Novgorod and Novigrad (new fortress) ; Novidwar
(new court), in Russia ; Nowe-mjasto (new bridge), in Poland ;
Novobeilaiaskaia (the new town on the white stream), in
Russia ; Nova-Zembla, i.e. Novaia-Zemlia (the new land) ;
Nowazamka (new castle) ; Novi- Bazaar (new market), in
Turkey ; Nowosedl (new seat) ; Nienburg, Nyborg, Nyby,
Nystead (new town), in Denmark and Holland ; Neocastro
(new camp), in Greece ; Nola or Novla (new place), in the
Sardinian states ; Naumburg and Nienburg, corrupt, from
Neuenburg (new town) ; Nykioping (new market-town), in
Sweden, and Nykjobing, in Denmark, with the same
meaning ; Newington, in Surrey, corrupt, from Neweton;
Newfoundland, so called when rediscovered by John
Cabot in 1427, but known previously by Icelandic
colonists as Litla-Helluland ; Nova Scotia (New Scotland),
called by the Norseman Markland; New River, a large
aqueduct from Hertfordshire to Islington, by which a
great part of London is supplied with water ; New Ross,
Co. Wexford, corrupt, from its Irish name Ros-mic-Treoin
(the wood of Treun's son) ; Newtown-Hamilton, in Ireland,
founded by the Hamilton family in 1770; Newtown-
Limavady, Co. Londonderry, named from a castle in the
neighbourhood called Limavady (the dog's leap) ; Newtown-
Stewart, Co. Tyrone, so called from Sir William Stewart,
to whom it was granted by Charles I. ; New York, named
in honour of the Duke of York, afterwards James II. ; New
Zealand, called by Tasman, its Dutch discoverer, in honour,
it is supposed, of his native province.

NIJNY (Sclav.), lower ; e.g. Nijny-Novgorod (the lower new for-
tress) ; Nijny-Neviansk (the lower town on the Neva), as
distinguished from Verkii-Neviansk, the upper; Nijnaia-
ozernaia-krepost (the lower fort of the lakes) ; Nijny-Devitzk
(the lower town on the Devitza) ; Nijni-Tagelsk (the lower
town on the R. Tagel), in Russia.

NIMZ NOYER 149

NIMZ (Sclav.), foreign, from nemy or nemec, dumb a word
applied by the Sclavonic races to the Germans, because
their language was unintelligible to them : e.g. Niemitsch,
Niemez, Niemtschitz, German towns in Bohemia ; Nemet-
uj-var (the new German fortress), in Hungary ; but there is
a Sclavonic deity called Njam, to whom the names of some
of these places may be traced.

NO, NOE, NOUE (Old Fr.), a low meadow habitually overflowed
with water. It has evidently arisen out of noyer, to sub-
merge ; e.g. Noaillac, Noallau, La Noalle, Noalles, Noyelle,
Noyellette, in which the word is probably joined to ceuil,
a water-source; Nogent (pleasant meadow); No-aux-Bois
(in the woods) ; Les Noues, Neuillay, Neuilly, Noisy, Lat.
Noesiacum.

NORDEN, N60RD (Teut.),

NOR (Scand), NORD (Fr.

^ h (under Rollo in 912); Noordbroek

(the north marshy land) ; Noordwolde (north wood), in
Holland ; Norbury, Nordenburg, Norton, Nordhausen (north
dwelling or town); Norham, on the R. Tweed; Northampton
(the town on the north side of the Aufona, now the R.
Nen) ; Northumberland (the land north of the Humber) ;
Nordkyn (north cape) ; Normanton and Normandby (dwell-
ings of the Norsemen or Danes), in England ; Norrkoping
(northern market-town), in Sweden ; Norrland (a large
division of Sweden) ; Northallerton, in Yorkshire, so called
to distinguish it from Allerton-Mauleverer ; North Cape
(the most northerly point of Norwegian Lapland) ; North
Berwick, Co. Haddington, so called to distinguish it from
Berwick-upon-Tweed ; Norway (the northern kingdom) v.
REICH, REIKE ; Norfolk (the abode of the north people, as
distinguished from Suffolk to the south) ; Northleach, north
of the R. Leach ; Northwich, in Cheshire (the north salt
manufactory) v. WICH ; Norwich, the town which super-
seded Venta-Icenorum, whose inhabitants fled at the approach
of the Danes, and erected a castle of defence farther north.
NOYER (Fr.), the walnut-tree, Lat. nucarius, from which are
derived nucetum, nucelletum, and nugaretum (a place
planted with walnut-trees) ; e.g. Noyers, Nozay, Noroy, La
Nozaye, Les Noze"es, Nozieres, Nozeroy, etc., in France.

150 NUDDYOFER

NUDDY (Pali), a river ; e.g. Maha-nuddy (great river) ; Nuddea

(the district of the rivers).
NUWERA (Tamil), a city ; e.g. Alut-nuwera (new city) ; Kalawa (the

city on the Kala-Oya, i.e. the rocky river) ; Nuwera-Panduas

(the city of Panduas), in Ceylon.

O

, . ( upper ; e.g. Oberhofen (upper court) ; Ober-

OB, OBER (Ger.), ,V ' , f i

,~ v , x " < lahnstem (the upper fortress on the R. Lahn) ;

OVER (Dutch), ) , , > V . _. ,

( Oberndorf, Overbie, Overham, Overton, Over-
burg (upper town) ; Oberdrauburg (the upper town on the
R. Drave) ; Overyssel (beyond the R. Yssel) ; Orton
(upper town), in Westmoreland ; St. Mary's-Overy, South-
wark (i.e. over the water from London).

OE "v. EA, p. 7 1.

CEUIL (Fr.), the eye in topography applied to the source of a
stream or a fountain ; e.g. Arcueil (the arched fountain or
aqueduct) ; Berneuil (the source of the water, bior) ; Ver-
neuil and Vernel (alder-tree fountain, Lat. -uernus) ; Argen-
teuil (silver fountain) ; Bonneuil (good fountain) ; Nanteuil
(the source of the stream) ; Auneuil (alder-tree fountain,
Fr. aune) ; Auteuil (high fountain) ; Boisseuil (the woody
fountain) ; Chantilly, anc. Cantilliacum (the head of the
water-source).

f a border, boundary, or shore
OFER, or ORE (A.S.), ' . , , \ '

' ,. v f ~ x cognate with the Lat. ora and

OVER (Dutch), UFER (Ger.),

/^ ju i- \ \ the Grk. horos; e.g. Oare and Ore

OIR (Gadhelic), ! , , , , . T * c

/' , . . : (the shore), in Kent, Sussex, and
EYRE, or ORE (Scand.), a point, ;, j nr- ji

' [_ Somerset ; Windsor, i.e. Windle-

sora (the winding shore, A.S. windle) ; Southover and
Westover (the south and west shore) ; Ventnor (the shore
of Gwent, the ancient name of the Isle of Wight) ; Pershore
(the willow shore, pttrsh), or, according to Camden, corrupt,
from Periscorum in allusion to the abundance of pear-trees
in its vicinity ; Andover, anc. Andeafaran (the shore or
ferry of the R. Anton) ; Ravensore (the point or promontory
of Hrafen,a Scand. personal name) ; Hanover, an c.Hohenufer
(high shore) ; Elsinore (the point near the town of Helsing),
in Denmark ; Argyle, Gael. Oirirgaedheal (the coast lands

OICHE OSTROW 151

of the Gaels) ; Dover, in Kent, and Douvres, in Normandy,
perhaps from ofer.

OICHE (obs. Gael.), water ; e.g. Oich River and Oichel (the Rivers
Ock, Ocker, Ocke, Eck) ; Loch Oich, Duich (the black
water).

ORE (Hindostanee), a city ; e.g. Ellore, Vellore, Nellore ; Tanjore,
anc. Tanja-nagaram (the city of refuge) ; Bednore (bamboo
city) ; Mangalore (the city of Mangala-Devi).

ORMR (Scand.), a serpent, also a personal name ; e.g. Ormeshead,
in Cumberland, named either from the serpent-like shape of
the rock, or from the common Norse name Ormrj Orma-
thwaite, Ormsby, Ormiston, Ormskirk (the clearing, the
dwelling, and the church of Ormr). The same prefix in
French topography signifies the elm-tree, as in Les Ormes
(the elms) ; Ormoy, Lat. Ulmetiiim (the elm -grove),
synonymous with Olmedo and Olmeto, in Spain. The Orne
or Olna (elm-tree river), in Normandy ; Ulm or Ulma (the
place of elm-trees), in Wurtemburg ; Olmeta, in Corsica.
. . /a point, a corner, and sometimes a place ; e.g.

DORT C Dutch 1 ) J Angerort (the corner of the R. Anger); Ruhrort

ORD (Scand \ I (of the Rohr r Ruhr ) ; Griinort fereen point) ;
''' vSchonort (beautiful point) ; Akkerort (the corner
of the field) ; Tiegenort (of the R. Tiege) ; Storort (of the
R. Stor) ; the Ord or headland of Caithness.

OF c T /rvrN f the east ; e -g- Ostend ( at the east end or

\Jj 1 . OH.0 1 I VJCl. I, I . r i i i \ s-\ .

COST (Dutch) ) P enm g of the canal mto the ocean ) ; Oster -

OSTER (ScancM ) burg ' Osterfeld ' Osterhofen (the east town,

''' Afield, and court) ; Osterholtz (the east wood) ;

Osterdalen (the east basin of the R. Duhl), in Sweden ;

Ostheim, Osthausen, Oesthammer (the eastern dwelling or

village) ; Ostwald (east wood), in Alsace ; Essex (the

country of the East Saxons, in opposition to Wessex) ;

Austerlitz (the east town of the R. Littawa) ; Alost (to the

east), in Belgium.

OSTROW, or OZERO (Sclav.), an island or lake ; e.g. Ostrov, in
Russia (on a river-island) ; Kolkoe-Ostrog (the island in the
R. Kola) ; Ostrova (an island in the Danube) ; Bielo-Ozero
(the white lake) ; Tschudskoe - Ozero (the lake of the
Tschudes, a tribe) ; Ostrownoye (the new island). But
Ostrow and Wustrow are sometimes Germanised forms of

152 OTERO PALUS

Wotschow, Sclav, (a marshy place), as in Wustrow, Ostropol,
Ostrasatz, Ostrawiec (the place on the marshy ground).

OTERO (Span.), a hill or rising ground ; e.g. El-Otero (the rising
ground) ; Otero-de-las-duenas (the hill of the old ladies) ;
Otero-del-Rey (the king's hill).

ow ITZ ( Sclavonic affi xes > us ed as patronymics, like the Ger.

r>WT7 no i ingen ; e.g. Nowakwitz (the possession of the de-
' ( scendants of Nouak) ; Jvanow, Janow, Janowitz (be-
longing to John and his descendants) ; Karlowitz (to Charles) ;
Petrowitz (to Peter) ; Kazimiritz (to Casimir) ; Mitrowitz
(to Demetrius) ; Stanislowow (to Stanislaus) ; Tomazow (to
Thomas) ; Cracow or Kracow (the town of Duke Craus or
Krak of Poland, by whom it was founded in 1700).

PALATIUM fLat \ f a palace ; e ' g ' the Upper and L wer Pala "
,T x tinate, so called from the palaces erected

PALAZZO (It.),

v ,' . by the Roman emperors in different parts

PALACHIO (Span.), \ ' , . .

r, //- /- i \ f tne empire ; Palazzo, in Dalmatia and

PALAS (Cym.-Cel.), ,, . . . , , - ,

\J ,, ,. /' Naples ; Palazzolo and Palazzuolo (the

PAILIS (Gadhelic), ' v . TJ . ,

great palace), in Piedmont ; Los Palachios

(the palaces), in Spain ; Pfalsbourg, anc. Palatiolum (the
town of the palace, founded in 1570), in France; Semi-
palatinsk, in Siberia (the town of the seven palaces), so called
from the extensive ruins in its neighbourhood ; Spalatro, in
Dalmatia, named from the palace of Diocletian, originally
SalotKZ-Palatiiim (the palace near Salona), at first corrupted
to As-palthium (at the palace), and then to Spalatro. In
Wales : Plas-gwyn (the white palace) ; Plas-newydd (the
new palace).

PALLI (Tamil), a small town or village, sometimes corrupted to
Poly, Pilly, or Pally ; e.g. Trichinopoly, i.e. Trisira-palli
(the town of the giant).

/T t \ ( a marsh ; e.g. Padula and Paduli, towns in Italy;
^ ee ^ ^ at - P a ^ us '> an extensive marsh in Belgium ;

La Pala, La Palud, and Paluz, in France ; Per-
ugia (the town on the marsh), in a province of the same
name in Italy ; Pelusium, Coptic Permoun (the muddy or
marshy place), on the Delta of the Nile.

PANT PEEL 153

PANT (Welsh), a hollow ; e.g. Pant-y-crwys (the hollow of the
cross), in Wales; Pant-yr-Ysgraff for Pont-yr-Ysgraff

V. PONT.

PAPA,orPABBA(Scand.),( a 1 P T t; ^' ^ ^ ^^
PFAFFEfGer 1 ) J island), several of this name in the

POP (Sclav } I Hebrides ; Papa-Stour (the great island

V of the priest), in Shetland ; Papa-
Stronsay (the priest's island near Stronsay), Orkney ; Pap-
penheim, Pfaffenhausen, Pfaffenberg, Pfafifenhofen (the
priest's dwelling), in Germany ; Papendrecht (the priest's
pasture) ; Pfarrkirchen (the priest's or parish church) ;
Poppowitz, Poppow, Sclav, (places belonging to the priests).

PARA (Brazilian), a river, water, or the sea ; e.g. Para, Parahiba,
Parana, Paranymbuna, rivers in Brazil ; Paraguay (the place
of waters) ; Parana-Assu (the great river) ; Parana-Mirim
(the small river) ; Parahyba (bad water).

PARA (Sclav.), a swamp or marsh, cognate with the Lat. palus;
e.g. Parchen, Parchau, Parchim (places in a marshy locality) ;
Partwitz or Parzow, Paaren (the town on the marsh), in
several localities. The letter/ is sometimes changed into
b, as in Barduz, Barzig, Baruth, in Prussia, and Bars or
Barsch, in Hungary.

PATAM, or PATTANA (Sansc.), a city ; e.g. Nagapatam (the city
of the snake) ; Masulipatam (of fishes) ; Periapatam (the
chosen city) ; Viziapatam (the city of victory) ; Seringa-
patam, i.e. Sri-ranja-Pattana (the city of Vishnu) ; Pata or
Pattana (the city) ; Madras or Madras-pat an (the city of
the college or school ; madrasa, Ar., a university). Madras
is called by the natives Chenna-patana (the city of Chenappa,
an Indian prince).

PEEL (Cel. pile), a small fortress ; e.g. Peel, in the Isle of Man,
and numerous Peel towers on the border between England
and Scotland. The Pile of Foudrig (the peel or tower of
the fire island), called Furness, the site of an ancient light-
house ; Les Pilles, in Dauphiny ; He du Pilier, in La
Vendde, with a lighthouse ; Pittas, in the Lithuanian lan-
guage also, is a castle, thus Pillkallan (the castle on the
hill), in E. Prussia, as well as the towns of Pillau, in E.
Prussia, Pilsen, in Bohemia, and Pillnitz (the towns with
fortifications).

154 PENPFERD

PEN (Cym.-Cel.), a head, or a promontory, or hill summit ; e.g.
Pen-carrig (rocky hill or cape) ; Pen-brynn (hill summit) ;
Pencoid (of the wood) ; Penmon (the promontory of Mona
or Anglesea) ; Pentir (the headland) ; Pentyrch (the boar's
head) ; Pen-y-cwm-gwig (the top of the woody vale), in
Wales ; Pen-y-groes (the headland of the cross) ; Penby-
diog (land's end), in Wales ; Pencelly (the chief grove) ;
Pen-y-gelly (the head of the grove, cell, a grove) ;
Penllech (of the stone or rock); Penhill, Somerset, and
Penlaw, Dumfries (the hill summit) ; Pendarves (the head
of the oak-field) ; Penpont (the head of the bridge), in
Dumfriesshire ; Penn (a hill), in Stafford ; Pencombe
(the head of the hollow) ; Penforfa (of the moor) ; Pen-
nant (of the valley); Pen-mynnydd (of the mountain);
Penrith, anc. Pen-rhyd (of the ford) ; Penicuik (the cuckoo's
hill) ; Cockpen (red hill) ; Pen-maen-maur (the great stone
head or hill) ; Pennigant (windy hill) ; Penryn and Penrhyn
(the head of the promontory) ; Pentraeth (of the strand) ;
Pen-y-craig or Old Radnor (the head of the rock) ; Penzance,
formerly Pensans it is called the saint's headland,
from a head of John the Baptist (the town's arms), but
Camden thinks it might mean the head of the sands ;
Pain-bceuf or Penn-Ochen (the ox's headland) ; Pendennis
(the fort on the headland) v. DINAS. Mount Pindus
and the Grampians, Van in Brecknock, and the Vans
in Wales, embody this root ; also the Apennines and the
Pennine Alps, Pena and Penha, in Spain and Portugal,
are applied to rocks, thus Penafiel (the loyal rock), in
Spain, and also Cape Penas ; Penha-verde (green rock),
in Brazil.

_-,_ (r v f In Germany this word signifies an enclosure

Jrr H,Kl_.rl I Ijer. ), .. , . _, , , IT-

PWAppnr /A $\ for cattle in England and France, an en-

.rh/AKKUU (ri. o. ), , < .1 r r

. ^ " -J closure for the protection of game or for

ft ' t_\ I pleasure ; e.g. Parkhurst (the enclosure in the

PAIRC (Irish). ,. ^?r ^/^T.) r t. i\/~

[ wood) ; Parkfoot (at the foot of the park), Co.

Stirling ; Parkham (park dwelling) ; Parkmore (great park
or field), in Ireland ; Parkatotaun (the field of the burning),
Co. Limerick.

PFERD (Ger.), a horse ; e.g. Pferdsfeld (the horse's field) ; Pfers-
dorf (the horse's village).

P FORTE 155

PFORTE (Ger ) \ a haven ' landing-place, or passage cognate

POORT mntcM ! with the Lat P rtU5 > * Seligenpforten

RTHrcvm cen ^ (the blessed port); Sassen P orte ( the

POUT (r^l\\r\ I Saxons ' haven) ; Himmelpforte (the port
IC '' [of heaven); Pforzheim (the dwelling at
the passage or entrance to the Hyrcenian forest), in Baden ;
Zandpoort (sandy haven) ; Porlock (the enclosed haven),
in Somersetshire ; Portsmouth (the mouth of the haven) ;
Porthkerry (rocky haven), in Wales ; Porthaethroy (the
landing-place of the terrible water), a dangerous ferry in
Wales ; Portholgoch, corrupt, from Porth-y-wal-goch (i.e.
the harbour of the red wall) ; Porthstinian (the port of
Justinian), in Wales ; Porth-y-cawl, corrupt, from Porth-y-
Gaul (the harbour where the Gallic invaders used to land),
in Wales. In Ireland : Portraine, now Rathlin (the land-
ing-place of Rachra) ; Portadown (at the fortress) ; Port-
law, Irish Port-lagha (at the hill) ; Portmarnock (the
haven of St. Marnock) ; Port-na-Spania (the port of the
Spaniard), where one of the vessels of the Invincible
Armada was wrecked, off the coast of Ireland ; Port- Arling-
ton, named after the Earl of Arlington in the reign of
Charles II. ; Port-Glasgow, anc. Kil-ma-Colm (St. Columba's
church). It received its modern name in 1668, when pur-
chased by the merchants of Glasgow ; Portmoak, in Kin-
ross (the landing-place of St. Moak) ; Port-Patrick (the
place from which it is said St. Patrick sailed for Ireland) ;
Portree, in Skye, and Port-an-righ, in Ross (the king's
haven) ; Portnellan (the landing-place of the island), in
Loch Tummel ; Portmore (the great port), in Wigton ;
Port-na-craig (of the rock) ; Port-na-churaich (of the boat),
in lona, where St. Columba landed from Ireland ; Port-
skerrie (the rocky landing-place), in Sutherland ; Snizort,
in Skye, corrupt, from Snisport, probably named after a
Norse leader or pirate ; Port-ny-hinsey (the haven of the
island), the Celtic name of Peel, in the Isle of Man ;
Portinscale, in Westmoreland (the passage where the
skaala or booths for the Scandinavian thing, i.e. meeting,
were erected) ; Portobello (the beautiful harbour), in South
America, so named by its founder ; Portobello, in Mid
Lothian, named in commemoration of the capture of the

i $6 PIC PITT

South American town in 1739 ; Portskewitt or Porth-is-coed
(the port below the wood), in Monmouth ; Porth-yn-lyn (the
port of the pool), in Wales ; Portsoy, in Banffshire, i.e.
Port-saith (the safe port) ; Port-dyn-Norwig (the port of the
Northman), in Wales ; Maryport, in Cumberland, named
after the wife of its first proprietor ; Portlethan, Gael. Port-
leath-an (the port of the gray river), Kincardine ; Port-
Logan, in Wigton, i.e. Gael. Port-na-lagan (the port of the
hollow). Port became an established Saxon word for a
market-town hence we have such names as Newport,
Longport, applied to inland towns ; Bridport, on the R.
Brit. The Cinque-ports, Fr. cinq (five), were the towns of
Dover, Hastings, Hythe, Romney, Sandwich. In Portugal :
Oporto (the port) ; Portugal, anc. Portus-cale, both mean-
ing the harbour ; Porto-rico (rich port), an island of the
Antilles group ; Porto-Santo (the holy port), in the Madeira
Isles ; Porto-seguro (safe port) ; Porto- Vecchio (old port),
in Corsica ; Porto-Alegre (the cheerful port), in Brazil ;
Porto-farina (the port of wheat), in North Africa ; Porto-
ferrajo (fortified port), in Tuscany, on the coast of the Island
of Elba ; Port-Vendres, Lat. Portus- Veneris (the port of
Venus), in France ; Le Treport, corrupt, from the Lat.
Ulterior-Portus, in Normandy, at the mouth of the Bresle.
( a P eak or Promontory; e.g. the Pike o'

PT^P/A q\ ..

PIC and Stidde (the peak f the high r ck > ; the

r .

SPITZE (Ger.) | 6ak ' in M Der byshire ; Pike's Peak in the

\ Rocky Mountains, named after General
Pike ; Spitz, in Austria, built around a hill ; Spitzbergen
(the peaked mountains) ; Spithead (the head of the promon-
tory) ; Le Puy (the peak), a town situated on a high hill ;
Puy-de-dome (the dome-shaped peak).

PISCH (Sclav.), sand ; e.g. Pesth, in Hungary (on a dry, sandy
soil) ; but Buttman suggests that the name may be derived
from paz, Sclav, (a baking place), as the German name for
Buda, on the opposite side of the Danube, is Ofen (the
oven) ; Peschkowitz, Peshen, Pisck, Pskov, Peckska, in
Russia and Bohemia. Pies, Sclav, (the dog), may, however,
be the root-word of some of these names.

PITT, PITTEN (Gadhelic), a hole, a small hollow. This word, as
a prefix, occurs very frequently in Scotland, especially in

P LESS A POLDER 157

Fife, in which county the most important place is Pitten-
weem (the hollow of the cave, tiaimh), the seat of an ancient
monastery, near which is the cave from which it was
named ; Pitcairn (the hollow of the cairn), near Perth, in
the neighbourhood of which there are two large cairns of
stones ; Pitgarvie (the rough hollow) ; Pitglas (the gray
hollow) ; Pettinain (the hollow of the river), a parish on the
Clyde ; Pittencrieff(the hollow of the tree, craobJi) ; Pitgober
(of the goat) ; Pitnamoon (of the moss) ; Pittendriech (the
Druid's hollow) ; Pitcaithly, probably the hollow of the
narrow valley, in Perthshire ; Pittentaggart (the priest's
portion) as in ancient times, the word pitte is understood
to have also meant a part or portion of land ; and it has
probably this meaning in Pitlochrie, in Perthshire, anc.
Pittan-cleireach (the portion of the clergy or church-land),
as well as in Pittan-clerach, in Fife ; Pitmeddin, in Aber-
deenshire, named after St. Meddane. Pittenbrae (the
hollow of the hill) ; Petty or Pettie, anc. Petyn (the hollow
of the island), on Beauly Loch, Inverness ; Pettycur (the
hollow of the dell, coire), in Fife.

xp v ( meaning successively a hedge, an enclosed and

FiruM \ cu ^i vate ^ place surrounded by trees, an enclosed

' ( garden, a park, a mansion, or country residence ;

e.g. Plessis, Le Plessin, Plessier, Le Plessial, etc. v.

Cocheris's Noms de Lieu.

PLEU, or PLOE (Cym.-Cel.), a village, found only in Brittany ; e.g.
Pleu-meur (great village) ; Pleu-nevey (new village) ; Ploer-
mel (the mill village) ; Pleu-Jian (John's village) ; Pleu,
Ploven, Pleven, etc.

PLON, POLSKI (Sclav.), a plain ; e.g. Ploen, a town in Holstein ;
Plonersee (the lake of the plain) ; Juriev-Polskoi (St. George's
town on the plain) ; Poland, i.e. Polskoi (the plain or level
land) ; Volkynia (the level country).

POD (Sclav.), near or under ; e.g. Podgoriza (under the hill) ;
Podmokla (near the moss) ; Potsdam, from Pozdu-pemi
(under the oaks).

POLDER (Dutch), land reclaimed from the sea ; e.g. Polder and
Polders, in Belgium ; Beemsterpolder (the meadow of the
reclaimed land); Charlotten- Polder (Charlotte's reclaimed
land) ; Pwlpolder (land reclaimed from a pool or marsh).

158 POLISPOLL

POLIS (Grk.), a city ; pol (Sclav.), probably borrowed from the
Greek ; Constantinople, Adrianople, founded by the emperors
Constantine and Adrian ; Nicopolis and Nicopoli (the city
of victory) the first founded by Augustus to commemorate
the battle of Actium, and the second by Trajan to com-
memorate his victory over the Dacians ; Persepolis (the city
of the Persians) ; Pampeluna, corrupt, from Pompeiopolis,
so called because rebuilt by the sons of Pompey the Great ;
Decapolis (the district of the ten cities), colonised by the
Romans, in Palestine ; Sebastopol (the august city) ; Stav-
ropol (the city of the cross), in Russia ; Bielopol (the white
city) ; Bogopol (the city of God, Sclav. Bog) ; Gallipoli,
anc. Calipolis (the beautiful city) ; Naples, Nauplia, Nablous,
and Neapolis (the new city) ; Grenoble, corrupt, from
Gratianopolis (the city of Gratian) ; Heliopolis (the city of
the sun), being the Greek name for On, in Egypt, and also
for Baalbec, in Syria ; Krasnapol (the fair city) ; Theriasipol,
in Hungary (named after the Empress Theresa) its Hun-
garian name Szabadka (the privileged) ; Yelisabetpol (after
the Empress Elizabeth) ; Tripoli, in Syria (the three cities),
being a joint colony from Tyre, Sidon, and Aradus ; Tripoli,
in Barbary, named from its three principal cities, Lepta,
Oca, and Sabrata ; Tripolitza, in the Morea, built from the
remains of the three cities Tegea, Mantinea, and Palantium ;
Amphipolis, now Emboli (the surrounded city), so called
because almost encircled by the R. Strymon ; Anapli, in
the Morea, corrupt, from Neapolis (new town) ; Annapolis,
in Nova Scotia, named after Queen Anne ; Antibes, in
Provence, a colony from Marseilles, anc. Antinopolis, named
after its founder ; Stamboul, the Turkish name for Con-
stantinople, means eis ten polin (to the city).

/a pool or marsh, cognate with the Lat. palus;
OLL (Gadhelic), I ^ pool ^ m Dorset) situated on a lagune .

PWL (Lym.-Lel.), <^ Pontypool (the pool at the bri dge) ; Welsh-
'' ( pool, so called to distinguish it from Poole in
Dorset its Welsh name is Trellyn (the dwelling on the
pool) ; Hartlepool, Danish Hartness (the pool hard by the
headland) the Normans added le pol, from a pool called the
Slake, by which it is almost insulated ; Liverpool, probably
Llyr-pvul, Welsh (the sea pool) ; Blackpool, in Lancashire,

POMM1ERPONS 159

named from a marsh now drained ; Polton and Pulborough
(pool town) ; Polbaith and Polbeath, Gael, (the pool of the
birches) ; Poltarf (of the bull) ; Pollnaranny and Polrane
(of the ferns), in Ireland ; Wampool in Cumberland (i.e.
Woden's pool) ; Pwl-helli (the salt pool) ; Pwll-du (black
pool) ; Pwll-broch-mael (the pool of the warlike weapons),
the site of a battle between the Welsh and Saxons ; Pwll-
tin-byd (the very deep pool, literally the pool at the bottom
of the world) ; Pwll-y-wrach (the hag's pool), in Wales.
Pill, in Gloucester, means the mouth of a brook, e.g. Cow-
pill, Horse-pill, etc. ; Polmont, Co. Stirling, corrupt, from
poll-monaidh (the pool near the hill).

POMMIER (Fr.), the apple-tree ; pomeratum (a place planted with
apple-trees) ; e.g. La Pommeree, Pommeray, Pomiers,
Pommera, Pommeraie, Pommereau, Pommereuil, in France.
/T t \ ( the bridge, with its derivatives in the Romance

PONT (Welsh) 1 and in the Welsh lan S ua S es ' e -g- Pontefract,
'' ( Lat. Ad-pontem-fractum (at the broken bridge) ;

Pontoise (the bridge across the R. Oise) ; Pont-Audemer
(the bridge built by Aldemar across the R. Rille) ; Pont-de-
briques (the bridge of bricks) ; Pont-d'Espagne, corrupt,
from Pont-de-sapins (the fir-tree bridge) ; Ponteland, in
Northumberland, corrupt, from Ad-pontem-^Elianum (at the
bridge of ^lius) ; Pontigny (bridge town) ; Les -Fonts -
de-Ce (the bridges of Caesar), a town in France, with four
bridges across the Loire ; Negropont, probably a corrupt,
of Egripo, which the Italian sailors translated into Negripo
or Negropont (black bridge), in allusion to the narrow strait
called in Greek Euripos (i.e. the strait with the violent
current), on which the town was built the name of the
town was gradually extended to the whole island, till then
called Eubcea; Ponte-vedra (the old bridge), and Puenta-
de-la-Reyna (the queen's bridge), in Spain ; Grampound, in
Cornwall, Welsh Pout-maur (the great bridge), corrupt,
from the Fr. Grand-pont; Paunton, in Lincoln, anc. Ad-
pontem (at the bridge) ; Pontesbury (bridge town), in
Cheshire ; Ponte-corvo (the crooked bridge), in Campania ;
Deux-ponts (the two bridges), in Bavaria. In Wales: Pont-
faen (stone bridge) ; Pont-newydd (new bridge) ; Pont-glas-
llyn (the bridge at the blue pool) ; Pont-y-glyn (the bridge

160 POORPRADO

of the glen) ; Pont-y-pair (the bridge of the cauldron) ;
Pont-ar-ddulas (the bridge on the dark water) ; Pont-ar-
Fynach (the devil's bridge) ; Pontypool (the bridge of the
pool) ; Pant-yr-ysgrafif, probably corrupt, from Pont-yr-
ysgraff"(\he. bridge of boats). In France: Poncelle, Ponchel,
Poncelet, Ponceaux, etc. ; Pont-a-couleuvre, in the depart, of
Oise, probably from an Old Lat. text, in which this place is
called Pont-d-qui-l'ouvre (i.e. the bridge to whomsoever may
open), it being a bridge closed by barriers Cocheris's Noms
de Lieu.

POOR, PORE, PURA (Sansc.), a city ; e.g. Nagpoor (snake city) ;
Chuta Nagpore (the little snake city) ; Amarapoora (divine
city) ; Bejapore or Visiapoor (the city of victory) ; Beram-
pore (of the Mahometan sect called Bohra) ; Bhagulpore
(tiger city) ; Ahmedpore (the city of Ahmed) ; Ahmedpore
Chuta (the little city of Ahmed) ; Callianpoor (flourishing
city) ; Bhurtpore (the city of Bhurat, the brother of the god
Ram) ; Rampoor (Ram's city) ; Bissenpoor (of Vishnu) ;
Ferozepore (of Feroze-Togluk) ; Huripoor (of Hari or
Vishnu) ; Shahjehanpoor (of Shah Jehan) ; Mahabalipoor
(of Bali the Great) ; Caujapoor (of the Virgin) ; Rajapore
(of the rajah) ; Cawnpoor or Khanpur (of the Beloved
One, a title of Krishna) ; Hajipoor (of the pilgrim) ; Ghazi-
pore (of Ghazi, a martyr) ; Mirzapoor (the city of the
emir) ; Secunderpoor (of Secunder Lodi) ; Sidhpoor (of
the saint) ; Singapore (of the lions) ; Russoulpoor (of the
prophet) ; Chandpoor (of the moon) ; Joudpoor (war city) ;
Ratnapoor (of rubies) ; Munnipora (of jewels) ; Darma-
pooram (of justice) ; Dinajpore (of beggars) ; Futtepoor (of
victory) ; Sudhapura (bright city) ; Conjeveram, corrupt,
from Canchipura (the golden city) ; Trivandrum, corrupt,
from Tiruvanan-thapuram (the town of the holy Eternal
One), in Travancore.

PRAAG, PRAYAGA (Sansc.), a holy place ; e.g. Vissenpraag (the holy
place of Vishnu) ; Devaprayaga (God's holy place).

j ^ \ ( a meadow, derived from the Lat. fira-
PRADO (Span, and Port), I, ~ . . ,

,-, ^ J turn; e.g. the Prairies or meadow lands ;

\ Prato-Vecchio (the old meadow), in

PTJATRTT? I Kr I \ /'

^ Tuscany; Ouro-preto, corrupt, from
Ouro-prado (the gold meadow), near a gold mine in Brazil.

PUEBLAQUELLE 161

In France, Premol, i.e.pratum molle (the smooth meadow);
Prabert, i.e. Pratum Alberti (Albert's meadow) ; Pradelles,
Les Presek, Premontie', Lat. Pratum-mons (the mount in the
meadow), the site of an abbey, chief of the order of the
Pre'montie'.

PUEBLA (Span.), a collection of people, hence a village ; e.g. La
Puebla, in Mexico ; La Puebla-de-los-Angelos (the village of
the angels), in Mexico.

PULO (Malay), an island ; e.g. Pulo-Penang (betel-nut island).

PUSTY (Sclav.), a waste place ; e.g. Pustina (on the waste ground) ;
Pusta-kaminica (the stony waste).

/. q x fa well or pool of standing water, cognate with
/P s J the Lat. puteus and its derivatives in the

FYDEN (Welsh) j Romance languages; e.g. Puozzuoli in Italy,
" \^ and Puteaux in France, anc. Puteoli (the place
of wells) ; Le Puiset, anc. Ptiteolis castrum (the camp of
the well) ; Pfutzenburg and Pfutzenthal (the town and valley
of the wells or pools), in Germany ; Poza-de-la-sal (the salt
well), near a salt mine in Spain ; also in Spain : Pozanca
and Pozancos (the stagnant pools) ; Pozo-blanco and Pozo-
hondo (the white and deep pool) ; Putney, anc. Puttenheath
(the pool on the heath), in Surrey ; Puttenheim, in Belgium
(a dwelling near a well or pool).

Q

QUELLE (Ger.), WEDEL (Old Ger.), f a place from which water flows
, . c \ from quellen, to spring, and

/c- j \ { ivvllan. to flow; e.g. Miihl-

KILDE (Scand.), .

/n M quelle (the mill fountain);

[ Hoogkill (corner well), and

Bassekill (low well), in Holland ; Quilleboeuf (well town), in
Normandy ; Roeskilde (the fountain of King Roe), in Den-
mark ; Salzwedel (salt well) ; Hohenwedel (high well) ;
Tideswell, in Derbyshire probably from a personal name, as
there is a Tideslow in the neighbourhood ; Wells, in Nor-
folk (a place into which the tide flows) ; Wells, in Somerset,
named from a holy fountain dedicated to St. Andrew ;
Motherwell, in Lanarkshire, named from a well dedicated to
the Virgin Mary ; Amwell, in Hants, corrupt, from Emma's

M

1 62 RADE RAIN

well j Holywell, in Wales, named from St. Winifred's well
in Welsh it is called Trejfynnon (the town of the well) ;
Shadwell, in London (St. Chad's well) ; Bakewell, anc.
Badican-wylla (the bath wells), in Derbyshire ; Walston, a
parish in Lanarkshire, named from a sacred well near the
site of the church ; Ashwell (the well among ash-trees), in
Hertford ; Ewell, in Surrey, found written Etwell and
Awell (at the well).

R

RADE, RODE (Teut), a place where wood has been cut down, and
which has been cleared for tillage, from reuten, to root out,
to plough or turn up. The word in its various forms, reud,
reut, and rath, is common in German topography ; e.g.
Wittarode (the cleared wood) ; Herzegerode (the clearing
on the Hartz Mountains) ; Quadrath (the clearing of the
Quadi) ; Lippenrode (the clearing on the R. Lippe) ; Rade-
vor-dem-walde (the clearing in front of the wood) ; Randa-
rath and Wernigerode (the clearing of Randa and Werner) ;
Zeulenroda (the clearing on the boundary, ziel) ; Schabert,
corrupt, from Suabroid (the Swabian clearing) ; Pfaffrath
(the priest's clearing) ; Baireuth (the cleared ground of the
Boii or Bavarians) ; Schussenried (the clearing on the R.
Schussen). Royd, in England, means a path cut through a
wood, as in Huntroyd, Boothroyd, Holroyd. Terra-rodata
(rode land) was so called in opposition to Terra-Bovata, i.e.
an ancient enclosure which had been from time immemorial
under the plough, i.e. Ormeroyd (Ormer's rode land).

, f a promontory or peninsula ;

RAIN, RAND, RA (Teut. and Scand.),

if* fS\+ \ e -- Ram, a town name in

RHYNN (Cym.-Cel.), * . ', c . . ~

/T \ * { Bavaria and Styna; Randers,

RINN (Irish),

v ',' on a promontory in Den-

ROINN (Gael.), , %, . /!!.

[mark; Hohenram (high pro-
montory) ; Steenrain (rock headland) ; Renfrew (the pro-
montory of the stream, frew\ anc. Strathgriff, on the R.
Griff; the Rhinns (i.e. the points), in Galloway; Rhynie,
a parish in Aberdeenshire ; Rhind, a parish in Perthshire,
with the parish church situated on a headland jutting into
the R. Tay ; Rinmore (the great point), in Devon, Argyle,

RAJA RATH 163

and Aberdeenshire ; Rindon, in Wigton ; Tynron, Gael.
Tigh-an-roinne (the house on the point), a parish in Dum-
friesshire ; Reay, in Sutherlandshire, and Reay, a station
on the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway, from Ra, Norse (a
point) ; Penryn (the head of the point), in Cornwall. This
word, in various forms, such as rin, reen, rine, ring, is of
frequent occurrence in Ireland ; e.g. Ringrone (the seal's
promontory) ; Rineanna (the promontory of the marsh,
eanaigJi) ; Ringville and Ringabella, Irish Rinn-bhile (the
point of the old tree) ; Ringfad (long point) ; Ringbane
(white point) ; Rineen (little point) ; Ringagonagh (the
point of the O'Cooneys) ; Rinville, in Galway (the point of
Mhil, a Firbolg chieftain) ; Ringsend, near Dublin (the end
of the point).

RAJA, RAJ (Sansc.), royal ; e.g. Rajamahal (the royal palace) ;
Rajapoor (royal city) ; Rajpootana (the country of the Raj-
poots, i.e. the king's sons putra, a son).

RAS fA ^ ( a ca P e e -S' Ras-el-abyad (the white cape);

^ /TT i '^ \ R as '& e lbi } corrupt, from Rasicalbo (the dog's

** ( cape) ; Rasicarami (the cape of the vineyards) ;

Ras-el-tafal (chalk cape) ; Rasicanzar (the swine's cape) ;

Ras-el-shakah (the split cape) ; Ras-el-hamra (red cape) ;

Rascorno (Cape Horn).

RATH, RAED (Teut.), council ; e.g. Rachstadt or Rastadt (the town
of the council or court of justice) ; Rathenau (the meadow of
the council) ; Raithby (the dwelling of the court of justice).
RATH (Gadhelic), a round earthen fort or stronghold, cognate with
the Welsh rhath, a mound or hill ; e.g. Rathmore (the great
fort) ; Ratass or Rathteas (the south fort) ; Rattoo or Rath-
tuaith (northern fort) ; Rathbeg (little fort) ; Rathduff (black
fort) ; Rathglass (green fort) ; Rathcoole (the fort of Cum-
hal, the father of Finn) ; Rathcormac (of Cormack) ; Rath-
drum (of the ridge) ; Rathdowney, Irish Rath-tamhnaigh
(of the green field) ; Rathbane (white fort) ; Rathfryland
(Freelan's fort) all in Ireland. Rattray, in Perthshire,
where there are the remains of an old fortress on a hill, and
near what is called the Standing Stones, supposed to have
been a Druidical temple ; Rathven (hill-fort), in Banffshire ;
Rathmorail (the magnificent fort), in Aberdeenshire ; Ra-
phoe, Co. Donegal, abbrev. from Rathboth (the fort of huts).

1 64 REICH RHEDIG

/r ^ \ (& kingdom ; e.g. France, t.e. Frank-retch
REICH, REIKE (Goth.), I /, 7- j r ^ i- z. T.

' . ' (the kingdom of the Franks, who are

RICE (A.S.), < v t j , J.

V~ j x. j supposed to have derived their name

RICH (Scand.), I r i j r i- 11 j r \

V. from a kind of javelin called franca) ;
Austria, CEstreich (the eastern kingdom), as opposed to
Neustria (the western) ; Surrey or Sud-rice (the southern
kingdom) ; Goodrich, in Hereford (Coda's rule or kingdom) ;
Rastrick (Rasta's rule), in Yorkshire ; Norway or Nordrike
(the northern kingdom) ; Ringerige, in Norway (the king-
dom of King Ringe) ; Gothland, anc. Gotarike (the kingdom
of the Goths) ; Sweden, anc. Sviarike (the kingdom of the
Suiones).

REIDH (Gadhelic), smooth, used also as a noun to signify a level
field, and Anglicised re, rea, or rey ; e.g. Remeen (the
smooth plain) ; Muilrea (smooth hill, mullagh, p. 145) ;
Rehill for Redh-choill (smooth wood).

REKA (Sclav.), a river ; e.g. Riga, Rega, Regan, Regnitz (river
names) ; also the R. Spree, Sclav. Serbenreka (the river of
the Serbs or Wends) ; Meseritz and Meseritsch (in the
midst of rivers), in Moravia and Wallachia ; Rakonitz (the
town on the river), in Russia ; Reka, the Sclavonic name for
Fiume, It. (the river), a town on the Adriatic, at the mouth
of a stream of the same name.

. . . C to fl w > from whence are derived rivus

>J (r rM? 'r \ I and rivula, Lat. ; Ho, Span, and Port. ;

5^ i x '' r* v t a > raes > and rith, A.S. (a stream).

REO (Grk.), }-, ' . \ .1 TT

ff .\ j The Eng. river comes through the Fr.

.L /o \ riviere, and that from tiparia, in Mediae-

Rl, SRI (Sansc.), IT! v_* v* n u i

[_ val Lat. a river, but literally a river-bank.

From these root-words many river names are derived, or
from rhe, rea (swift), joined to root-words signifying water ;
e.g. the Rhone, anc. Rhodamis, the Rhine, Rye, Rea, Rhee,
Rhea, Rey, Rheus, Roe, Ruhr, etc. ; Rio-doce and Rio-
dulce (sweet or fresh river), in opposition to Rio-salada
(salt river) ; Rio-branco (white river) ; Rio-bravo-del-norte
(the great north river) ; Rio-grande-do-sul (the great south
river) ; Rio -negro (black river) ; Rio-tinto (coloured river) ;
Rio -Colorado, with the same meaning; Rio -de -Janeiro,
generally called Rio so named by the Portuguese dis-
coverer because the bay was discovered on the feast of

RHIADURRHUDD 165

St. Januarius : the city founded at the place, and now called
Rio, was originally named St. Sebastian ; Rio -de -Cobra
(the snake river), in Jamaica ; Rio-dos-Reis (the river of
the kings), in Africa, so named by Vasco de Gama, because
discovered on the feast of the Epiphany; Rio-de-Ouro
(the river of gold), on the coast of Guinea ; Rio-azul (the
blue river) ; Rio-Marahao (the tangled river) ; Rio-de-la-
Plata (the river of plata, i.e. silver), so called from the
booty taken on its banks.

RHIADUR (Cym.-Cel.), a cataract ; e.g. Rhayadar (the cataract), a
town in Radnor, near a fall of the R. Wye, removed in
1780. Radnor itself is supposed to have taken its name
from Rhiadur-Gwy (the cataract of the R. Wye) ; Rhiadur-
mawr (the great cataract), in Caernarvonshire ; Rhaidr-y-
wennol (the cataract of the swallow), so named from the
rapidity of its motion, like that of the bird.

RHIW (Welsh), an ascent ; e.g. Ruabon, corrupt, from Rhiw-
Fabon (the ascent of St. Mabon).

RHOS, ROS (Cym.-Cel.), in Wales signifying a moor, in Cornwall
a valley ; e.g. Ross, a town in Hereford ; Rhoscollen (the
moor of hazels), in Anglesea ; Rhos-du (black moor) ;
Penrhos (the head of the moor), in Wales. In Cornwall :
Roskilly (the valley of hazels) ; Rosecrewe (the valley of
the cross); Rosvean (little valley); Rosmean (stony valley).

RHUDD (Cym.-Cel.), f ^ e & Ru f nd < red land >> or P er '

RUADH Gadhelic), p^.l .1 ^T ^l T^ '

ROTH and RUD (Teut ) 1 Rhuddlan ( the red bank > f /( **) '

fc .3 \ I Rhuthin, corrupt, from Rhudd-din (the

[_ red land) ; Llanrhudd (the red church),

in Wales ; Romhilde, anc. Rotemulte (red land) ; Rother,

Rotha, Rothback (red stream) ; Rotherthurm, Hung.

Vorostoroney (red tower) ; Rothen-haus, Sclav. Czerweny-

hradek (red house or castle), in Bohemia ; Rotenburg, in

Switzerland (the town on the red brook) ; Rothenburg, in

Hanover and Bavaria (the red fortress) ; Rothenburg, in

Prussia proper, is called by the Sclaves Rostarezewo (the town

of the Sclavonic deity Ratzi) ; Rothenfels (red rock) ;

Rotherham (the dwelling on the red river) ; Roughan and

Rooghaun (reddish land), in Ireland. But the prefix rud

is sometimes the abbreviation of a proper name, thus

1 66 RHYDRIPA

Rudesheim, in Germany, is from Hruodinesheim (the dwell-
ing of Hruodine) ; Rudby, in Yorkshire (of Routh) ; Rud-
kioping, in Denmark (the market-town of Routh).

RHYD (Welsh), a ford ; e.g. Rhyderin, corrupt, from Rhyd-gerwin
(the rough ford) ; Rhyd-y-Boithan, corrupt, from Byddin
(the ford of the army) ; Rhydonen, corrupt, from Rhyd-hen
(the old ford) ; Rhyd-dol-cynfar (the ford of the valley of
the ancient fight).

RIDING, or THRITHING, the three things, q.v., i.e. the three places
or districts where the Scandinavians held their judicial
assemblies ; e.g. the Ridings, in Yorkshire, so named under
the Danish rule ; Lincoln was divided by the Danes in the
same manner.

RIED (A.S.), a reed; e.g. Retford and Radford (the reedy ford);
Radbourne (reedy brook) ; Redbridge, in Hants, anc.
Reideford (reedy ford). Bede calls it Arundinis-vadum,
Lat. (the ford of the reeds).

RIGGE CA S } ( a ridge ; e ' g ' HansrUcke (J hn ' s "dge) 5

PTTPRP-M /rw N \ Hengistriicke (the horses' ridge) ; Hundsricke

^ e '' ( (the dog's ridge) ; Rudgeley (the field at the

ridge) ; Brownrigg, Grayrigg (the brown and gray ridge) ;

Reigate (the passage through the ridge), contracted from

ridgegate ; Lindridge (lime-tree ridge) ; Rucksteig (the

steep path on the ridge) ; Langrike (long ridge) ; Steen-

riicke (stony ridge).

/T . fa bank or the border of a stream ; e.g.

RIPA (Lat.), . , 111 r T i /* \

,, . ' Riva (on the bank of Lake Como) ;

RIVA (It.), . TT C / T 1 /- J \

, T, . -c Riva or Rief (on Lake Garda) ; Rive-

RIBA (Span, and Port.), 1 , ~. , . \ / , (/ c

V_r v de-Gier and Aube-nve (on the banks of

E V r ''' [ the R. Gier and Aube) ; Aute-rive and

Rives-altes (the high river-banks) ; Rieux, anc. Rivi-Castra
(the camp of the river-bank) ; Riberac (on the bank of the
water), in France ; Rivalta (the high bank), in Piedmont ;
Rivoli, anc. Ripula (the little bank), in Piedmont ; Romor-
antin, anc. Rivus-Morentini (the bank of the R. Morantin),
in France ; Riveria or Riberia, in Low Lat. signified a
plain on the bank of a river hence Riviere, Rivieres,
Hautes- Rivieres, La Rivoire, etc., in France ; Rivar-
rennas, i.e. Ripa-arentz (the sandy bank), on the R. Cher ;
the Rialto at Venice is corrupt, from Riva-alto (the high

XISCHROS 167

bank) ; Rye, in Sussex, in Lat. records Ripa; Ryde, in the

Isle of Wight, formerly Rye (on the bank of the water) ;

Altrupp, on the R. Rhone, anc. Alta-tipa (the high bank) ;

Ribaute and Autrepe,for Haute-rive (high bank), in Belgium ;

Ribadavia and Riba-de-Sella (the bank of the Rivers Avia

and Sella), in Spain ; Ripon, in Yorkshire, anc. Ripztm (on

the bank of the R. Ure).

/r ^ /the rush ; e.g. Ruscomb (the rushy hollow) ;

f A 9 \ J Rushbrook (the rushy stream) ; Rushford,

OGOSCHA /Sclav \ 1 Rushmere Rushholme, Ryston (the rushy

''' l^ford, marsh, island, and town); Rogatzn,

in Poland, and Rogatchev, in Russia (the place of

rushes).

ROC ROCHE (Fr) ( a rock ~ derivatives from the Lat. rupesj e.g.
/T . x ^ "'* 1 Rocca-bianca (white rock) ; Rocca-casale (rock
ROCCA (It.), < . , v ,.. . " ,. v r

pnr / A c \ j village or dwelling); Rocca-secura (the safe

V^rock fortress), in Italy; Rocca-Valoscuro (the
rock in the dark valley), in Naples ; Rochefort-sur-mer (the
strong fortress on the sea), at the mouth of the R. Charente ;
La Rochelle (the little rock fortress) ; Rochefort (rock for-
tress), in Belgium ; Rochester, Co. Kent (the fortress on
the rock), or, according to Bede, the fort of Hrop, a Saxon
chief ; Rochester, in New York, named after Colonel
Rochester, one of the early settlers ; Roche-Guyon, Lat.
Rupes-Gmdonis(\.\\.e rock fortress of Guido) ; Roche-Foucault,
anc. Rupes-Fucaldi (the fortress of Foucalt) ; Rocroi, Lat.
Rupes-Regia (the royal fortress), in France ; Roxburgh (the
rock fortress) the ancient town, as well as the county,
taking their name from the strong castle, situated on a rock
near the junction of the Tweed and Teviot the ancient
name of the castle was Marchidun (the hill -fort on the
marshy land).

ROS, ROSS (Gadhelic), a promontory or isthmus, and also, in the
south of Ireland, a wood ; thus New Ross, Co. Wexford,
anc. Ros-mic-Treoin (the wood of Treuon's son) ; Ros-
common (of St. Coman) ; Roscrea (Cree's wood) ; Ross-
castle (on a promontory on Lake Killarney) ; Muckross
(the peninsula of the pigs), in several places in Ireland ;
Muckros (with the same meaning the pig's headland)
was the ancient name of the town of St. Andrews ; Ross-

1 68 RUHE S A SHALL

begh (of the birches) ; Rossinver (of the confluence) ; Port-
rush (the landing-place of the promontory) ; Ross-shire
seems to have taken its name from Ross (a wood) ; Mon-
trose, anc. Monros (the promontory on the marshy land,
mom) ; Rosneath, anc. Rosneveth (the promontory of St.
Nefydd), in Dumbartonshire ; Roslin (the promontory on
the pool) ; Kinross (the head of the promontory), either
with reference to the county in regard to Fife, of which
it anciently formed part or with reference to the town at
the head of Loch Leven. Fife was anciently called Ross :
it got the name of Fife in honour of Duff, Earl of Fife, to
whom it was given by Kenneth II.; and in 1426 Kinross
was made a separate county. Roskeen (the head or corner
of Ross-shire) ; Rosehearty, in Aberdeenshire, corrupt, from
Ros-ardty (the dwelling on the high promontory).

RUHE (Ger.), rest ; e.g. Ludwigsriihe (Ludowic's rest) ; Carlshriihe
(Charles's rest), founded by Charles William, Margrave of
Baden, in 1715; Henricksriihe (Henry's rest).'

RUN (A.S.), council ; e.g. Runhall (the hall of the council) ; Run-
nington, anc. Runenton (the town of the council) ; Runny-
mede (the meadow of the council).

RYBA (Sclav.), fish ; e.g. Rybnik, Rybniza (the fish pond) ;
Rybinsk, Rybnaia (fish town).

RYSCH, or ROW (Sclav.), a dam or ditch ; e.g. Prierow (near the
dam) ; Prierosbriick (the bridge near the dam) ; Ryswick
(the town on the dam) ; Riez, Rieze, Riezow, Riezig (at the
dam).

,~ . . ( behind ; e.g. Sabor (behind the wood) ; Zadrin
av ''' \ (behind the R. Drin) ; Zamosc (behind the moss) ;

ZA> (Zabrod (behind the ford); Zablat (behind the

marsh).

SABHALL (Gadhelic), a barn ; e.g. Saul, Co. Down, anc. Sabhall-
Patrick (Patrick's barn), being the first place of worship
used by St. Patrick in Ireland ; Saval (the barn used as a
church), near Newry ; Drumsaul (the barn or church on
the ridge) ; Sawel, a mountain in Ireland, probably from
the same root ; Cairntoul, a hill in Aberdeenshire, origin-
ally Carn-t-Sabhall (the cairn of the barn).

SABLE SALZ 169

SABLE (Fr.), sand ; e.g. Sable, Sable", Sablat, Sablon, Sablieres,
La Sabloniere, in France.

( A q \ ( the willow ; e.g. Salehurst (willow copse);

-

SALIX Lat Salford ( willow ford ) ; Saul . in Gloucester-

( shire (the place of willows). In France
many places take their name from Saule, Fr. (the willow) ;
e.g. Sailly, from Salicettim (a place planted with willows), as
also Saux, Saules, Saulzais, etc.

, \ ( a stone dwelling ; set, a cottage, cognate with the

'''< Span, and Port, sala; e.g. Hohensale (high dwell-

( ing) ; Nordsehl (north dwelling) ; Oldenzeel (old

dwelling) ; Eversal (the dwelling of the wild boar) ; Brun-

sele (the dwelling at the well) ; Holzselen (at the wood) ;

Laufenselden (the dwelling near the waterfall) ; Marsal (on

the marsh), in France. In Spain : Salas (the halls) ; Salas-

de-la-ribera (the dwellings on the river-bank) ; Salas-de-los-

Infantes (the dwellings of the infantry) ; Upsal, Scand.

Upsalr (the high halls), in Sweden.

/P x f sa lt, cognate with the Lat. sal and the Grk.

fr Hh i- \ hols; e.g. the Rivers Saale, Salzach, Salz-

,q j v \ b ac hj Sal, Salat (salt stream); Salies,

//- /- i \ Salins, Salinas, Salines, Salenillas, Salskaia,
HALEN (Cym.-Cel.), . . ' ' ^, . ' .

[_ place-names in France, South America, and

Russia (in the neighbourhood of salt mines or springs) ;
Saalfeld, on the R. Saal, in Saxony ; also Saalfelden, in
Austria (the salt field) ; Salamanca, in Spain, anc. Salmantica
(the place in the neighbourhood of salt springs) ; Salzburg,
on the R. Salzach ; Salzbrunn (the salt well) ; Salzkam-
mergut (the public treasury of the salt-works) ; Soultz or
Soultzbad (the saline bath) ; Soultzbach (the salt brook) ;
Soultz-sous-forets (the salt springs under the woods) ; Soultz-
matt (the meadow of the salt springs) ; Selters, anc.
Saltrissa, in Nassau, near the Selzar or mineral springs ;
Saltzkotten (the huts of the salt miners), in Westphalia ;
Solikamsk (the town of the salt-works on the R. Kama), in
Russia ; salt and sa/tz, as affixes, are also applied to dwell-
ings on the sea-coast, thus Westersalt, Ostersalt, Neusaltz
(the west, east, and new watering-place by the sea) ; but
Salton, a parish in East Lothian, does not come from this
word. It is said to have derived its name from Nicolas de

i;o SANG SCALE

Soules, who possessed that part of the country in the
thirteenth century. Hal, the Celtic word for salt, still exists
in the names of places where there are or were salt-works ;
e.g. Haling, in Hants ; Halton, in Cheshire ; Halsal and
Hallaton, in Lancashire ; Halle, in Prussian Saxony, stands
on the R. Saala ; Reichenhall, on the Saale ; Hallein, on the
Salza, near the salt mines in Tyrol.

SANG (Ger.), a place cleared of wood by burning, from sengen, to
burn ; e.g. Feuersang (the fire clearing) ; Altensang (the old
clearing) ; but Vogelgesang means the place of singing-birds.

SARN (Welsh), a road. The word sarn refers to the old Roman
road which the Emperor Maximus called in honour of his
wife Helen, a Welsh princess whom he had married ; e.g.
Sarn-Helen (Helen's road) ; Pen-Sarn (the head or end of
the road) ; Tal-Sarn (the face of the road).

SAX, SAHS (Teut.), a stone, cognate with the Lat. saxum; e.g.
Sachsa (the stony water in the neighbourhood of quarries) ;
Sasso, in Italy (the stone or tomb) ; Sassoferrato (the forti-
fied rock) ; Sassuolo (the little rock or stone), in Italy ; but
these words, either as prefixes or affixes, in topography
generally indicate places belonging to the Saxons, who were
so called from the seax, a kind of sword which they used in
warfare ; thus Sachsenberg, Sachsenburg, Sachsenheim,
Sachsendorf, Sassetot, denote the dwellings of the Saxons ;
Saxony, in Germany (peopled by Saxons) ; Sussex, Essex,
and Wessex (the south, east, and west districts of the
Saxons), in England ; Saxby (the Saxons' town), in Lincoln ;
Saxlingham (the home of the descendants of the Saxons),
in Norfolk ; Sassenberg (the Saxons' hill), in Westphalia.

SCALE, SKALI (Scand.), ( \ ^ 5, S f h f ed ; <*' S ' alb y ff
SHEAL SHEAUNG (Scotch), \ Scaleby (hut town) ; Scalloway (the
" ( huts on the bay, vig), in Shetland ;
Galashiels (the huts on the R. Gala) ; Biggarshiels (the
huts near the town of Biggar) ; Larbert, Co. Stirling,
formerly Lairbert-scheills (the huts of a man named Lair-
bert) ; North and South Shields, originally a collection of
fishermen's huts ; but as scald, in the Scandinavian language,
means a bard that word is likely to have formed an element
in place-names. Scaldwell is probably the bard's well;
Skalholt, in Iceland, may be the bard's hill.

SCAMSCHMAL 171

SCAM (Old Ger.), little ; e.g. Schambach, Schamach (the little
stream).

SCHANZE (Ger.), a bulwark ; e.g. Rheinschanze (the bulwark of
the Rhine) ; Hochschanze (high bulwark).

SCHEIDE (Ger.), a watershed, from scheiden, to divide ; e.g. Lenn-
scheide, Remschede, Nettenscheide (the watershed of the
Rivers Lenn, Rems, and Nette) ; but this word sometimes
means a place separated by an enclosure from the surround-
ing land, as in Scheidhof (the separated or enclosed court) ;
Scheidlehen (the separated fief).

SCHENKE (Ger.), a public-house ; e.g. Schenholtz (the wood near
the public-house) ; Shenklein (the little public-house) ;
Shenkendorf (the inn village).

SCHEUNE (Ger.), a shed or barn ; e.g. Ziegelscheune (the brick barn) ;
Kalkscheune (lime-shed); Scheunenstelle(the place of sheds).

SCHLAG (Ger.), a wood clearing or field ; e.g. Leopoldschlag (the
field of Leopold) ; Grafenschlag (of the count) ; Pfafien-
schlag (of the priest) ; Kirchsclag (of the church) ; Schlagen-
wald (the cleared wood) ; Schlagberg and Schlaghock (the
cleared hill and corner) ; Murzuschlag (the clearing on the
R. Murz), in Styria.

SCHLANGE (Ger.), a snake ; e.g. Slagenhorst (snake thicket) ;
Schlangenbad (snake bath).

SCHLEUSE (Ger \ ( a sluice ' e ' g ' Rhinschleuse ( the sluice of the
<T) t M J Rh me ) ! Sluys, in Holland ; and Slooten, also
^ , F . '' J a town in Holland, on a lake of the same
\ name (from sloo /, a ditch) ; Sluispolder (the
reclaimed land at the sluice) ; Schlusseburg, in Russia (the
fortress at the sluice), built on an island at the spot where
the R. Neva issues from Lake Ladoga ; Helvoetsluis (the
sluice on the Haring-vliet, an arm of the R. Maas) ; Fort
de 1'Ecluse (the fortress of the sluice), in France.

SCHLOSS (Ger.), a castle ; e.g. Marienschloss (the castle of the
Virgin Mary) ; Heidenschloss (the castle on the heath) ;
Schlossmiihle (castle mill) ; Schlosshof (the castle court),
fr \ ( li^ 6 ' e -S- Schmalkalden, anc. Schmalenaha (the

j \ \ town on the small stream) ; Smalley, with the
SMAA (Scand.), ) ,., , , . ' ' , n /- r \

" ( same meaning ; Smaalehlen (the small fief), in

Norway ; Smallburgh (little town) ; Schmallenberg (little
hill) ; Smailholm (little hill), a parish in Roxburghshire.

172 SCHMEIDESEE

SCHMEIDE (Ger.), a smithy; e.g. Nagelschmeide (the nail smithy);
Schmeidefeld and Schmeidsiedel (the field and site of the
smithy) ; Schmeideberg (the hill of the smithy).

SCHWAlGfOld Ger ) ( acattle - shed 5 ^ Herrnschweige (the count's
* "'*< cattle-shed); Brunswick, anc. Braunsiveig

( (Bruno's shed, or the town of Bruno).

SCHWAND (Ger.), a wood clearing ; e.g. Schwand or Schwandt,
in Bavaria ; Schwanden, in Switzerland ; Schwandorf (the
village at the wood clearing).

SCHWARZ (Ger.), black ; e.g. Schwarza, Schwarzach, Schwarzbach,
Schwarzwasser (black stream) ; Schwarzburg (black for-
tress) ; Schwarzberg (black mountain) ; Schwarzwald (black
wood) ; Schwarzkreutz (the black cross).

SCHWERE (Sclav.), a wild beast ; e.g. Schwerin and Schwerin-
lake, in Mecklenburg ; and Schwersentz, in Posen (places
infested by wild beasts).

/ A q \ ( cl ear ? bright ; e.g. Sherbourne (the clear stream) ;
^ *'' < but this word is sometimes used instead of scyre.

SCER i

I a division or shire, as in Sherwood (the wood
where the shire meetings were held) ; Sherston (shire
boundary stone) ; Shardlow and Shardhill (the boundary
hill) ; Sharnford (the boundary ford) ; Sharrington (the
town of the children of the shire or division).
SEANN (Gadhelic), old ; e.g. Shanmullagh (the old summit) ;
Shandrum (the old ridge) ; Shangarry (the old garden) ;
Shanbally and Shanvally (the old dwelling) ; Shanbo,
Shanboe, and Shanbogh (the old hut), in Ireland ; also
Shankill (old church), and Shandon, Irish Seandun (old
fort). There are several places in Ireland called Shannon
from this word, but it is uncertain what is the origin of
the R. Shannon, whose ancient name was Senosj Sanquhar,
Gael. Seann-Cathair (the old fortress), in Dumfriesshire,
named from an old castle near the town.
,p . ( a lake or sea ; e.g. Ostsee and Oostzee (east lake) ;
' m M \ Zuyderzee (the Southern Sea) ; Zealand and Zee-
'* ( land (land surrounded by the sea) ; Gransee
(boundary or corner lake) ; Bodensee or Lake Constance,
named from Bodami-Castrum, the castle of the legate of
the Carlovingian kings on its shore, and latterly from a
fortress erected by Constantine the Great ; Dolgensee,

SEIFENSET 173

Sclav, (the' long take) ; the Plattensee (the lake on the
marsh, blattd) ; Unterseen (below the lakes^ j.the Red Sea,
the translation of the sea of Edom (the red).

SEIFEN (Ger.), a place where metals are washed; e.g. Seifen and
Seifendorf (towns where metals were washed) ; Seifengold
(where gold is washed) ; Seifenzinn (where tin is washed) ;
Seifenwerk (the hill of the metal washing).

SEILLE, an affix in French and Belgian topography, signifying a
wood or forest, derived from the Lat. saltus and sylvaj
e.g. Baseille (low wood) ; Haseille (high wood) ; Forseille
(out of the wood) ; Senlis, Lat. Civitas Sylvanectensium
(the town of the Sylvanectes, i.e. dwellers in the woods) ;
Savigny and Souvigny, Lat. Sylvaniacum (in the woods) ;
Selvigny, Souvigne", with the same meaning; La-silve-
benite (the blessed wood) ; Silve-real (royal wood), etc., in
France ; Transylvania (the district beyond the woods)
its Hungarian name, Erdely-Orsag, means the woody
country ; Selwood, anc. Brit. Cozt-mawr, Lat. Sylva-magna
(the great wood), perhaps Selby, in Yorkshire.

SELENY, or ZIELENY (Sclav.), green ; e.g. Selinga (the green
river) ; Zelendorf (green village) ; Zielonagora (green moun-
tain) ; Zieleng-brod (green ford) ; Zielenzig and Szelenek
(green place).

SELIG (Teut. ), holy ; e.g. Seligenstadt, Seligenfeld, Seligenthal
(the holy place, field, valley)'; Sellyoak (holy oak), perhaps
Selby, in Yorkshire, if it is not from sylva, wood.

a seat, settlement, or possession, cognate

SET, SEATA (A.S.),
ZETEL (Dutch),

SITZ (Ger.),
SSEDLIO (Sclav.),
SUIDHE (Gadhelic),

with the Lat. sedes ; e.g. Dorset (the settle-
ment of the Durotriges, i.e. dwellers by the
water) ; Wiltshire, anc. Wilsaetan (the
settlement on the R. Willy) ; Shropshire,

anc. Scrobsaetan (the settlement among
shrubs) ; Somerset, named from Somerton (the summer seat
of the West Anglo-Saxon kings) ; Settle, in Yorkshire (the
settlement) ; Sittingbourne, in Kent (the settlement on the
brook). In the Lake District, colonised by Norsemen, this
word often takes the form of side; e.g. Ormside, Ambleside,
Kettleside, Silverside (the settlement of Ormr, Hamel,
Ketyl, Soelvar), etc. ; Pecsaeten (the settlement at the peak), in
Derbyshire ; Alsace, anc. Alsatia, i.e. the other settlement,

174 SHANSIDH

with reference to the German settlements on the west
bank of the Rhine, as distinguished from the Franks or
Ripuari, on the east ; Holstein, anc. Holtsatia (the settle-
ment in the woods) ; Waldsassen (wood settlement) ;
Winkelsass and Endzettel (the corner settlement) ; Neusass,
Neusiedel, and Neusohl (the new settlement); Einsiedeln
(the settlement of Eina), in Switzerland ; Wolfsedal (of
Wolfa) ; Soest or Sost, in Prussia, for Suth-satium (the
southern seat). In Sclavonian names we have Sedlitz (the
possession); Stary-Sedlo (the old possession); Sedlitz-
gross (the great settlement) ; Sursee, in Switzerland (the
seat or dwelling, Old Fr. Zi), on the R. Sur ; Sion or Sitten,
in Switzerland, Cel. Suidh-dunum (the seat on the hill-fort).
In Ireland : Seagoe, Irish Suidhe-Gobha (St. Gobha's seat) ;
Seeoran (Oran's seat) ; Seaghanbane (the white seat) ;
Seaghandoo (the black seat) ; Shinrone, anc. Suidhe-an-roin
(literally the seat of the seal, but figuratively of a certain
hairy man) ; Hermosillo, in Mexico, Span, (beautiful seat).

SHAN (Chinese), a mountain ; e.g. Shan-tung (east of the moun-
tain) ; Shan-se (west of the mountain) ; Thian-Shan (the
celestial mountain).

SHAMAR (Pers.), a river ; e.g. Samer, Samara, Sambre, river
names. The Samur, which flows into the Sea of Asoph.

,. . (a wood or grove; e.g. the Shaws, in

SHAW (A. S.), sceaga, 1 ~ , , j , i i i_-

> *1\ < Cumberland and Lanarkshire ; Birchen-

'' ( shaw (the birch grove) ; Pollokshaws (the

woods near the village of Pollok) ; Bradshaw (broad
wood) ; Shaugh-Prior (the prior's wood) ; Shawbury (the
town in the wood) ; Evershaw (the wood of the wild boar,
eofer) ; Skegness (the headland of the wood).
SHEHR CPers ) ( a dwellin S ' e -S- Begshehr (the dwelling of the
/ be S or be y) ; Abou-shehr (the dwelling of

'' Abou) ; Allah-shehr (God's house) ; Eskshehr
(old dwelling) ; Yenishehr (new dwelling) ; Anoopshehr
(incomparable dwelling) ; Pondicherry, originally Pudicheri
(new dwelling or town) ; Paraicherie (the village of Pariahs)
probably Shiraz and Shirvan belong to this root.
SIDH, SITH (Gadhelic), a fairy or a fairy hill. The belief in these
supernatural beings is still general among the Celtic races.
It was believed that they resided in the interior of pleasant

SIERRA SK " .TA 5 1 75

hills called sidhe or siodhaj, The word frequently takes the
form of s/iee, as in the .^itve Hills, in Co. Meath ; Glenshee,
in Perthshire ; Mullagvisliee (the fairy hillock) ; Sheetrim,
i.e. Sidh-dhruim (the fairy ridge), the old name of the rock
of Cashel ; Killashee (the church near the fairy hill) ;
Rashee (the fort of the fairies) ; also Shean, Sheann,
Sheane, Shane, in Ireland.

. (a. mountain chain, having a serrated appear-
SIERRA (Span.), f ., T '

,p LIT \ ance, from the Lat. serra, a saw ; or perhaps

''' ( from the Ar. se/ira/i, an uncultivated tract of
land, being the root of the desert of Sahara, in Africa ; e.g.
Sierra- de-fuentes (the mountain chain of the fountains);
Sierra-de-los-vertientes (of the cascades) ; Sierra Leone (of
the lion) ; Sierra-Calderona (the mountain chain with the
cauldrons or craters); Sierra-de-las-Monas (of the apes);
Sierra Morena (the dark mountain range) ; Sierra Nevada
(the snowy) ; Sierra Estrella (the starry mountain range) ;
Sierra-de-Culebra (of the snake) ; Sierra-de-gata (of agates) ;
Esmeraldas-Serradas (the emerald mountains), in Brazil ;
Cerro-da-vigia (the mountain of observation) ; Cerro-de-la-
Giganta (of the giantess) ; Cerro-largo (broad mountain) ;
Cerro-gordo (fruitful mountain) ; Cerro-del-cobre (of the
snake) ; but serra, in Italian, means a narrow place as in
Serra-capriola (the narrow place of the goats) ; and Serra-
Monascesca (of the monks).

( a sharp rock allied to the Welsh

SKAER (Scand.), , . , r . ,, . ,

ir* ji. i- \ -\ skertd. cleft asunder, ysgariad:
SGOR and SGEIR (Gadhehc). j ' .,, , ': *., , '

' ( e.g. Skend-fawn and Skend-fach

(the great and little skerid or division). Esgair is another
word from the same root, applied to a long ridge ; e.g.
Esgair-hir (the long ridge) ; Esgair-graig (the rock ridge)
e.g. Scarcliff (the cliff of the sharp rock) ; Nashscaur (the
promontory of the steep rock) ; Scarborough (the town on
the rock or cliff) ; Scorton, with the same meaning, in
Yorkshire ; Scarnose and Scarness (the sharp cape) ; Skerry-
ford, Skeerpoint, on the coast of Wales ; Sheerness (the
sharp headland), on the Thames ; Scaranos, with the same
meaning, on the coast of Sicily ; Scarabines (the sharp
points), in Caithness ; Scuir (a sharp rock), on the island
of Egg ; Scordale, in Westmoreland, and Scordal, in Ice-

1 76 S&tWSHABH

land (the valley of the steep rock) ; Scarsach (abounding
in steep rocks), in Perth V"-?carba (the island of the
sharp rock), and Scarp, in the" Hebrides ; the Skerry
and the Skerries, in the Shetland^, and on the coast
of Ireland and Wales ; Skerry-vore (the great rock), in the
Hebrides.

SKAW, SKAGI (Scand.), an isthmus or promontqrv ; e.g. the Skaw
or Skagen Cape, on the coast of Denmark ; Skagerack or
Skagen-rack (the strait near the promontory).

SKI, SK, SKIA, an affix in Sclav, topography, signifying a town,
often annexed to the name of the river near the town, or to
the name of its founder ; e.g. Tobolsk, Tomsk, Pinsk,
Vitepsk, Volsk, Omsk, on the Rivers Tobol, Tom, Pina,
Viteba, Volga, Om ; Irkutsk, Berdiansk, Bielorietzk, Bob-
roninsk, Illginsk, Miask, Olekminsk, Okhotsk, Olensk, on
the Rivers Irkut, Berda, Biela, Bobronia, Ilga, Miass, Olekma,
Okhota, and Olenek ; Bielozersk (the town on the white
island) ; Jarensk (the town on the Jarenga or strong river) ;
Kesilskaia (on the red river) ; Krasno-Ufimsk (the beautiful
town of the R. Ufa) ; Petsk (silk town), in Turkey, where
the mulberry- tree is extensively cultivated; Yakutsk (the
town of the Yakuts, a Tartar tribe) ; Salskaia, on the R.
Sal ; Sviajsk (the town on the Sviga, holy river) ; Sviatskaia
(the town of Sviatovid, a Sclav, deity) ; Dmitrovisk (the
town of Demetrius, a Russian saint) ; Kupiansk and Kupiszki
(the town on the promontory, kupa).

e KTP /c , . (a sheep ; e.g. Skipton, Skipwich, Schaefheim

SCHAEF C (A S ) l ( shee P town ) Shapfells (sheep hills) ; Sheppey
* ' ''' ( (sheep island) ; Skipsia (sheep's stream) ; Schaef-
matt (sheep meadow) ; Shefford (sheep's ford) ; Scaefstadt
(sheep town).

SLIABH, SLIEVE, or SLIEU (Gadhelic), a mountain or heath, akin to
the Ger. sliet, a declivity ; e.g. Slieve-Anieran (the iron
mountain), so called from its mines ; Slievesnaght (snowy
mountains) ; Slieve-Bernagh (gapped mountain) ; Bricklive
(speckled mountain) ; Beglieve (small mountain). In all
these places in Ireland the original names have been cor-
rupted : Sleaty (the mountains) ; Sleeven (the little hill) ;
Slievenamon, i.e. Sliabh-na-mban-fion (the mountain of the
fair women or fairies) ; Slievebloom (Bladh's mountain) ;

SLOG SPITAL 177

Slieve-beagh (birch-tree hill) ; Slieve-corragh (rugged hill) ;
Slieveroe (the red hill) ; Sliabh-cuailgne, now the Cooley
Mountains, in Ireland ; Sleibhe-Cuillinn (the Coolin or
Cuchullin Hills), in Skye ; Slamannan (the sliabh or moor of
the district formerly called Manan, parts of Stirling and
Clackmannanshire).

SLOG (A.S.), a slough or marshy place; e.g. Slough, Co. Bucks;
Sloby, Slawston, Slaugham (the dwelling on the marshy
ground).

SLUAGH (Gadhelic), a multitude, a host ; e.g. Ballinasloe (the ford-
mouth of the hosts), in Co. Galway ; Srahatloe, i.e. Srath-
a'-tsluagh (the river holm of the hosts) ; Knockatloe and
Tullintloy (the hill of the hosts), in Ireland.

SNAID, SNOED (Teut.), a separated piece of land, from the Old Ger.

sniden and Modern Ger. schneiden (to cut) ; e.g. Eckschnaid

(the oak snaid) ; Hinterschnaid (behind the snaid) ; Snaith,

in Yorkshire ; Snead, Montgomery ; Sneyd, Co. Stafford ;

Sneaton (the town on the snaid) ; Snodland and Snodlands

(the separated lands) ; Snodhill (the hill on the snaid).

,. ^ . (a. place privileged to hold local courts ; e.g.

J; ,~ , ,. --J Thorpe-le-Soke and Kirby-le-Soken (the village

'" ( and church-town where the courts were wont to

be held) ; Walsoken and Walton-le-Soken (the place near

the wall, or perhaps the well, where the court was held) ;

Sockbridge and Sockburn (the bridge and stream near the

court station).

SOTO (Span.), a grove ; e.g. Soto, the name of several places in
Spain ; Sotilla (the little grove) ; Sotilla-de-las-Palomas
(the little grove of the doves) ; Sotilla-de-la-ribera (the little
grove of the river-bank).

SPINA (Lat ) ( a th rn > e ' g ' E P inac > E P inal > Epinay, in France ;
..p \ < Espinosa, in Spain (the thorny place) ; Epinville
^ '** ( (the thorny villa) ; Epineuil (the thorny fountain,
ceuil) ; Epinoy, Epineuse, etc., in France ; Speen, in Co.
Berks, anc. Spin<z (the thorny place).
,^ ~ \ fan hospital or place of entertainment for

O.P I J. AJL ( IN Or-r !") . . . T - .,._ , . .

YSPYTTY (Cym Cel ) J strangers or invalids, from the Lat. hospt-

SPIDEAL (Gadhelic) ) tiumj e ' g " S P itta1 ' in Caithness and Co.

\ Pembroke ; Spittle, in Cheshire and in

Berwickshire ; the Spital of Glenshee, in Perthshire ; Dal-

N

178 SPRING SRON

na-Spidal (the field of the hospital) ; Spittalfields, in Middle-
sex ; Yspytty-Rhew-Ystwith, on the R. Ystwith ; Yspytty-
Evan (Evan's hospital), in Wales ; Llanspithid, in Brecknock,
which derived its name from an ancient Ysbytty hospitium
that existed here, supported by the priory of Malvern.
These names and many others in England and Scotland
derived their names from hospitals attached to religious
houses in the Middle Ages.

SPRING CTeut \ ( a water - source 5 e -g- Springthorpe (the farm
SPRONP Vsramn \ at the fountain ) '> Adlerspring (the eagle's

O-r-KLJiNlj I OLdllU. ) I r . \ T / . t r i

' ( fountain) ; Lippspnng (at the source of the
R. Lippe) ; Springe (at the source of the R. Haller) ;
Magdespring (the maiden's fountain).

SRATH (Gadhelic) I an extensive vall ey, Anglicised strath; e.g.
/r f*i\4 Strathmore and Strathbeg (the great and
YSTRAD (Cym.-Cel.), ) ,. , Ci ^, J? l _.,.

" ( little valleys) ; Strathavon, Strathblan,

Strathbogie, Strathconan, Strathearn (the valleys of the
Rivers Avon, Blane, Bogie, Conan, and Earn) ; Strathyre,
corrupt, from Srathiar (the western valley, with reference to
Strathearn, the eastern), in Perthshire ; Strathclyde, Strath-
naver, Strathspey, Strathallan, Strathpeffer, Strathbran, Strath-
griffe (the valleys of the Rivers Clyde, Naver, Spey, Allan,
Peffer, Bran, and Griffe) ; Strath Tary, in Sutherlandshire
(the bull's strath, tairebb) Strichen, in Aberdeenshire,
corrupt, from Srath-Ugie (the valley of the R. Ugie) ; Strath-
don, corrupt, from Srath-domhain (the valley of the deep
river) ; Ystrad-Tywy (the valley of the R. Tywy), in Wales ;
Ystrad-yw (yew-tree valley or the valley of the brook Ywen) ;
Yester, a parish in East Lothian, from Ystrad; Ystrad-fflur
(the flowery valley), called by the Romans Strata- Florida ;
Ystrad-gwnlais (the valley of the trench, dais, through which
a stream flows) ; Straiton, in Ayrshire (the town on the
Strath) ; Traquhair (sheep valley).

//- jt. i- \ f a nose, hence a promontory : e.%. Stronaba
SRON (Gadhelic), I /t , , c ' ' , ,

fC r 1 N i ^ cow s promontory) ; Stronaclacher (the

v y*" J* [ stony promontory) ; Stronechrigen (the
rocky point) ; Stronfearn (the point of the alders) ; Stron-
deas (the southern point) ; Strontian (the little promontory) ;
Sorn, in Ayrshire, named from an ancient castle situated
on a rocky headland ; Troon (the promontory), on the

SRUTHSTADT 179

Ayrshire coast ; Sroan-keeragh (the sheep's promontory) ;
Shrone-beha (birch-tree promontory), in Ireland ; Duntroon
Castle (the fortress on the promontory), in Argyleshire ;
Turnberry Head, in Ayrshire, from trwyn; also Trwyn
Point, in Ayrshire ; Au-tron (on the point), in Cornwall ;
Trwyn-y-Badan (the promontory of the boats), in Wales.

SRUTH, SRUTHAIR (Gadhelic), f \ river * owin * wate ^ ; s >

SROTA (Sansc.), 1 S r SC " ^ > fl ^ CO Sf e

( stroum, Teut., struja, Sclav. ; e.g.

Srue, Sruh, Shrough, Sroughan (the stream), in Ireland ;
also Abbeyshrule (the abbey on the stream) ; Bealnashrura
(the ford-mouth of the stream) ; Sroolane, Srooleen, Sruffan,
and Sruffaun (little stream) ; Killeenatruan, anc. Cillin-a-
tsruthain (the little church of the stream) ; Anstruther in
Fife, and Westruther in Berwickshire, probably from the
same root ; but Strowan, in Perthshire, is named for St.
Rowan ; Ardstraw, in Tyrone, is a corrupt, of Ard-sratha
(the height near the bank of the stream).

STACKR (Scand \ ( a P r J ectin rock or P int 5 e -S- the Stack
'' Rocks and South Stack, on the coast of

'

, . ,

STUAIC (Gadhelic), ) ... . . ' T . ,

( Wales ; the Stags, on the Irish coast ; Stack

Island, Wales ; and St. Bude's Stack. In Ireland this
word is generally Anglicised into stookj thus the Stookans
(the little rock pinnacles), near the entrance of the Giant's
Causeway ; Stookan and Stookeen (the little rock).

STADT and STATT (Ger.), j a P laCC / 'T ; *T*' a Stat ;" f r

STEDE, Or STEAD (A.S.) 1 ^ ' ^t ' & ^ ^ j **%***. *

( bank or shore ; e.g. Carlstadt, Thene-
sanstadt, Christianstadt (towns named after one of the
German emperors, Charles, after the Empress Theresa,
and after Christian IV. of Sweden) ; Darmstadt, Illstadt,
Stadt-Steinach, Lippstadt (towns on the Rivers Darm, 111,
Steinach, and Lippe) ; Bleistadt (lead town), near lead
mines ; Brahestadt, in Russia (founded by Count Brahe) ;
Elizabethstadt, Hung. Ebes-falva, named after the Empress
Elizabeth ; Frederickstadt (Frederick's town), in Denmark
and in Norway ; Gerbstadt, in Saxony (the town of Gerbert) ;
Gluckstadt, Lat. Fanum-fortunce (the fortunate town or the
temple of fortune) ; Halbertstadt (the town of Albert) ;
Heiligenstadt (holy town) ; Hermanstadt (the town of

i8o STAEFSTAN

Herman, one of the Germans who colonised certain German
cities in Transylvania in the twelfth century) ; Ingoldstadt,
in Bavaria (the town of Ingold) the name of this town
was mistranslated by Latin and Greek authors into Auripolis
and Chrysopolis (the golden city) ; Rudolstadt (the town of
Rudolph) ; Grimstadt, in Norway, and Grimstead, in Co.
Wilts (the town of Grim, a common Scandinavian name) ;
Stade (the station), in Hanover ; Scoppenstadt, in Brunswick,
anc. Scipingestete (the ship station) ; Stadt-am-hop (the
town at the court), in Bavaria ; Tennstadt, anc. Dannenstedi
(the station of the Danes), in Saxony ; Kroppenstadt, the
Germanised form of the Sclav. Grobenstadt (the count's
town) ; Reichstadt (rich town) ; Altstadt (old town) ; Elstead,
in Sussex and in Surrey (the place of Ella, the Saxon) ;
Stadhampton (the town at the home place), in Oxford ;
Thaxsted (the thatched place), in Essex ; Boxstead (the
place of beech -trees, or of the Bokings, a patronymic) ;
Hampstead (the home place) ; Wanstead (Woden's place) ;
Armenianstadt, in Transylvania, colonised by Armenians in
1726; Staithes (the banks), in Cumberland; Stathern
(the dwelling on the bank), Leicester ; Halstead, A.S.
Haelsted (a healthy place).

STAEF, STAUF (Teut), j f stake Or P^' f' " ^many applied

STAV (Scand ) \ a P er P endlcuIar rock '> e -S- Stauffen-

( berg (the mountain with pillar-like rocks),

in Lower Hesse ; Donaustauff (the steep rock on the

Danube) ; Hohenstauffen (the high rocks), in Wurtemberg ;

Regenstauf (the rock on the R. Regen) ; Staufen (a fort

situated on a rock), in Baden ; Staffa (the island with the

pillar-like rocks), off the coast of Argyleshire ; Staffenloch

(the lake of the pillars), in the Island of Skye.

, T , ( a stall, place, or seat ; e.g. Hohenstellen

STELLE \ (the high place) ; Herstal ( the P lace of

( the army) ; Tunstall (the place on the

hill, dun), in Co. Stafford.

/ACN /a stone or rock, and in topography sometimes

^ ' ''' j applied to a rock-fortress ; e.g. Staunton, Steynton

STEENrDutch^ V the tOWn n the St ny Around); Stanton, in

'' (^ Gloucestershire, named from a remarkable stone

in the neighbourhood) ; Fewstone (fire stone), in Yorkshire,

STAN 181

said to have been named from a fire-circle near the place ;
Staines (the stones), in Middlesex, marking the jurisdiction
of the mayor of London ; Stantz (the stony place), in
Switzerland ; Steenbeke, Steenbegue, Steinbach (the stony
brook) ; Stanley (stony field), in Yorkshire ; Steenbirge,
Steenbrugge, Steenhout, Steenkirche (the stony hill, bridge,
wood, church), in Belgium ; Steenvorde (stony ford) ;
Stein-am-anger (the rock on the field) ; Steinitz (the German
rendering of Sczenz, dog town), in Moravia ; OfFenstein
(the fortress of Offa) ; Lahnstein (the fortress on the R.
Lahn) ; Lauenstein (the lion's fortress, with reference to
some person who bore that sobriquet) ; Ehrenbreitstein
(the broad stone of honour) ; Stennis (the headland of the
stones), in Orkney ; Hauenstein, in Baden (the hewn rock),
so called because the precipices of the Jura in that locality
resemble masonry ; Ysselstein (the rock on the R. Yssel) ;
Bleistein (lead rock), near lead mines, in Bavaria ; Dach-
stein, in Alsace, anc. Dagoberti Saxum (the rock of Dago-
bert) ; Frankenstein (the rock of the Franks) ; Falkenstein
(of the falcon or of the personal name Falk) ; Greiffenstein
(of the vulture) ; Schaunstein (the beautiful rock or fortress) ;
Neckar-Steinach (the stony place on the Neckar) ; Iselstein,
on the Isel ; Wetterstein, on the Wetter ; Buxton, in
Derbyshire, was named from the piles of stones called
buck-stones, found in the Yorkshire and Derbyshire moors ;
Standish, in Gloucestershire, corrupt, from Stonehouse. In
some cases the affix stone is used instead of town or ton,
as in Maidstone, A.S. Medwegston, Cel. Caer-Medwig (the
town on the R. Medway) ; Goodmanstone (the priest's
town), Dorsetshire ; and in Cumberland and Westmoreland,
where the Norsemen had settlements, this word often marks
the site of the grave of one of their heroes, as in Harold-
stone, Hubberstone, Thurston, Gamfrestone, Silverstone,
Stanton, Drew (the Druid's stone), in Somersetshire, near
an ancient stone-circle ; Kingston, in Surrey, where in the
centre of the town is still shown the stone on which the
A.S. kings were crowned.

(Pers ) ( a district or re g ion ; e -g- Hindostan (the

, x \ district watered by the R. Indus, Pers. hindu

STHANA (Sansc.), ) !_* / i j- ri_

( water) ; Afghanistan (the district of the

182 STAPLE STEORT

Affghans, who are said to have taken their designation
from a certain chief called Malik Afghana) ; Rajpootana
(the district of the Rajpoots or king's sons) ; Kurdistan (of
the Kurds) ; Beloochistan (of the Beluchis) ; Gurgistan or
Georgia (the district watered by the R. Kur or Kyros) ;
Kaffaristan or Kaffraria (of the unbelievers) ; Arabistan (of
the Arabs) ; Bootan (the district of the Highlanders) ;
Dushistan (the south region), also called Gurmsir (warm
country) ; Gulistan (the district of roses) ; Baghistan (of
gardens) ; Khorasan (the country of the sun) ; Zangistan or
Zanguebar, Pers. and Ar. (the country or coast -lands of
the Zangis) v. BAHR.

STAPLE (Teut), literally a prop, support, or heap ; but in the
commerce of the Middle Ages it was applied, in the first
place, to the buildings or towns in which the chief products
of a district were treasured up or sold ; and, in the second
place, to the commodities themselves ; e.g. Stapleton (the
town of the market) ; Staplehurst and Stapleford (the wood
and ford near the market-place) ; Dunstable (the market-
place on the hill), formerly Dunstaple; Whitstable (white
market-place) ; Barnstaple, anc. Berstable (the market-place
for the produce of the district bear, what it bears). In
France : Etaples, L'etape, Staple, etc.

STARY(Sclav.),old; .". Stargard, Starogard (the old fortress); Stary-
sedlo, Storosele, Starosol (the old settlement) ; Starodub (the
old oak-tree) ; Starwitz, Staria, Starinka, Stariza (old place) ;
Starobielsk (the old town on the R. Biela) ; Staro-Constan-
tinov (the old town of Constantine). In places where the
population is chiefly German this word takes the form of stark,
as in Starkenburg, Starkenhorst ; Istarda or Starova (old
town), in Turkey; Staroi-Oskol (the old town on the R. Oskol,
in opposition to Novoi-Oskol, the new town on that river).

STEIG, STIG, STY (Teut. and Scand.), a steep path ; e.g. Stickney
(the island or watery meadow by the steep path) ; Kirchsteg
(the steep path to the church) ; Durnsteeg (thorny path) ;
Stiegmuhle (the mill on the steep path) ; Amsteg (at the
steep path).

STEORT ( A S ^ f the tail ~ in topog^phy a point ; e.g. Start-

(C\\A c \ I P omt > m Devonshire ; Starston (the town on

ren '' [the point); Sterzhausen, Sterzmtihle, Staart-

STEPPES STOC 183

polder v. HAUS, MiJHLE, POLDER ; Staartven (the marsh on
the point).

STEPPES (Sclav.), an uncultivated waste a word applied to the
extensive desert plains in Russia.

STER, or ESTER, in Brittany, a stream ; e.g. Ster-boueux (the
muddy stream) ; Stercaer (the stream at the fort) ; Ster-
poulder (of the black pool), etc. According to Forsteman,
there is a Teutonic river-root, sir, which he finds in the
names of 100 German streams ; e.g. Elster, Alster, Wilster,
Gelster, Laster, and Ister an ancient name of the Danube
Stour, Stura, etc.

STER (Scand.), Old Norse setr (a station or place), contracted
from stadr (a place) ; bu-stadr (a dwelling-place), contracted
to bister or buster; e.g. Grunaster (green place) ; Kelda-
bister (the place at the well or fountain) ; Kirkbuster (the
dwelling at the church) ; Hesting-ster (the settlement of
Hesting). The same word appears in the names given by
the Danes to three of the provinces of Ireland Ulster, for
the Irish Uladh, i.e. Ulla-ster; Leinster, Irish Laighen or
Layn; Munster, Irish Mumha (named after a king).

STOC, STOW (Teut.), literally a stake or the trunk of a tree,
applied at first to a place protected by a stockade, or
surrounded by stocks or piles ; and in German topography
sometimes applied to hills, as in Hochstock (high hill) ;
Stockheim (the home on the hill) ; sometimes to places
built upon stakes, as in Stockholm. In Great Britain,
standing alone, it means simply the place, as Stock, in
Essex ; Stow, a parish in Mid Lothian ; Stoke-upon-Trent ;
Stow-in-the-Wold or waste land ; Stoke-Bardolph, Stoke-
Fleming, Stoke-Gabriel, Stoke-Poges, Stoke-Edith (named
from the proprietors) ; Stow-market (the market-place) ;
Stow-Upland (the place in the high lands) ; Kewstoke (at
the quay) ; Elstow, in Wilts (old place) ; Elstow, in Bed-
ford (St. Helen's place), the site of a nunnery dedicated to
that saint ; Basingstoke (the place belonging to the Basings,
a patronymic) ; Bridstow (St. Bridget's place) ; Bristol, anc.
Briegstow (the place at the breach or chasm, brice, through
which the R. Avon passes) its Celtic name was Nant-Avon
(on the valley of the Avon) ; Padstow, in Cornwall, anc.
Petrocstowe, Welsh Llan-petroc (the place or church of St.

1 84 STOLL STRELITZ

Petroc) ; Tavistock and Tawstock (places on the Rivers
Tavy and Taw). As a prefix, stock often denotes the
chief place in a district, as in Stockton (the chief town
on the Tees), and in Stockport (the chief port on the
Mersey).

STOLL (Ger.), a mine-shaft ; e.g. Stollenberg (the hill of the mine-
shaft) ; Stollenschmeide (the smithy at the mine-shaft) ; but
Stollenkirchen, i.e. Stallinchirchun, is from Stalla (a per-
son's name).

STOLPE (Sclav.), a rising ground in a marshy place ; e.g. Stolpe,
the name of a circle and of several towns in Hungary and
Pomerania ; Stolpen, in Saxony.

STOR (Scand.), great ; e.g. Stdrfiord (the great bay) ; Storhammer
(great hill) ; Storoe (great island) ; Storaa (great river) ;
Storsjon and Storsoen (great lake) ; Stora-kopparberg (the
great copper mountain), in Sweden and Norway.

a row, a street, a road, borrowed from the

STRAD (A.S.),
STRASSE (Ger.),

.STRCEDE (Scand.),
SRAID (Gadhelic),
YSTRAD (Cym.-Cel.),

Lat. strata; e.g. Stratford (the ford near
one of the great Roman roads, called
streets) ; Stratford-le-Bow (the ford with
the bow or bridge near the Roman road) ;

Stratsett (the road station) ; Streatham and
Stretton (the town on the road) ; Stratton, in Cornwall,
and Stradbally, in Ireland (the village of one street) ;
Straid, Strade (the street) ; Stradeen (little street), in
Ireland ; Strond, on the R. Strond ; Strasbourg, in West
Prussia (the town on the highway) ; but Strasbourg, in
Alsace, anc. Stratiburg, is the German translation of its
Latin name Argentoriatum (the town of silver strati,
Teut., silver) ; Stony Stratford (the stony ford on the great
Roman road, called Erming Street) ; Watling Street is said
to have been named from ivaedla (the mendicant or pil-
grim) ; Icknield Street from the Icenij Erming Street
from earm (a pauper).

STRAZNA (Sclav.), a watch-tower, akin to the A.S. streone; e.g.
Straznitz, in Moravia (the town with the watch-tower).

STRELITZ (Sclav.), a huntsman ; e.g. Strelitz-klein and Strelitz-
gross (the great and little town of the huntsman, or of
the Strelitzi, the name given to the lifeguards), in Russia ;
Strelitzkaia and Strielinskaia, with the same meaning.

STROM SUNTARA 185

STROM, STROOM (Teut), a stream or current ; e.g. the Maelstrom
(mill stream, so called from its rushing sound) ; Rheinstrom
(the Rhine current) ; Stroomsloot (the sluice of the current) ;
Stroma, Stromoe, Stromsoe, Stromay (the island of the
current) ; Stromen and Stromstadt (the place near the
current) ; Stromen-Fiorden (the bay of the current) ; Strom-
berg (the town or hill on the stream) ; Stromness (the
headland of the current).

SU (Turc.), water ; e.g. Ak-su (the white stream) ; Kara-su (the
black stream) ; Adji-su (bitter water).

( the south ; Buttman traces this word to the

' < sun, the oldest form of the word being sundar:

SOBER, SOUDEN, ) ' , cju o ju

( e.g. Sonnenburg, Sonderhausen, Sundheim,
Soudham, Southofen (the south dwelling or enclosure) ;
Southdean (south hollow) ; Southwark, Dan. Sydvirche
(the south fortress) ; Southover (south shore) ; Suffolk (the
district of the south people, as distinguished from Norfolk) ;
Sutton and Sodbury (south town) ; Sudborne (south stream) ;
Suderoe (south island) ; Sudetic Mountains (the southern
mountain chain) ; Sudereys (the southern islands), a name
applied by the Norsemen to all the British islands under
their rule south of the Orkneys and north of the Island of
Man hence the bishoprick of Sodor and Man ; Sutherland
(the land to the south of Caithness) ; Soderkoping (the
south market-town), in Sweden ; Soest, in Prussia (on the
Sosterbach) ; Sidlaw Hills (the south hills, in reference to
their forming the south boundary of Strathmore).

SUMAR, SOMAR (Teut.), summer ; e.g. Somercotes, Somersall,
Somerton (summer dwellings) ; Somerghem in Belgium,
and Sommerberg in Bohemia, with the same meaning ;
but Somarsheim, in Hungary, is the German corrupt, of
Szomorfalva (the village of sorrow) ; Szmarja or Szent-marfa
(St. Mary's town), Germanised into Sommarein.

SUXD (Scand.), a strait ; e.g. the Sound, between Sweden and
Zealand ; Christiansund, at the mouth of a narrow inlet,
founded by Christian IV. ; Frederichsund, on a narrow
inlet in Zealand ; Ostersund (the eastern strait), in Sweden ;
Stralsund (the arrow-like strait straele, an arrow).

SUNTARA (Teut.), privileged land ; e.g. Frankensundern (the
privileged place of the Franks) ; Beversundern (the privi-

1 86 SZASZTAL

leged place on the R. Bever) ; Sontra, in Hesse-Homburg
(the privileged place) ; Sunderland (the privileged land), in
Durham.

SZASZ (Hung.), Saxon ; e.g. Szasvaros, Ger. Sachsenstadt (the
town or fortress of the Saxons), in Transylvania ; Szasz-
Sebes (the Saxon-Sebes or swift stream).

SZENT (Huns } ( a Saint ; e ' g ' Szenta ' Szentes ( the saints> town

SANT fWelshY' \ r holy t0wn); e & Szendro ( St - Andrew's town) ;

'' [ Mindszent (the town of All Saints); Szent-kercsyt

(the town of the holy cross) ; Santarem, in Portugal, from

St. Irene, Santiago (for St. James) ; St. Denis, named

after St. Dionysius, where the remains of this saint were

interred ; St. Heliers, in Jersey (for St. Hilarius) ; Szent-

Gyb'rgy (St. George's town) ; St. Ives, in Cornwall, named

after an Irish saint called Jia, who came to that spot; St.

Ives, in Huntingdon, named after Ivon, a bishop.

TA (Chinese), great ; e.g. Ta-kiang (the great river) ; Ta-Hai (the
great lake) ; Ta-Shan (great mountain) ; Ta-Gobi (the
great desert).

/T , . ( an inn ; e.g. Taberna, in Spain ;

TABERNA (Lat. and Span.), , ' . , .

TAFARN (Welsh} \ Zabem - Rhem ( the mn onthe Rhme > 5

( Zabern-berg (the hill inn) ; Zabern-

Elsass (the Alsatian inn), called in French Saverna, corrupt.
from the Lat. Tabernce ; Tavernes and Taverny, in France.

TAING, TANGA (Teut. and Scand.), ( a tOn | Ue ' a P int of . land ;

' P arlsh

TUNGA ' '- '.

( Sutherlandshire ; Tong, in

Ross ; Tongland, in Kirkcudbright, upon a peninsula formed
by the Rivers Dee and Tarf; Tonge, in Lancashire; but
Tongres, Tongrinnes, and Tongerloo, in Belgium, derive
their names from the Tungri, a tribe ; Tong-fell, in Cumber-
land, and Tangfjeld, Norway, and Tunga-fell, Iceland (the
mountain with the tongue or point) ; Thong-castle, in Kent,
and Thong-castor, near Grimsby.

TAL (Cym.-Cel.), the forehead, or, as an adjective, high; e.g.
Talgarth (the brow of the hill ; Talibont (bridge-end, ponf) ;

TAMH TEA CH 1 87

Talbenny (the head of the hill-pen), in Wales. Tal-y-cavn
(the head of the trough) ; Tal-y-Llychan (the head of the
pools), in Caermarthen ; Talachddu (the head of the black
water, a small brook called Achddu), a parish in Brecknock.

TAMH, TAW (Cym.-Cel.), quiet, cognate with A.S. tarn, found in
many river names ; e.g. the Tame, Tamar, Tamer, Teane,
Teign, Thame, Taw, Tawey, Tavoy, Tay, Temesch, Tees,
Thames (the quiet water), joined to uisge, a, y, <?, or, ri
(flowing water).

TAMNACH (Gadhelic), a green field, common in Irish topography
under various forms, such as Tawny, Tawnagh, Tonagh,
and Taminy ; e.g. Tonaghneeve, for Tamhnaich-naemh (the
field of the saints), now Saintfield ; Tawnaghlahan (broad
field) ; Tawnkeel (narrow field) ; Tamnaghbane (white field) ;
Tavnaghdrissagh (the field of the briers).

TANNA (Old Ger.), wood ; tanne (modern), the fir-tree ; e.g. Nieder-
than (the lower wood) ; Hohenthan (high wood) ; Than-
heim, Thanhausen, Tandorf (the dwellings at the wood) ;
Tanberg (wood hill).

TARBERT, or TAIRBERT (Gadhelic), an isthmus ; e.g. Tarbet, in
Cromarty and Ross ; Tarbert, in Harris ; Tarbet, on Loch
Lomond ; East and West Tarbert, in Argyleshire ; Tarbet-
ness (the point of the isthmus), in Ross-shire.

TARBH (Gadhelic) ( a buU> co & nate with the Lat - taurus and

T4BW CCvm rvi \ \ the Grk ' fauros ->' e -- Knockatarriv and

ei '' J ( Knockatarry (the hill of the bull) ; Clontarf,

anc. Cluain-tarbh (the bull's meadow) ; Cloontarriff and

Cloontarriv, with the same meaning. Some river names,

such as Tarf, Tarras, Tarth, Tarn, may have this word as a

prefix, or perhaps tara, Irish, rapid.

TARNIK (Sclav.), the thorn ; e.g. Tarnowce and Tarnowitz (thorn
village) ; Tarnau, Tarnow, Tornow, Torniz (a thorny place) ;
Tarnograd (thorn fortress) ; Tarnopol (thorn city).

TEACH and TIGH (Gadhelic), j f. ho !? se ' d / wellin ^' c s " at * *
TY (Cym -Cel ) \ tectum, Ger. dock, and

( Scand. tag, a roof; Anglicised

tagh) in the genitive, tigh. This word, under various forms,
is common in Irish topography ; e.g. Tagheen (beautiful
house) ; Taghboy and Taghbane (the yellow and white
house) ; Taghadoe (St. Tua's house) ; Tiaquin, in Co.

1 88 TEAMHAIR TEINE

Gal way, i.e. Tigh-Dachonna (St. Dachonna's house) ;
Timahoe, for Tech-Mochua (St. Mochua's house or church).
Joined to the genitive of the article, it takes the form of tin
or tinna, thus Tinnahinch (the house of the island or river
holm, innis) Tincurragh (of the marsh) ; Tinakilly (of the
church or wood) ; Timolin (of St. Moling) ; Tigh-na-bruaich,
in Argyleshire (the dwelling on the edge of the bank) ;
Tynron, in Dumfries, i.e. Tigh-an-roinne (the house on the
point) ; Tyndrum, in Perthshire (the dwelling on the ridge) ;
Tisaran, anc. Teach-Sarain (the house of St. Saran), in
King's Co. Stillorgan, also in Ireland, corrupt, from Tigh-
Lorcain (the house of St. Lorcain or Lawrence) ; Saggard,
from Teach-Sacra (of St. Mosacra) ; Cromarty, anc. Crum-
bachtyn (the dwelling on the winding bay) ; Tinnick, in
Ireland, i.e. Tigh-cnuie (the house on the hill). In Wales :
Ty-gwyn (white house); Ty-Ddewi (St. David's house);
Great Tey and Little Tey (great and little dwelling) ; Tey-
at-the-elms, in Essex.

TEAMHAIR (Irish), a palace situated on an elevated spot ; e.g.
Tara, anc. Teamhair, the ancient capital of Meath, and
several other places called Tara, in Ireland. This word
sometimes takes the form of tavver, tawer, or tower, as in
Towerbeg and Towermore (the little and great palace).

TEAMPULL (Gadhelic), a temple or church, derived from the Lat.
templum; e.g. Templemichael, Templebredon (the churches
of St. Michael and St. Bredon) ; Templemore (the great
church or cathedral) ; Templecarriga (of the rock) ; Temple-
tochar (of the causeway), in Ireland ; Templemars and
Talemars, in France, anc. Templum-Martis (the temple of
Mars).

.//* ju r % ( fi re - I n topography this word is found in

TEINE (Gadhelic), , /. j ,.

/,- /- i \ 4 the forms of tin and tinny, and must indicate

TAN (Cym.-Cel.), ) ,. , . ', .

'' ( spots where fires of special importance were

wont to be kindled. Whether these fires were beacon-fires,
or whether they referred to the Beltane fires kindled by the
ancient Celts on May Day, cannot, in special cases, be
determined ; but that the Beltane fires were connected with
the religious rites of the Druids is allowed, even by those
who do not derive the word Beltane from the name of a
Celtic deity, or trace the observance of these rites to the sun

TEPE TL TERRA

and fire worship once alleged to have existed among the
Celtic tribes, but now held to be an untenable theory by
Celtic scholars. 1 In Ireland, near Coleraine, we find Kil-
tinny (the wood of the fire) ; Tamnaghvelton (the field of
the Beltane sports) ; Clontinty, Co. Cork (the meadow of
the fires) ; Mollynadinta, anc. Mullaigh-na-dtaeinte (the
summit of the fires) ; Duntinny (the fort of the fire), Co.
Donegal. In Scotland tinny is also found in topography,
thus Ardentinny and Craigentinny (the height and rock of
the fire) ; Auchteany, and perhaps Auchindinny (the field of
the fires) ; Tinto (the hill of the fire), in Lanarkshire.

TEPETL (Astec), a mountain ; e.g. Popocatepetl (the smoky
mountain), in Mexico ; Citlaltepetl (the star-like mountain
citalme, a star) ; Naucampatepetl (the square-shaped moun-
tain), in Mexico.

TEPLY (Sclav.), warm ; e.g. Tepla (the warm stream) ; Tepel, on
the R. Tepla (in the neighbourhood of warm mineral
waters) ; Teplitz, the name of towns in Hungary, Bavaria,
and Illyria, sometimes written Toplitz ; Teplik and Teplovka,
in Russia ; Teflis, in Georgia, celebrated for its warm baths.

TERRA (Lat It and Port } f land ;*.. Terciera (the rough
RA (Lat., It., an. Mt.;, .

Jand) . h Azoreg T

TIERRA (Span.), ,., " '. ..

< the neW and )' '" Si y

TERRE (French , , f ' .

, \, ,. "\ f, r i \ posed to be on the site of the

TiR(Gadhehc and Cym.-Cel.), . . _ , . , , r

" [ancient Gela ; Tierra-del-fuego

(the land of fire), so named on account of the numerous
fires seen on the land by the first discoverers ; Terregles
(church land) ; Tiree Island, Gael. Tir-ith (the land of
corn) ; Terryglas, i.e. Tir-da-ghlas (the land of the two
rivers), Co. Tipperary ; Terryland, i.e. Tir-oilein (the land
of the island) ; Tyrone, anc. Tir-Eoghain (Owen's land) ;
Tir-Rosser, i.e. Tir-Rhos-hir (the long peat land), in
Caermarthen ; Pentir (the headland) ; Gwydir, from the
roots gwy, water, and tir, a general term for moist land in
different places in Wales. It was the ancient name of
Glastonbury ; Tiranascragh (the land of the sand hill, esker),
Co. Galway ; Tyrconell (the land of Conell), the ancient
name of Co. Donegal ; Carstairs, in Lanarkshire, anc.

1 For the word Beltein, v. Joyce's Irish Names of Places, vol. i. p. 187 ;
Chambers's Encyc lopadia ; and Petrie's Round Towers of Ireland.

THAL THOR

Casteltarras, probably corrupt, from Castelterres (the castle
lands), the castle in the village having been the site of a
Roman station ; Culter, in Lanarkshire, anc. Cultir (the
back of the land) ; Finisterroe (land's end), now Cape
Finistere, the north-west extremity of France ; Blantyre
(warm land blane, warm), in Lanarkshire ; Terrebonne
(good land), in Canada ; Terre- haute (high land), in
Indiana.

THAL (Ger.), a valley v. DAL.

THING, or TING, a term applied by the Scandinavians to the legis-
lative assemblies of their nation, and also to the places
where these assemblies met, from an old word tinga, to
speak. Traces of these institutions appear in the topo-
graphy of certain districts in Great Britain formerly occu-
pied by Danes or Norwegians. The Norwegian Parliament
is still called the Storthing or great assembly ; smaller
courts are called Lawthings, and the Althing was the
general assembly of the whole nation. These meetings
were generally held on some remote island, hill, or promon-
tory, where their deliberations might be undisturbed. The
Swedish Parliament used to assemble on a mound near
Upsala, which still bears the name of Tingshogen, Scand.
haugr; Thingveller (the council-plains), in Iceland ; Sands-
thing (the place of meeting on the sand), in Iceland ;
Aithsthing (the meeting-place on the headland), in Ice-
land ; Dingwall, in Ross-shire, has the same derivation its
Gaelic name is Inverpeffer (at the mouth of that stream) ;
Tingwall, in Shetland, Tynwald Hill, Isle of Man, Thingwall
in Cheshire, and Dinsdale in Durham, from the same root ;
Tinwald, in Dumfries (the wood of the meeting) ; Tain, in
Ross-shire, Norse Thing its Gaelic name is Baile-Duich
(St. Duthic's town).

THOR and THUR, prefixes derived from the Saxon and Scandi-
navian deity Thor; e.g. Thorley, Thurley, Thursley, Thorsby,
Thurlow, the valley, dwelling, and hill, named after Thor,
or perhaps from a people or family name derived from the
god, i.e. the Thurings, from whence also probably come
Thorington in England, and Thorigne and Thorigny in
France ; Thuringerwald, in Germany ; Thurston, Thursford,
Thurscross, Thurlstone, etc. ; Thorsoe (Thor's island) ;

THORPE TOBAR 191

Thurso (Thor's stream, on which the town of Thurso is
situated) ; Thorshaven (Thor's harbour), in Norway and in
the Faroe Islands. On the continent the god Thor was
worshipped under the name of Thunor, hence the English
word thunder and the German Donner (supposed, in the
Middle Ages, to be Thor's voice). From this word are
derived Thunersberg and Donnersberg (the mountain of
Thor) ; Donnersbach (Thor's stream), in Styria ; Torslunde
(Thor's sacred grove), in Denmark.

THORPE (A.S.), an assembly of people, cognate with the Welsh
torf (a crowd or troop), Gael, treubh (a tribe), and troupe,
French ; and then gradually coming to denote a farm or
village ; e.g. Thorp, in Northamptonshire ; Calthorpe (cold
village) ; Langthorpe (long village) ; Ingelthorpe, Kettles-
thorpe, Swansthorpe, Bischopsthorpe (the farm or village
of Ingold, Kettle, Sweyn, and the bishop) ; Nunthorpe (the
nun's village) ; Raventhorpe (Hrafen's village) ; Thorparch,
in Yorkshire (the village bridge), on the R. Wharfe ; Milne-
thorpe (the village of the mill) ; Althorpe (old villages) ;
Basingthorpe (the village of the Basings, a patronymic) ;
Copmanthorpe (of the merchant).

THWAITE (Scand. thveif), a cleared spot or an isolated piece of
land, akin to the Danish tvede, a peninsula ; e.g. Harrow-
thwaite, Finsthwaite, Ormathwaite, Sattersthwaite, places
cleared and cultivated by the Scandinavians, whose names
they bear; Applethwaite (of apples); Calthwaite (cold clear-
ing) ; Birkthwaite (of birches) ; Micklethwaite (great clear-
ing) ; Crossthwaite, in Cumberland, where St. Kentigern
is said to have erected a cross ; Lockthwaite (Loki's
clearing).

TOBAR (Gadhelic), a fountain or well, from the old word doboir,
water. Wells and fountains were held in great veneration
by the Celts in heathen times, and are the subjects of many
traditions in Ireland and Scotland. Many of the early
preachers of Christianity established their foundations near
these venerated wells, which were the common resorts of
the people whom they had come to convert. In this way
the new religion became associated in the minds of the
converts with their favourite wells, and obtained the names
of the saints, by which they are known to this day ; e.g.

192 TOFT TON

Tobermory (St. Mary's well), in the Island of Mull ; Tobar-
na-bhan-thighern (the chieftainess's well), in Badenoch ;
Ballintobar (the town of the well), Co. Mayo, now called
Tobermore (the great well), which had a well blessed by St.
Patrick ; Tibbermore or Tippermuir (the great well), in
Perthshire ; Tobar-nam-buadh, in Skye (the well of virtues) ;
Tipperary, anc. Tiobrad-Arann (the well of the district of
Ara) ; Tipperkevin (St. Kevin's well) ; Tipperstown, anc.
Baile-an-tobair (the town of the well) ; Tobercurry (the
well of the cauldron) ; Toberbilly (the well of the old
tree) ; Tobernaclug (the well of the bells, clog). Bells were
held sacred by the Irish on account of a certain bell
favoured by St. Patrick. Perhaps the rivers Tiber and
Tiverone, as well as Tivoli, anc. Tibur, may come from
this root.

TOFT, TOT (Scand.), an enclosure or farm ; e.g. Lowestoft, Dan.
Luetoft (the enclosure or place of the beacon-fire, which in
early times was placed on the promontory where the town
stands) ; Langtoft (long farm) ; Monk's Tofts (the monk's
farm), and West Tofts, in Norfolk ; Ecclestofts (the church
farm buildings), in Berwickshire ; Ivetot, anc. Ivonis-tot
(the farm of Ivo and Hautot (high farm), in Normandy ;
Sassetot (the Saxon's farm) ; Littletot (little farm) ; Bergue-
tot (birch farm), in Normandy.

TOM (Gadhelic and Welsh), a knoll or mound ; e.g. Tomintoul
(the knoll of the barn), Gael. Tom-an-t-sabhail, Co. Banff;
Tomachuraich (the boat -shaped knoll), Inverness -shire ;
Tom-ma-Chessaig (St. Kessag's mound), at Callander ;
Tom-na-faire (the knoll of the watch-tower), on Loch Etive ;
Tomatin (the knoll of the fire, teine) ; Tomnacroiche (of
the gallows) ; Tom-da-choill (of the two woods) ; Tombreck
(speckled knoll) ; Tomgarrow (rough knoll) ; Tomnaguie
(windy knoll), in Ireland ; Tom-bar-lwm (the mound of the
bare hill) ; Tommen-y-Bala (the mound of Lake Bala,
having been raised as representative of Mount Ararat) ;
Tommen-y-mur (of the rampart).

fan enclosure, a town. The primary meaning of

p ' '' J. this word comes from the Gothic tains, Scand.

n '" [/', Ger. zaun, a fence or hedge formed of

twigs. Originally it meant a place rudely fortified with

TON 193

stakes, and was applied to single farm-steadings and manors,
in which sense tun is still used in Iceland, and toon in
Scotland. The word toon retained this restricted meaning
even in England in the time of Wickliffe. These single
enclosures became the nucleus of a village which, gradually
increasing, became a town or city, in the same manner as
villages and towns arose around the Celtic duns, raf/ts, and
Uses. This root, in the names of towns and villages, is
more common than any other in Anglo-Saxon topography,
being an element in an eighth part of the names of dwelling-
places in the south of Great Britain. The greatest number
of these names is connected with those of the original pro-
prietors of the places, of which but a few examples can be
given here. In such cases, the root ton is generally pre-
ceded by s or ing qu. v. ; e.g. Grimston, Ormiston, Ribston,
Haroldston, Flixton, Kennington (the property of Grim,
Orm, Hreopa, Harold, and Felix) ; Canewdon (of Canute) ;
Addlington and Edlington (of the nobles) ; Dolphinton,
Covington, and Thankerton, parishes in Lanarkshire, took
their names from Dolphine, Colban, and Tancred, to whom
the lands were given in very early times ; Symington and
Wiston, in Lanarkshire, are found mentioned in old
charters, the one as Symington, in Ayrshire, named from
the same Simon Lockhart, the progenitor of the Lockharts
of Lee ; Cadoxton, i.e. Cadog's town, in Wales ; Ecclesia
de uilla Simonis Lockard (the church of Simon Lockhart's
villa), and the other, Ecclesia uilla Withce (the church of
Withce's villa) ; Haddington (the town of Haddo) ; Alfreton,
Wimbledon, Herbrandston, Houston (of Alfred, Wibba,
Herbrand, Hugh) ; Riccarton, in Ayrshire, formerly Richard-
ston, took its name from Richard Waleys, i.e. Richard the
Foreigner, the ancestor of the great Wallace) ; Stewarton,
in Ayrshire, had its name from the family which became the
royal race of Scotland ; Boston, in Lincoln (named after
St. Botolph, the patron saint of sailors) ; Maxton, a parish
in Roxburghshire (the settlement of Maccus, a person of
some note in the reign of David I.) ; Flemingston and
Flemington (named from Flemish emigrants) ; Woolston
(from St. Woolstan) ; Ulverston (from Ulphia, a Saxon
chief) ; Wolverhampton and Royston (from ladies who
O

194 TONTOPOL

endowed religious houses at these places) ; Minchhampton
(the home of the nuns, minchens) ; Hampton (the enclosed
home) ; Preston and Presteign (priest's town) ; Thrapston
(the dwelling at the cross-roads) ; Broughton (the town at
the fort or mound), a parish in Peeblesshire, with a village of
the same name ; Albrighton (the- town of Aylburh) ; Har-
rington (of the descendants of Haro) ; Barton and Barnton
(the enclosure for the crop ; literally, what the land bears) ;
Shettleston, in Lanarkshire, Lat. Villa-filii-Sadin (the villa
of Sadin's son) ; Bridlington (the town of the Brihtlingas,
a tribe), sometimes called Burlington; Adlington (town of
Eadwulf) ; Prestonpans, in Mid Lothian, named from the
salt pans erected there by the monks of Newbattle ; Layton,
in Essex, on the R. Lea ; Luton, in Bedford, also on the
Lea ; Makerston, in Roxburghshire, perhaps from St.
Machar ; Johnstone, in Renfrew (founded by the Laird of
Johnston in 1782); Liberton, near Edinburgh, where
there was an hospital for lepers ; Honiton, Co. Devon,
Ounen-y-din (the town of ash-trees) ; Kensington (of the
Kensings) ; Edmonton, in Middlesex (Edmond's town) ;
North and South Petherton, in Somerset (named from the
R. Parret), anc. Pedreda; Campbeltown, in Argyleshire,
received its name from the Argyle family in 1701 its
Gaelic name was Ceann-Loch (the loch head) ; Launceston
v. LANN ; Torrington, in Devon (the town on the hill, tor,
or on the R. Torridge) ; Watlington (the village protected
by wattles). Of towns named from the rivers near which
they are situated, Collumpton, Crediton, Frampton, Taun-
ton, Lenton (on the Culm, Credy, Frome or Frame, Tone,
and Lee) ; Northampton (on the north shore of the R.
Aufona, now the Nen) ; Okehampton, on the R. Oke ;
Otterton, Leamington, Bruton, Moulton, Wilton, on the
Otter, Leam, Brue, Mole, and Willy ; Darlington or
Darnton, on the Dar ; Lymington, in Hants, anc. Lenton
(on the pool) ; Southampton (the south town on the Anton
or Test, which with the Itchen forms Southampton Water) ;
Ayton, in Berwickshire, on the R. Eye.

TOPOL (Sclav.), the poplar -tree ; e.g. Toplitz, Neu and Alt (the
place of poplars), in the basin of the R. Elbe, to be distin-

TOR GA U TORR 1 95

guished from Teplitz, in Bohemia v. TEPLY, which is
sometimes misnamed Toplitz.

TORGAU (Sclav.), a market-place ; e.g. Torgau, Torgovitza, Torgo-
witz (market-towns).

TORR fGadhelid f a mound ' a hea P> a conical hill > cognate with
.('<( the Lat. turn's, the Ger. thurm, and the Grk.
TWR (Cym.-Cel), ) . / \ ^ . T ,

\Py r S os ( a tower); lor, in Ireland, means a

tower also ; e.g. Toralt (the tower of the cliff) ; Tormore
(great tower or tower-like rock) ; Tornaroy (the king's
tower) ; Tory Island, off the Irish coast, had two distinct
names Torach (i.e. abounding in tower-like rocks), and
Toirinis (the island of the tower), so named from a fortress
called Tor-Conaing (the tower of Conaing, a Fomorian
chief) ; Torran, Tortan (little tower), applied to little knolls,
as in Toortane and Turtane ; Mistor and Mamtor, in Devon-
shire ; Croken Torr, in Cornwall (a hill where meetings were
held gragan, Welsh, to speak) ; Torphichen (the raven's
hill), a parish in West Lothian ; Torbolton, in Ayrshire,
tradition says is the town of Baal's mound. There is a
beautiful hill in the parish where superstitious rites are still
held ; a bonfire is raised, and a sort of altar erected, similar
to those described in the sacrifices to Baal on Mount
Carmel ; Torbay, in Devonshire, named from the hill which
overlooks the bay, which gives its name to Torquay ; Torr-
dubh and Torrduff (black hill) ; Torbane and Torgorm
(the white and the blue hill) ; Torbreck (speckled hill) ;
Torinturk (the wild boar's hill) ; Kintore (at the head of the
hill), in Aberdeenshire ; Turriff, in Banffshire, is the plural
form of toir. From the Lat. turris and its derivatives,
come Tordesillas (the tower of the bishop's see), in Spain ;
Torquemada, Lat. Turris cremata (the burned tower) ;
Torr-alba and Torre-blanca (the white tower) ; Torrecilla,
Lat. Turricella (the church-towers), in Spain ; Torres-novas
and Torres-vedras (the new and old towers), in Portugal ;
Torella (the little tower), Naples ; Truxillo, in Spain, i.e.
Turris-Julii (the tower of Julius); Tourcoing (corner tower),
in France ; La-tour-Sans-Venin, near Grenoble, is a corrupt, of
Tour-Saint- Verena to this saint the chapel was dedicated ;
Tournay, in Belgium, Lat. Turris Nerviorum (the tower of the
Nervii) ; Torres-Torres (the fortifications of the mountains),

196 TRAETHTRE

Tours, in France, is not named from this root, but from the
Turones, a tribe ; but Torres Strait was named after the navi-
gator Torres, who discovered it in 1606. In the Semitic lan-
guages also Tzur means a rock ; it is the root of the names
of the city of Tyre, and of Syria, of which in early times it
was the chief city. Taurus or Tor is a general name for a
mountain chain ; Tabris (the mountain town), a city of Persia.

TRAFTH CCvm OH ( a strand 5 e -S- Traeth-mawr (great strand) ;

TRAIGH (cldhelS 1 Traeth - bach (little strand) ; Trefdraeth (the
'' ( dwelling on the strand), in Wales ; Traeth-
coch (red strand), in Anglesea. In Ireland : Tralee, Co.
Deny, is from Traigh-liath (the gray strand) ; Tranamadree
(the strand of the dogs), Co. Cork ; Ballintra, when it occurs
on the coast, means the town on the strand, but inland it
comes from Baile-an-tsratha (the town on the river-holm) ;
Ventry, Co. Kerry, is from Fionn-traigh (white strand) ; as
also Trabane, Trawane, and Trawbawn, which derive their
names from the whitish colour of the sand ; Fintray, a parish
in Aberdeenshire on the R. Don, is also white strand ; but
Fintray, in Dumbartonshire, was formerly Fyntref or Fyntre,
probably the dwelling, tre, on the Fenach, which is the
boundary-stream of the parish on one side ; Traeth-Saith,
in Wales, named after a mythological patriarch.

TRANK (Ger. ), a tank for watering animals ; e.g. Kleintrank (little
tank) ; Rosstrank (horse tank) ; Trankmuhle (mill tank).

TRAWA (Sclav.), grass ; e.g. the Traun and the Trave (i.e. the
grassy rivers) ; Traunkirchen (the church on the Traun) ;
Traunik, Trawitz (the grassy place) ; Traunviertel (the dis-
trict of the R. Traun), in Silesia and Austria.

TRF orTRFFCCvm rvn ( a dwellin S> a town ; e -S- Treago, anc.
iKK, or iKr-r i \^ym.-\_ei. ), i _, .. ., ., , . , ... ,

TRFARHAIR (cL] \ 1 Tref-y-goll (hazel-tree dwelling), in

IKtABHAlK I Vjacl. ), I T i f-r- 1/1 i . \

{ Monmouth ; Tre-n-eglos (church town),
in Cornwall ; Tremaine (stone dwelling), Cornwall ; Tref-y-
d'awdd (the town of the dyke, i.e. Offa's dyke), the Welsh
name for Knighton, in Pembrokeshire ; Oswestry might
come naturally from this word, but the Welsh call it Croes-
Oswald (the place of St. Oswald's martyrdom) ; Coventry,
too, might be from the same root, but Camden says it is a
corruption of Conventria (the district of the convent) ;
Daventry, abridged from Dwy-avon-tre (the dwelling on the

TROMTULACH 197

two rivers) ; Truro, i.e. Tre-rhiw (the dwelling on the sloping
bank, or on the stream) ; Redruth, in Cornwall, anc. Tref-
Derivydd (the Druid's town) ; Trefrhiw (the town on the
stream), in Caernarvon ; Tremadoc (Madoc's dwelling) ;
Trecoid (the dwelling in the wood) ; Braintree, Co. Essex
(hill dwelling) ; Dreghorn, in Ayrshire, anc. Trequern (the
dwelling near alder-trees) ; Thrisk, in Yorkshire, anc. Tref-
Ysk (the dwelling by the water) ; Tranent, in Mid Lothian,
corrupt, from TreaMiairnant (the dwellings in the valley) ;
Crailing, in Berwickshire, anc. Travertin (the dwellings on
the pool) ; Tring, Co. Herts, anc. Treungla or Treangle (the
village at the corner), Welsh ongl, Lat. angulusj Trelech
(the dwelling at the stone, called Harold's grave) ; Tre-
Taliesin (the dwelling of Taliesin, the celebrated Welsh
bard) ; Trenewydd (new dwelling), in Wales ; Rhuddry, a
parish in Glamorgan, probably corrupt, from Yr-yw-tre (the
yew-trees' home); Tre'r Beirdd (bard's town); Trefawr,
Trefach (great and little town) ; Tredegar, i.e. Tre-deg-fair-
ar (land), (the choice abode) ; Tre-Wyddel (the forester's
abode) ; Trefhedyn, i.e. Tref-y-din (hill town).

TROM, TRIUM (Gadhelic), the elder-tree ; e.g. Trim, in Co. Meath,
corrupt, from Ath-trium (the ford of the elder-trees) ;
Trummery and Trimmer (places abounding in elder-trees) ;
Tromann, Trumman (the little elder-tree).

TUAIM, TOOM (Gadhelic), a mound raised over a grave, cognate
with the Lat. tumulus ; e.g. Tuam, Co. Gal way, anc.
Tuaim-da-ghualann (the tumulus of the two shoulders,
from the shape of the ancient sepulchral mound) ; Toome,
on the R. Bann ; Tomfmlough (the tumulus of the clear
lake) ; Tomgraney (the tomb of Grian) ; the Tomies (hills
on Lake Killarney) ; Toomona (the tomb of the bog) ;
Toomyvara, i.e. Tuaim-ui-Mheadra (O'Mara's tomb).

TUAR (Gadhelic), a bleach-green, Anglicised toor ; e.g. Tooreen
(little bleach-green) ; Tooreenagrena (the sunny little bleach-
green) ; Monatore (the bog of the bleach-green) ; Tintore, for
Tigh-an-tuair (the house at the bleach-green), in Ireland.

TULACH (Gadhelic), a little hill or mound, and also a measure
of land Anglicised tulla, tullow, fully, or tulli; e.g.
Tullow (the hill) ; Tullamore (great hill) ; Tullanavert (the
hill of the graves, ferta) ; Tullaghcullion and Tullycullion

198 TUNDRA UISCE

(of the holly) ; Kiltullagh (church hill) ; Tullaghan (little
hill) ; Tallow, Co. Waterford, more correctly Tealach-an-
iarainn (the hill of the iron, from the neighbouring iron
mines) ; Tullyallen, on the Boyne, and Tulliallan, in
Perthshire, i.e. Tulaigh-dlainn (the beautiful hill) ; Tullyard
(high hill) ; Tillicoultry (the hill at the back of the land),
in Clackmannan ; Tullibardine (the bard's hill) ; Tulloch-
gorum (the blue hill) ; Tullybody (the hill of the black cow, bo
dubK) ; Tillyfour (the grassy hill, feoiridK). Tully or tilly,
however, is sometimes a corruption of teaglach (a family), as
in Tullynessle and Tillymorgan z/. W. SKENE, LL.D.

TUNDRA (Tartar), a mossy flat, the name given to the vast plains
on the Arctic Ocean.

TURA (Tartar), a town or settlement ; e.g. Tura, a river in Russia,
so called by the Tartars because they made a settlement
at the place ; Tura, also in Hungary ; O'Tura (old town) ;
Turinsk (the town on the R. Tura), in Russia.

TWISTLE (Scand.), a boundary ; e.g. Twistleton (the town on
the boundary) ; Oswaldtwistle (Oswald's boundary) ; Hal-
twistle (high boundary) ; Birchtwistle (birch-tree boundary) ;
Ectwistle (oak-tree boundary).

U

UAMH (Gadhelic), a cave ; e.g. Cluain-uamha (the pasture of the
cave), the ancient name of Cloyne, Co. Cork ; Drumnahoe,
i.e. Druim-na-huamha (the ridge of the cave) ; Mullinahone
(the mill of the cave) ; Lisnahoon (the fort of the cave), in
Ireland. Wem, in Salop, and Wembdon, in Somerset, as
well as other place-names with the prefix wem, may be
derived from the A.S. wem (a hollow), analogous to the Cel.
uaimh. Wamphray, in Dumfriesshire, Gael. Uamh-fridh
(the forest-cave).

UCHEL, UCH (Cym.-Cel), high, cognate with the Gael, uchda (a
height) ; e.g. Ucheltref and Ochiltree (the high dwelling) ;
the Ochills, a hill range in Perthshire, Lat. Ocelli-monies.

//- ji_ ! \ ( water : e.g. Esk, Usk, Esky, Esker,
UISCE oruiSGE(Gadhehc), I ' Q f >

GWY (Cym.-Cel.),

Esla, Aisne, Isar, Isere, Isen, Etsch (river names) ; Duffus

URAVALLIS 199

and Doubs (black water) ; Marosh (marshy water) ; the
Theis, anc. Tibiscus ; Adige, anc. Athesis ; the Po, anc.
Padusa; Loch Ewe, and Ewes, a parish in Dumfries watered
by a stream of this name ; Wisbeach (on the beach of the
Wysg or Wash), now some miles from the beach by the
gradual advance of the land ; Knockaniska (the hillock on
the water) ; Killiskey and Killiskea (the church on the
water), in Limerick ; but Balihiskey, in Tipperary, is from
Bealach-uisce (the road of the water) ; the Rivers Minho and
Mincio, anc. Minius and M Indus (little stream) ; Duffus
(dark water) ; I stria (half land, half water) ; Argense or
Argenteus (silver stream), in France ; Caldas (warm waters),
in Spain and Portugal ; Ischia (the island of waters), abound-
ing in mineral springs ; Issny, on the R. Leine, anc. Issia-
cum (on the water) ; Metz, anc. Mettis (between the waters),
also named Divodurttm (on the two rivers) ; Osimo, in
Italy, anc. Auximum, and Osna, in Spain, anc. Uxama
(on the water).

URA (Basque), water ; e.g. Astura (rocky water), a river which
gives its name to the Asturias ; Illuria (the town on the
water) ; Illuro, with the same meaning, now Maturo, in
Spain ; Osuno, anc. Ursonum, and Tarazona, anc. Turiaso
(the place of good waters), in Spain osoa, Basque (good) ;
Oloron, anc. Illura (the town on the water) illta, Basque
(a town).

URBS (Lat.), a city; e.g. Orvieto, Lat. Urbs-vetus (the old city).

V

VALLIS (LaM ( a valley; e & Vallais ( the land

j /I* /f \ ) f valleys), in Switzerland its

VAL and VALLEE (Fr.), < . , , . ' '

/c j T* \ I inhabitants were formerly called

VALLE (Span., Port., and It.), / , r .

\NantuateS) i.e. valley dwellers ;

Val-de-Avallano (the valley of hazels) ; Val-de-fuentes (of
fountains) ; Val-del-laguna (of the lagoon) ; Val-del-losa
(of the flagstone) ; Val-del-Moro (of the Moor) ; Val-de-
Olivas (of olive-trees) ; Val-de-penas (of the rocks) ; Val-de-
robles (of the oak-trees), in Spain ; Val-de-lys (the valley of
streams), in the Pyrenees, from an old Provengal word
lys (water); Vallde -de -Carol (of Charles), through which

200 VAR VELIKA

Charlemagne passed from his conquest of the Moors ;
Vallombrosa (the shady valley) ; Valparaiso (the valley of
Paradise) ; Valtelline, in Lombardy, consisting of a long
valley, traversed by the R. Adda and Teglio ; Vaucluse,
Lat. Vallis-clusa (the enclosed valley) ; Orvaux, Lat. Aure-
vallis (the golden valley) ; Rieval, Lat. Regia-vallis
(the royal valley) ; Vals (in the valley of the Volane) ;
Vaucouleurs, Lat. Vallis-coloris (the valley of colour), in a
valley of the R. Meuse, whose green and smiling meadows
have given it this name; Gerveaux or Yorvaux, in Durham,
Lat. Uri-vallis (the valley of the R. Ure) ; Pays-de-Vaud
(the country of valleys or of the Waldenses) ; Clairvaux,
Lat. Clara-vallis (the bright valley) ; Roncesvalles (the
valleys abounding in briers) ; Vaudemont, Lat. Vallis-de-
monte (the valley of the mountain) ; Val-di-chiana (the
valley of the standing pool), in Italy.

VAR, VARAD (Hung.), a fortress ; e.g. Kolos-var, Ger. Klausen-
burg, anc. Claudipolis (the enclosed fortress, or the city of
Claudius) ; Nagy-varad (great fortress) ; Vasvar, Ger.
Eisenburg (iron fortress) ; Szamos-Ujvar (the new for-
tress), on the R. Zamos ; Sarivar (palace fortress) ; Foldvar
(the land fortress) ; Szekes-Fehervar, Ger. Stiihl- Weissen-
burg (the white fortress of the throne) ; Karoly-Fehervar
or Karlsburg (Charles's white fortress) ; Varosvar, Ger. Eisen-
thurm (the red fortress or iron tower), in Hungary ; Ersek-
Ujvar, Ger. Neuhausel (the bishop's new fortress or seat).

VAROS (Hung.), a town ; e.g. Ujvaros (the new town) ; Also-varos
(lower town) ; Szasz-varos, Ger. Sachsenstadt (the Saxon's
town).

VATN and VAND (Scand.), a lake ; e.g. Vatnsdalr (the valley of
lakes) ; Arnarvatn (eagle lake) ; Fiskvatn (fish lake) ;
Langavat (long lake) ; Steepavat (steep lake) ; Sanvatn
(sandy lake) ; Miosen-Vand (little lake) ; Helgavatn (holy
lake) ; Vatster (the lake dwelling) ; Myvatn (the lake of the
midges) ; Vatnagaard (the farm on the lake).

VEGA (Span.), a plain ; e.g. Vega-de-la-neustra-Senora (the plain
of our Lady) ; Vega-Espinarada (the plain surrounded
by thorns).

VELIKA, or WELIKI (Sclav.), great ; e.g. Velikaia (the great river) ;
Velikja-luki (the great marsh), in Russia ; Welkawes (the

VERNUSVINEA 201

great village or dwelling), in Sclavonia ; Welka, Welkow,
Welchau, Welchow, etc., with the same meaning.

VERNUS (Lat.), the alder-tree, Cel. gwern; e.g. Verney, Vernez,
Vernois, Vernoy, Verneuil, Vernieres, etc., the names of
various places in France.

VIE, VE, WY (Scand.), holy ; e.g. Wydale (the holy valley) ;
Wyborg, Weighton, Wisby, Wigthorpe (holy dwelling) ;
Wigan, aijic. Wibiggan (the holy building), in Lancashire ;
Wigton, in Cumberland (holy town) ; but Wigton, in Scot-
land (the town on the bay, vig) ; Sviga (holy river), in
Russia ; Sviajsk (the town on the holy river) ; Sveaborg
and Viborg (holy town) ; Sviatos-nos (holy cape) ; Sviatskaia
(holy town, or of the deity worshipped by the Sclavonians,
called Sviato-vid), in Russia.

VILLA (Lat.), a farm, manor, or town, with its derivatives in the
Romance languages ; e.g. Villa-hermosa (the beautiful
town) ; Villa-franca-de-panades (the free town of the
bakers), in Spain. In France : Charleville (named after
Charles, Due de Nevers) ; Flamanville (founded by a colony
of Flemings), in Normandy; Joinville, Lat. Jo-vis- Villa (the
city of Jove, named from a Roman tower near the town) ;
Luneville (the city of the moon), supposed to have been
named from a temple to Diana ; Offranville, in Normandy,
Lat. Vulfrani Villa (the manor of Wulfran) ; Auberville
and Aubervilliers (the manors of Albert) ; Thionville (the
manor of Theodone), Lat. Theodonis Villa; La Ville-tertre
(hill town) ; Deville, formerly Dei Villa (the city of God) ;
Marteville, Lat. Martis Villa (of Mars) ; Villa-Vigosa
(abundant town), in Spain and Portugal ; Villa-rica (rich
town) ; Yeovil, in Somerset (the town on the R. Yeo) ;
Maxwell, in Kirkcudbright and in Roxburghshire, corrupt,
from Maccusville (the manor or settlement of Maccus, to
whom the lands were given by David I.) ; Philipville or
Philipstadt, in Belgium (named by Charles V. after his son) ;
Louisville, in the United States (named after Louis XVI.,
whose troops assisted the Americans in the War of Inde-
pendence).

VINEA, VINETUM (Lat.), a vineyard ; e.g. Le Vignae, La Vignelle,
Les Vigneaux, Vigneaux, Vigny, Vinax, and places abound-
ing in the vine ; La Vigne, in France.

VOEWALD

VOE (Scand } ( a bay ; e.g. Leirvogr (mud bay) ; Laxvoe (sal-

^ < rnon bay) ; Siliavoe (herring bay) ; Grunavoe

( (green bay) ; Westvoe (west bay) ; Aithsvoe

(the bay on the aith or headland) ; Sandvoe (sandy bay) ;

Kaltenwaag (cold bay) ; Vaage (on the bay), a town in

Norway.

VORM (Ger.), in front of; e.g. Vormbach, Vormbusch, Vorm-
horst, Vormhagen (in front of the brook, tljicket, wood, and
hedge).

W

WATH (\ q ^ ( a ford ' c S nate with the Lat - vadutn and
VAD(Scarid) V he Gadhelic <**; * Wadebridge (the

( bridge at the ford), in Cornwall ; Wath-
upon-Dearne (the ford of the R. Dearne), in Yorkshire ;
Carnwath (the ford at the cairn), in Lanarkshire ; Lasswade
(the ford on the pasture-land, laes\ in Mid Lothian ; Wath
(the ford), on the Yorkshire Ouse ; Langwaden (long ford),
in Germany ; Wageningen, Lat. Vadu (on the ford), in
Holland, on the R. Leek.

wAm, or WADY (Ar.), a river-course or ravine; e.g. Wadi-el-Ain
(the ravine of the fountain) ; Wadi-Sasafeh (of the pigeons) ;
Wadi-Sidri (of the thorn) ; Wady-Solab (of the cross) ;
Wady-Shellal (of the cataract) ; Wady-Magherah (of the
caves); Wady-Sagal (of the acacia); Wady-Mousa (of
Moses) ; Wady-Abou-hamad (of the father fig-tree, named
from a very old tree) ; Wady-Mokatteb (of the writing,
from the number of inscriptions made by pilgrims) ; Wady-
hamman (of the wild pigeons).

/ , ( a wood or waste land ; e.g. Walden-

WALD (Ger.), } c cc -r?

/ A P \ -\ Saffron, in Essex (the waste land on

WEALD, WOLD (A.S.), ) , . , r V

7 ' ( which saffron was afterwards cultivated) ;
the Weald, Wold, and Wealdon (the waste lands), in
Essex, Kent, Lincoln, and Yorkshire ; Waltham and Wal-
thamstow (the dwelling-place near the wood) ; Waldstadt,
Waldheim, Walddorf (dwellings near the wood), in Ger-
many ; Waldeck (woody corner, or corner of the wood) ;
Waldshut (the forest hut), in Switzerland ; Boemerwald
(the Bohemian forest) ; Waldau (woody meadow) ; Wald-
sassen (the settlement in the wood) ; Unterwalden (under

WALLWALSCH 203

or below the wood) ; Zinnwald-Sachsisch (the wood near
the Saxon's tin mine) ; Finsterwalde (the dark wood) ;
Greifswald (the griffin's wood) ; Habechtswald (hawk's wood) ;
Lichtenwald (the cleared wood) ; Rugenwalde (the wood of
the Rugii, a tribe), in Pomerania ; Regenwalde and Saalwalde
(the woody districts of the rivers Rega and Saale); Methwald
(in the midst of woods), in Norfolk ; Leswalt (the pasture,
Zaes, in the wood), in Wigtonshire ; Mouswald (the wood near
Lochar Moss), in Dumfriesshire ; Wooton-Basset, in Wilts
(the woody town of the Basset family, so called from the
quantity of wood in the neighbourhood).

\V*TT fOld r " f an emDan knient, a rampart, a wall, cognate
WEALL fA S 1 \ w ^ ^ e ^ at ' va ^ um i tne Gadhelic balla, and
^ ' '" ( the Welsh gwalj e.g. Walton, on the Naze,
where there was a walled enclosure to defend the northern
intruders from the assaults of their hostile Saxon neighbours ;
Walton, also, in the east corner of Suffolk (the town near
the wall) ; also Walton, on the Thames ; Walton -le- dale
and Walton (on the hill), in Lancashire ; Wallsend (at the
end of the wall), in Northumberland ; Walford, in Hereford
(the ford near a Roman fortification) ; Wallsoken (the place
near the wall, where the judicial courts were held) v. SOC ;
Walmer (the sea-wall), in Kent ; Wallburg, Walldorf (walled
towns), in Germany ; Wallingford, in Berks, anc. Gallena,
Welsh Gwal-Jien (the old wall or fortification), A.S. Weal-
ingaford; Wallmill, Wallshiels, Wallfoot, Wallhead, places
in Northumberland near the wall of Adrian ; Walpole (the
dwelling, bol, near the wall), in Norfolk, a sea-bank raised by
the Romans as a defence from the sea ; but Walsham and
Walsingham, in Norfolk, take their name from the Wael-
sings, a tribe. This place was called by Erasmus Parath-
alasia, Grk. (by the sea-beach).

WAT srH (C \ (. f re 'g n - These words were applied by the
WFATH A S \ ) Teutonic and Sclavonicnations to allforeigners,

1 and to the countries inhabited or colonised
VLACH (Sclav.), / , . f _

\by those who did not come from a Teutonic

stock or speak their language. In the charters of the
Scoto-Saxon kings the Celtic Picts of Cambria and Strath-
clyde were called Wallenses ; e.g. Wales, Givalia root
gwal or gall, foreign. The Welsh call their own country

204 WALSCHWANG

Cymru (the abode of the Kymry or aborigines) (the home
of the Cymric Celts), so named by the Saxons ; Wallachia
(the strangers' land, vlacfi), so called by the Germans and
Sclaves because colonised by the Romans ; Walcherin, anc.
Walacria or Gualacra (the island of the strangers or Celts) ;
Cornwall (the horn or promontory of the Celts) ; also
Cornuailles (a district in Brittany peopled by British emi-
grants from Wales) ; Wallendorf (the town of the strangers),
the German name for Olaszi or Olak, in Hungary, peopled
by Wallachians ; Wallenstadt and Wallensee (the town and
lake on the borders of the Romansch district of the Grisons,
conquered by the Romans under Constantius) ; Walschland,
the German name for Italy. The Celts of Flanders were
also called Walloons by their German neighbours ; and
Wlachowitz, in Moravia, means the town of the Wallachs
or strangers. The Gadhelic gall (foreign), although used
with the same meaning as weal/i, is not connected with it.
It is a word that has been applied to strangers by the Irish
from the remotest antiquity ; and as it was applied by them
to the natives of Gaul {Calif), gall, in the first instance, might
mean simply a native of Gaul. It was afterwards used in
reference to the Norwegians, Fionn-ghaill (the fair-haired
strangers) ; and to the Danes, Dubh-ghaill (the darfi-haired
strangers) ; and in connection with them and with the
English the word enters largely into Irish topography ; e.g.
Donegal, i.e. Dun-nau-Gall (the fortress of the foreigners
or Danes) ; Clonegall and Clongall (the meadow of the
strangers) ; Ballynagall and Ballnagall (the town of the
strangers, or English). For the further elucidation of these
words v. Irish Names of Places, by Dr. Joyce, and Words
and Places, by the Rev. Isaac Taylor. The words Gaill
and Gallda are applied by the Highlanders of Scotland to
their countrymen in the Lowlands, but they have no con-
nection with the name which they apply to themselves
The Gaidheil, derived from an ancestor Gaodal.
WANG (Ger. and A.S.), a field or strip of land, allied to the Scot-
tish whang, a slice ; e.g. Feuchtwang (moist field) ; Duir-
wangen (barren field) ; Ellwangen, anc. Ellhenwang (the
field of the temple, eleh or alhs) ; Affolterwangen (apple-tree
field) ; Wangford (the ford of the -wang).

WA RA WARID 205

WARA (Sansc.), a dwelling ; e.g. Kattiwar (the dwelling of the
Katties, a tribe) ; Judwar (of the Juts or Jats) ; Kishtewar
(the dwelling in the wood). In Anglo-Saxon ivara means
inhabitants thus Lindisivaras (the inhabitants of Lincoln ;
Cantwara, of Kent).

WARD, WART, WARTH (Teut.), a watch-tower or beacon, or a place
guarded, A.S. waerdian, Ger. Marten, to guard waering,
a fortification ; e.g. Hohenwarth, Lat. Altaspectila (the high
watch-tower) ; Warburg (the town of the watch-tower),
in Westphalia. In England : Warden, Wardle, Wardley
(guarded places, or places where the warden of the district
resided) ; Wardlaw (the beacon hill) ; Wardoe (beacon
island), in Norway ; Warwick, i.e. Waering-vic (the fortified
dwelling, or the fort of the Waerings) ; Woerden or War-
den (the fortified place), in Holland ; Vordhill, in Shetland,
and Varberg, in Sweden (the hill of the beacon) ; Warthill,
or beacon hill, in Westmoreland ; Warburton, found as
Wardeburgh (the town near the watch-fort) here Athel-
freda, Queen of Mercia, built a citadel ; Warrington (the
town with the fortress, waering) ; Gross-wardein, the Ger-
man rendering of Nagy varad, Sclav, (great fortress).
From guardar, Span, (to defend), we have Guardamar (the
sea guard, with a hill-fort at the mouth of the R. Segura) ;
La Guardia (built as a defence against the incursions of the
Moors) ; Guardia-regia (royal fortress) ; Leeuwarden, anc.
Lienwarden (the guarded place near lime-trees), in the
Netherlands.

WARID, WERID (Old Ger.), ) a / iver is ' a nd ' r J^* 1 a pl< *

WERDER (Mod. Ger.), \ f gr r? ms ^ ted ^ ma / shes f d

( secured by dykes. It often takes

the forms of iverth or "Mirth, cognate with the A. S. worth or
'worthing, qu. -v.; e.g. Bischopswerder (the bishop's island);
Elsterwerder, Saarwerder (the islands in the Rivers Elster
and Saar) ; Donauworth (the island in the R. Danube) ;
Kirchwerder (church island) ; Marienwerder (the island or
enclosure dedicated to the Virgin Mary) ; Falconswaart (the
falcon's enclosure), in Holland ; Poppenwarth (the priest's
enclosure) ; Werden, Werder, \Vertheim (dwellings near
river islands) ; Worth (the enclosed place), in Bavaria ;
Worth-sur-Sauer (the enclosure on the R. Sauer) ; Nonnen-

206 WARKWEIDE

werth (the nun's enclosure) ; Furstenwerder (the prince's
island) ; Verden (near a large island formed by the R. Aller),
in Hanover ; Verderbruch (the island bridge) ; Bolswaard
(Bolswine's river island), in Holland ; Wertingen (a town
on an island in the R. Schmutter) ; Schonwerder (beautiful
island on the R. Unstruth) ; Werth-sur-Sauer, in Alsace (on
an island formed by the Rivers Sauer and Soultzbach) ;
Borumeler-Waard (an island near the town of Berumel), in
Holland, formed by the junction of the Rivers Waal and
Maas ; but Hoyerswerda, in Silesia, is a corruption of the
Wendish name Worejze (the town on the ploughed land).
WARK, VIRKI (Scand.), a fortress ; e.g. Wark, in Dumfriesshire,
Warke Castle, on the Scottish border ; Warkthwaite (the
enclosure belonging to the fortress), in Cumberland ; Ald-
wark (old fortress) ; Newark, in Nottingham and in Selkirk
(the new fortress) ; Southwark (the south fortress) ; Warks-
burn, Warkton, Warkworth (places named from their vicinity
to Warke Castle), in Northumberland.

. . ( water ; e.g. Rothwasser (a town on

WASSER, WAZAR (Teut.), I-.. j x c u

' . v ' < the red river) ; Schwartz wasser (black

av ''' ( water) ; Whiteadder (white water),

river names ; Ullswater (named from Ulla or Ulf, a Norse
chief) ; Wasserburg, in Bavaria, on the R. Inn, and Wasser-
burg on Lake Constance (the town on the water) ; Waterloo
(the watery marsh) ; Wasserbillig (the plain by the river) ;
Zwishenwassern (between the waters, at the confluence of
two streams), in Illyria ; Altwasser, Sclav. Starawoda (the
old stream), in Moravia. The ancient name of the R.
Odra was Wodra (water).

. . /a way, a road, cognate with the Lat. via; e.g.
WEG (yer.), I Wegefurt and Wayford (the way to the ford);
1 /A c \ ) Bradenwaag, (broad way) ; Lichtenweg (the
WAEG (A.b.), ^ cleared road ) . Wegmuhle (mill road) ; Wainfleet
(the way by the harbour) ; Wakefield (the field by the way-
side) ; Norway, A.S. Nonvaegas (the northern districts or
paths) ; Courbevoie, Lat. Curba-vta (the curbed way), in
France.

t r \ ( pasture ; e.g. Langenweid (the long pasture) ;

' EIDE A cy' \ Rathsweide (the councillor's pasture) ; Neuweid

WEOD (A.b.), | ^ new pasture ) . Mittweyda (the middle pasture).

WEILERWEND 207

WEILER (Ger.), a hamlet, Old Ger. wila; e.g. Klein weil
(the little hamlet) ; Kurzweil (short hamlet) ; Langweil
(long hamlet), Pfaffwyl (the priest's hamlet) ; Weiller, in
Alsace, Echzell, in Hesse-Darmstadt, corrupt, from Achizwila
(the hamlet on the water) ; Eschweiler (the hamlet near ash-
trees) ; Dettweiler (the hamlet of the diet, or people's
meeting) ; Rappersweil (the hamlet of Rappert, a per-
sonal name) ; Rothwell, in Baden, anc. Rotwili (red hamlet).
In England this word takes the form of well or ////, as
in Kittlewell and Bradwell. In Normandy, Hardvilliers,
Rohrwiller, Neuviller, etc.

WEIR (A.S.), a dam, that which wards off the water, wearan, A.S.,
to guard ; e.g. Ware, in Co. Hertford, named from a dam
on the R. Lea, made by the Danes ; Wareham (the town
on the Weir), in Dorsetshire ; Warminster (the monastery
near the weir.)
/r \ ( white ; e.g. Weisshorn (white cape) ; Weissmaes

HW (\ S*\ J ( wn i te fi^d) ; Weissenberg and Weissenfels

HVin (S ' d\ I ( wn i te rock) ; Weissenburg and Weissenstadt
** \ (white town); Weissenthurm (white tower).
Sometimes the word takes the form of wttten, as in Witten-
berg and Wittenburg (white fortress), although this prefix
is frequently derived from vz'tte, wood ; Whitacre (white
field) ; Whitburne, Whitbourne, Whitbeck (white stream) ;
Witley (white meadow) ; Whiston, in Worcester, so named
because it was originally a convent of white nuns.

WEND, WIND, words applied in German topography to mark the
settlements of the Wends or Sclavonians, from the verb ivan-
deln, to wander. The Sclavonians call themselves Slowjane,
which means intelligible men, or Srl>, which means kinsmen;
while, by all the Sclavonic tribes, the Germans are called
nzemiec, the dumb men, because their language is unintel-
ligible to their Sclavonic neighbours. The Wends in the
sixth century occupied the north-eastern parts of Germany,
but are now chiefly confined to Lusatia ; e.g. Wendischbach
(the Wends' brook) ; Wendischhausen and Windsheim (the
dwellings of the Wends) ; Wendischgratz (the Wends' for-
tress) ; Wendischkappel (the Wends' chapel or church) ;
Windecken and Wendischhayn (the Wends' corner and
enclosure).

208 WERBAWICH

WERBA (Sclav.), pasture ; e.g. Werben, on the Elbe.

WERCH (Sclav.), a summit ; e.g. Werchau (the town on the height),
in Prussia ; Werch-see (the lake on the height) ; Werchne-
Udinsk (the height on the R. Uda) ; Verkne-Dnieprevosk
(the high town on the R. Dnieper) ; Werchne-Uralish, on
the R. Ural ; Verkne-Kolynski, on the R. Kolyma ;
Verkne-Sousensk, on the R. Sosna ; Werchblatt (high
marsh).

WERF, WARF (Teut), a dam or wharf; literally, what is thrown up
werfen; e.g. Werfen (the town on the embankment), in
Upper Austria ; Antwerp, anc. Andoverpum (at the wharf) ;
Hohenwerpum (high wharf) ; Neuwarp (new wharf).

WERK, WEORC (Teut.), a work, applied in topography to places
where manufactures are carried on ; e.g. Bergwerk (a hill
work or mine) ; Konigswerk (the king's manufactory) ;
Hofwerk and Werkhausen (places connected with mines) ;
Hiittenwerk (the huts of the workmen in the Hartz Moun-
tains) ; Seifenwerk (the place for washing the metals at the
mines) ; Frederickswerk (a cannon foundry in Denmark
established by King Frederick) ; Wirksworth, in Derbyshire
(the enclosure near the mines).

WESTEN (Ger.), the west. This word Buttman traces to an old
Ger. root ivesen, Goth, visan (rest), i.e. the quarter of the
heavens where the sun sinks to rest ; e.g. Westphalia (the
western plain) ; Westerwald (west wood) ; Westerufer (the
western shore, i.e. of the R. Inn) ; Westhausen and West-
hoffen (the west dwellings and court), in Alsace ; Wesen,
on the west shore of Lake Wallensee ; Westeraas, in
Sweden, anc. Vestra-aros (western dwelling), so called to
distinguish it from Ostra-aros (the eastern dwelling) ; West-
man's Isles, Scand. Vestmanna-eyar, on the coast of Iceland,
so called because peopled by men from the west Irish
pirates ; Westbury, Westbourn, Weston, Westbrook, from
the same root.

/r _ . / a dwelling, a village, a town a word

WICH, wic, WYK (Teut.), I . ,

' > " ) in general use in the topography of

WICK, VIG (Scand.), < /*

\~ . /' i Great Britain, as well as on the con-

WAS, WIES (Sclav.), I.. , , ' . ,

\tinent, but with various meanings.

According to Leo, the Teut. wick or' vichs arose from the
root ivaes, A.S., and wiese, Ger. (a moist meadow) and

WICH 209

hence was applied to places situated on low lands, often on
the bank of a stream ; e.g. Meeswyk (the town on the
Maas) ; Beverwyk, on the Bever. The primary meaning
seems to have been a station with the Anglo-Saxons a
station or abode on the land, with the Norsemen a station
for ships. The root of the word runs through all the Aryan
languages Sansc. veqa, Grk. oikos, Pol. ivies, Ir. fieh,
Cym.-Cel. qivic, all meaning an abode ; e.g. Alnwick (the
town on the R. Alne) ; Ipswich, anc. Gippensivich, on the
Gipping ; York, A.S. Eorvic, Lat. Eboracum, Welsh Caer-
Ebreuc (the town on the water, or R. Eure) ; Hawick (the town
on the haugh or low meadow) ; Noordwyk (north town) ;
Nederwyk (lower town) ; Zuidwyk and Zuick (south town),
in Holland and Belgium ; Harwich (army town), so called
from having been a Saxon station or military depot ; Keswick
(the town of Cissa) ; Wickware, in Gloucestershire (the
town of the family of De la Ware). On the other hand, the
Scandinavian wick or vig signifies a bay, or a place situated
on the coast, or at the mouth of a river thus Schleswick (on
a bay formed by the R. Schlie), in Prussia ; Wick (the
town on the bay), in Caithness ; Sandwich (the town on the
sandy bay) ; Lerwick (on the muddy bay) ; Greenwich,
Scand. Granvigen (the town on the pine bay) ; Reikjavik,
in Iceland (the reeky or smoky bay) ; Vigo in Spain, and
Vaage in Norway (on spacious bays) ; Swanage, in Dorset,
anc. Swanwick (Sweyen's bay town) ; Brodick, in Arran
(the broad bay town) ; Wicklow, in Ireland, probably
Danish Vtgloe (bay shelter), used by the Danes as a ship
station ; Smerwick (butter bay) ; Berwick, contracted from
Abtnuick (at the mouth of the R. Tweed) v. ABER. Wiche
also denotes a place where there are salt mines or springs,
and in this sense is probably connected with the Scand. vig,
as salt was often obtained by the evaporation of sea-water
in shallow bays ; thus Nantwich v. NANT ; Middlewich
(the middle salt works) ; Droitwich, Lat. Salincz (the salt
springs, where the droit or tax was paid). In some cases
wick or wick is derived from the Lat. vicus, cognate with
the Grk. oikos and Sansc. vega (a dwelling) thus Katwyk-
sur-mer and Katwyk-sur-Rhin are supposed to occupy the
site of the Roman Vicus-Cattorum (the dwelling-place of
P

WIDRWIN

the Chatti) ; Vick or Vique, in Spain, from Vicus-Ausoni-
ensis (the dwelling of the Ausones) ; Vidauban, in France,
from Vicus-Albanus (the dwelling of Albanus) ; Longwy,
from Longus-vicus (long town) ; Limoges, anc. Lemo-vicum
(the town of the Lemovici) ; also in France : Vic-despres
(the town on the meadows) ; Vic-sur-Losse and Vic-sur-
Aisne, the towns on these rivers. The Sclav, ivice is
found in Jazlowice (the town on the marsh) ; and Malsch-
wice (Matthew's town), etc.

WIDR, or VITU (Teut. and Scand.), wood ; e.g. Norwood (north
wood) ; Selwood, Lat. Sylva-magna (great wood), Celtic
Coitmaur; Cotes wold (from its sheep-cotes, in the wood) ;
the Wolds, near Wolderness, in Yorkshire ; Ringwood, in
Hants, Lat. Regni-sylva (the wood or forest of the Regni,
a tribe) ; Wittstock and Woodstock (woody place) ; but
Wittingau, Wittingen, Wittgenstein, Wittgensdorf, and
other names with this prefix in Germany, come from the
patronymic Wittick or Wittikind (i.e. the children of the
woods). In England the same prefix may mean white, as
in Witney, or from places where the Saxon Witangemote
held their meetings ; Holywood, in Dumfriesshire, Lat.
Abbia sacra nemoris (the abbey of the sacred wood), called
by the Irish Der-Congal (the sacred oak grove of Congal).

WIECK, or WIKI (Sclav.), a market especially for corn ; e.g. Wieck
(the market town), the name of numerous places in the
Sclavonic districts ; Wikow (the Sclavonic name for Elster-
werder) v. WARID, etc.

WIESE (Ger \ ( P asture -g round or meadow ; e.g. Pfaffenwiese

q A o \ \ (the priest's meadow) ; Schaafwiese (sheep

''' (pasture); Wiesbaden (the meadow baths); the

Wash (near moist pasture-ground) ; Wismar (beautiful or

rich meadow), in Mecklenburg ; Wiesflech (the hamlet in

the meadow pasture) ; Ziegelwasen (the goat's meadow) ;

Wisheim (the dwelling in the meadow or pasture-ground).
WILIG (A.S.), the willow ; e.g. Wilcrick (willow crag) ; Wilden

(willow hollow) ; but Willoughby and Willoughton, probably

from a personal name.
WIN (A.S.), victory ; e.g. Winford, Winslow, Wingrave, Wim-

borne (the ford, hill, entrenchment, and brook of the victory).

WINK EL WOR TH

WINKEL (Ger ) ( a C0rner ; *'' Winceb y ( corner dwelling) ;

WINCFI (A. S \ \ Wi nc hcomb (the corner hollow) ; Winchelsea (the

' ' ''' ( island or moist land at the corner) ; Winchendon

(corner hill) ; Winkleigh (corner meadow) ; Winkelhorst

(corner thicket) ; Winkeldorf (corner village) ; Winklarn

(the waste field at the corner).

WISCH, or OSSICK, contracted from the Sclav, hussoki (high) ; e.g.
Wissek, Weissagh, Wisowice or Wisowitz, Ossiegt, and
Ossagh (high village) ; Wischhrad (high fortress) ; Wisoki-
mazo-wieck (the high middle market -town), in Poland ;
but in Germany wisch is sometimes a form of iviese
(meadow), as in Wischmiihle (the meadow mill) ; Wisch-
hausen (the dwelling in the meadow) ; Essek, for Ossick
(high place), in Sclavonia.

WITHIG (A.S.), the willow; e.g. Witham, Withern (willow dwelling);
Withybrook (willow stream) ; Withridge (willow ridge).

won (A.S.), a turning; e.g. Woburn, Wooburn (the bend of the
stream) ; Woking (the turning at the chink or chine).

WOL (Sclav.), the ox ; e.g. Wolgast (the oxen's shed) ; Wohlau (an
enclosure for oxen), a town in Prussia which carries on
a great trade in cattle ; Wollin (the place of oxen), at the
mouth of the R. Oder.

WOLSCHA, or OELZA (Sclav.), the alder-tree ; e.g. Wolschau, Wol-
schen, Wolsching, Wolschinka (the place abounding in
alders) ; the Sclavonic name for the R. Elster is Wolshinka
(the. river of alders) ; Oels, in Silesia, on the Oelse (alder-
tree stream) ; Oelsen and Olsenice (the village of alder-
trees) ; Olsnitz (the town on Elster, or alder stream).

WOLV, or WOL, a prefix sometimes employed with reference to the
wolf, as in Wolvesley (the wolves' island), where a tribute
of wolves' heads was paid annually by the Britons to the
Saxons, by order of King Edgar. Sometimes as a contrac-
tion for wold (the waste land), as in Wolford, Wolborough,
Woldingham, Wooler, and in Woolverton ; but it comes
often also from a personal name, as in Wolfhamcote,
Wulferlow, Wolferton (from Ulp or Wulfhern).

WORTH, or WEORTHING (A.S.), a farm, manor, or estate, a place
warded or protected, A.S. ivarian (to defend); cognate
with the Ger. warid or iverder; e.g. Worthing in Sussex,
Worthen in Salop, Worthy and Worting in Hants,

WURZEZERKWA

Worthington in Lancashire (the farm or manor) ; High-
worth (high manor) ; Kenilworth (the estate of Kenelm) ;
Bosworth (of Bosa) ; Edgeworth (the estate on the border) ;
Edgeware, anc. Edgeivorth, same meaning ; Polwarth (the
estate on the marshy land), a parish in Berwickshire ;
Ravenworth (the manor of Hrafen) ; Rickmansworth (of
Rickman) ; Tamworth (the manor), on R. Tarn ; Wands-
worth, on the R. Wandle ; Worksworth (the place near
the miner's works) ; Chatsworth (the manor in the wood),
Celtic coed; Hammersmith, corrupt, from Hermoderworth
(the manor of Hermode).

(r . ( an herb, a plant ; ivyrtun, a garden ; e.g. Wurtz-
xi c \ \ b ur &> anc - Herbipolis (the city of plants) ;
r ( A - b -)> ( Wortley (the place or field of herbs); Warton
(the garden).

YEN (Chinese), salt; e.g. Yen-shan (salt hill); Yen-yuen (salt
spring).

YENI (Turc.), new ; e.g. Yenidja-Vardar (the new fortress), anc.
Pella; Yenidya-Carasu (the new place on the black water) ;
Yenikale (the new castle) ; Yenikhan (new inn) ; Yeniseisk
(the new town on the R. Yenisei) ; Yenishehr (the new
dwelling) ; Yeni-Bazar (new market) ; Yenikoi (new village) ;
Yeni-Hissar (new castle).

ZAB (Ar.), a fountain ; e.g. Great and Little Zab, in Turkey.
ZARNY, or CZERNY (Sclav.), black ; e.g. Zschorne (black town) ;

Sornosche-Elster, i.e. the black R. Elster ; Zschornegosda

(black inn) ; Zarnowice, Zarnowitz, Same, Sarnow, Sarnowo,

Sarnaki (black village).
ZERENY, or CZERENY (Sclav.), red ;.e.g. Tscherna (the red river) ;

Tscherniz or Zerniz (red town) ; Tzernagora (red mountain).
ZERKWA (Sclav.), a Greek church, from the Grk. kuriakej a

Romish church in their language is called kostiolj a

Protestant church, zbor; e.g. Zerkowo, Zerkowitz, Zerkwitz

(the town of the Greek church).

ZETTELZI 213

ZETTEL (Sclav.), from sedal (Ger.), a seat or settlement ; e.g.

Brockzettel (the settlement or seat on the broken-up land) ;

Endzettel (the settlement at the corner) ; Weinzettel (the

wine settlement),
zi (Old Fr.), a habitation ; e.g. Sussi (the habitation on high

ground) ; Issy (the dwelling, here, or on low ground) ;

Passy (the dwelling near the boat hoc or bad).

INDEX

A few Names which do not occur in the body of the Work are explained
in the Index.

ABBEVILLE, 4

Abbey feale, 4

Abbeyleix and Abbey shrule, 4

Abyssinia, named from the Rivers Abai

and Wabash, or, according to Bruce,

from habish (mixed), i.e. the country

of the mixed races
Acapulca, 9
Acre, anc. Accho, Ar. the sultry or

sandy shore

Adelsberg, the nobles' fortress
Aden, Ar. a paradise
Afium-kara-hissar, Turc. the black

castle of opium
Agades, the enclosure
Agde, in France, Grk. Agathos, the

good place, founded by Greeks from

Marseilles

Aghrim, or Aughrim, 67
Agosta, Lat. Augusta
Agra, 2
Airdrie, 10
Aix, 9

Aix-la-Chapelle, 9
Akerman, Turc. (white castle)
Akhalzk, new fortress
Alabama, the land of rest
Alagous Bay (abounding in lakes)
Aland, water land
Albania, 7

Albert, in Cape Colony, named after
the Prince Consort

Albuera, Ar. the lake

Albuquerque, Lat. the white oak-
tree

Alcala, Ar. the castle, 114

Alcantara, 6

Alcarez, Ar. the farm

Aldershott, 107

Alemtayo (beyond the R. Tagus)

Aleutian Islands, the bold rocks

Alexandria and Alexandretta, named
after Alexander the Great

Alexandria, in Cape Colony, in honour
of Queen Victoria

Alexandria, in Italy, after Pope Alex-
ander III.

Alhama, 100

Alleghany Mountains, from a tribe

Alloa, the way to the sea

Almaden, Ar. the mine

Almanza, Ar. the plain

Almanzor, Ar. victorious

Almeida, Ar. the table

Altona, called by the Hamburgians
All-su-nah, i.e. (all too near), in
allusion to its vicinity to Hamburg

Alyth, the ascent or slope

America, named after the Florentine
adventurer Amerigo- Vespucci

Angora, anc. Ancyra

2l6

INDEX

Annam (the place of the South)

Anstruther, 179

Antrim (at the elder trees)

Antwerp, 208

Aoasta, Lat. Augusta

Apennine Mountains, 154

Appenzel, 4

Appleby, 37

Applecross, 3

Aranjues, Lat. Ara Jovis, the altar o

Jove

Aravali Mountain, the hill of strength
Arbois, anc. Arborosa, the woody placi
Arbroath, 3
Archangel, named in honour of th<

Archangel Michael
Archipelago, the chief sea
Arcos, anc. Argobriga, the town on

the bend
Ardeche, now Ardoix, in France, from

ardoise, slate
Ardee, in Ireland, on the R. Dee, now

the Nith

Ardeen and Ardennes, 10, n
Ardfert, 10
Ardrossan, 10
Argos, the plain
Argyle, 150

Aries, Cel. Ar-laeth, the marshy land
Armagh, i.e. Ardmacha, Macha's

height

Armorica, 143

Arras, named from the Atrebates
Arthur Seat, in Edinburgh, Gael. Ard-
na-said, i.e. the height of the arrows,
meaning a convenient ground to
shoot from
Ascension Island, so named because

discovered on Ascension Day
Asperne, n
Aspropotamo, Modern Grk. (the white

river)
Assouan, Ar. the opening at the mouth

of the Nile

Astrakan, named after a Tartar king
Astura R., 199
Asturias, 12

Attica, Grk. the promontory
Aubusson, 36

Auch, named after the Ausci, a tribe

Auchinleck, 5

Auckland, 5

Audlem, 7

Augsburg, 35

Aurillac, supposed to have been named

after the Emperor Aurelian
Auriol, anc. Auriolum, the golden or

magnificent
Austerlitz, 151
Australia, the southern land
Austria, 164
Autun, 69

Auvergne, the high country, 1 1
Ava, or Awa, named from angwa, a

fish-pond
Avignon, 14
Avranches, named from the Abrin-

catui

Awe, Loch, 2
Azores Isles, Port, the islands of hawks

B

BAALBEC, 15

Babelmandeb Strait, 15

Bactria, Pers. the east country

Badajos, corrupt, from Lat. Pax Au-
gusta

Baden, 15

Baffin's Bay, named in honour of the
discoverer

Bagdad, 16

Bahar, corrupt, from Vihar, a Buddhist
monastery

Bahia, Port, the bay, 16

Bahr-el-Abiad, 17

Bahrein, 17

Baikal, the rich sea

Baireuth, 162

3akewell, 162

Bakhtchisarai, the palace of the gar-
dens

3ala (river head), in Wales

Balachulish, 17

Balaclava, 21

Bala-Ghauts, 18

Jala-hissar, 18

Balasore, 18

INDEX

217

Balbriggan, Brecan's bridge

Balearic Isles, because their inhabitants
were skilful in the use of the sling
(Balla, Grk. to throw)

Balfour, 17

Balkan, 18

Balkh, 1 8

Ballantrae, the dwelling on the sea-
shore, 196

Ballater, 125

Ballina, corrupt, from Bel-atha, ford
mouth, 21

Ballingry, the town of the king v.

BAILE

Ballintra, 196

Balloch, 22

Ballycastle, castle-town v. 17

Ballymena, 17

Ballymoney, 17

Ballyshannon, 22

Balmaghie, 18

Balmaklellan, the town of the Mac-

lellans, 18
Balmerino, 17
Balmoral, 17
Balquhidder, the town at the back of

the country
Balta and Baltia, the country of the

belts or straits, the ancient name of

Scandinavia, 18
Banbury, 35
Banchory, the fair valley
Banchory-Devenick and Banchory -

Ternan, named in honour of two

saints who lived there
Banda- Oriental, the eastern bank of

the Rio-de-la-Plata
Banff, 34
Bangor, 23
Banjarmassin, from bender, a harbour,

and masing, usual, or from banjer,

water, and massin, salt
Banks Islands and Banks Land, named

in honour of Sir Joseph Banks
Bantry, Ir. Beantraighe, i.e. belong-

Note. For Scotch or Irish names beginning
with bai or bally, v. BAILE or BEAL, pp.
17 and 21

ing to the descendants of Beann, of
the royal race of Ulster

Barbadoes, Port, the island of pines

Barbary, the country of the Berbers

Barbuda, the island of the bearded men,
so named by the Portuguese

Barcelona, named from Hamilcar
Barca, who founded it

BardhWan, Pers. the thriving place

Bardsey, 72

Barfleur, 81

Bar-le-Duc, 194

Barnstaple, 152

Barrow, 19

Barrow Strait, named in honour of
Sir John Barrow

Barton, 194

Basque Provinces, from bassoco, a
mountaineer, or, according to Hum-
boldt, from basoa, a forest

Bass Strait, named after Bass, a navi-
gator

Basse Terre, low land

Bassora, or Bozra, the fortress

Batavia, 108

Bath, 16

Battersea, 71

Battle and Buittle, 27

Bautzen, 33

Bavaria, the country of the Boii

Bayeux, named from the Bajoccas, a
tribe

Bayonne, 17

Beachy Head, 19

Beauley and Beaulieu, 21

Beaumaris, 21

Beauvais, named from the Bellovacii

Bedford, 82

Bednore, 151

Beersheba, 20

Behring Strait, so named by Captain
Cook in honour of Behring, a Rus-
sian navigator

Beinn, Ben, etc., a mountain, 22

Beira, Port, the river-bank

Beja, corrupt, from the Lat. Pax-Julia

Belfast, 22

Belgium, named from the Belgae

Belgrade, 21

218

INDEX

Belize, named after a person called
Wallace

Bell Rock or Inch Cape, a reef of rocks
south-east from Arbroath, so called
from the lighthouse which was erected
on it in 1811, previous to which the
monks of Arbroath caused a bell to
be suspended upon it so as to be rung
by the waves, and thus give warning
to mariners

Belleisle, 21

Bellie, the mouth of the ford

Belper, 21

Beluchistan, 182

Benares, named from the names
of the two rivers on which it is
situated

Bender, etc., 23

Beni, etc., 23

Benin, corrupt, from Lat. benignus,
blessed

Berbice, at the mouth of the R.
Berbice

Berdiansk, 176

Berg and its derivatives, 23

Bergamo, on a hill

Berhampore, 160

Berkeley, 25

Berkshire, 25

Berlin, perhaps from Sclav, berle, un-
cultivated ground, but uncertain

Bermudas Isles, named after the dis-
coverer Juan Bermudez

Berriew, corrupt, from Aber-Rhiw,
at the mouth of the R. Rhiw, in
Wales, 3

Bervie, 112

Berwick, 209

Berwyn, 19

Beveland, 122

Beverley, 25

Bewdley, 21 %

Beyrout, 20

Bhagulpore, 160

Bhurtpore, 160

Bicester, corrupt, from Birincester, i.e.
the fortress of Birin, Bishop of Glou-
cester

Bideford, by the ford

Biela-Tsorkov, white church

Bielgorod, white fortress

Bielorietzk, 176

Biggar, the soft land

Bilbao, under the hill

Bingley, the field of Bing, the original
proprietor

Bir, 20

Birkdale, the birch valley

Birkenhead and Birkhampstead, 25

Birmingham, 99

Biscaya and Bay of Biscay, named
from the Basques, which, accord-
ing to Humboldt, means forest
dwellers

Bishop-Auckland, so called from the
number of oaks that grew here, and
from the manor having belonged to
the bishops of Durham

Black Sea, perhaps so called from its
frequent storms and fogs. The
Greeks called it Euxine, from eiixinos,
hospitable, disliking its original
name, Axinos, inhospitable

Blaen and its derivatives, 26

Blair and its derivatives, 26

Blantyre, the warm retreat

Bodmin, 27

Bohemia, 100

Bois-le-Duc, the duke's wood

Bokhara, the treasury of sciences, the
chief town in a state of the same
name

Bolivia, named after its liberator
Bolivar

Bologna and Boulogne, named from
the Boii

Bombay, named after an Indian god-
dess Bombed but translated by the
Portuguese into Bom-bahia, good
bay

Bordeaux, 9

Bornholm, 127

Borovsk, 28

Borrowstounness, 145

Bosphorus, Grk. the passage of the
bull

Bourges, named from the Bituriges

Brabant, 18

INDEX

219

Bramapootra R., the offspring of

Brahma
Brazil, named from the colour of its

dye-woods, braza, Port, a live coal
Breadalbane, 29
Brecknock, the hill of Brecon or Bry-

chan, a Welsh prince
Breda, 29
Breslaw, named after King Vratis-

law
Breton, Cape, discovered by mariners

from Brittany
Bridgenorth, 31
Bridgewater, 31
Brieg, 29
Brighton, corrupt, from Brighthelm-

ston, from a personal name
Bristol, 183
Britain : the Cym.-Cel. root brith, to

paint, is supposed by some to be the

root of the word ; the British poets

called it Inis gwyn, white island,

which answers to the Roman name

Albion
Brixton, 31
Brodick, 209
Brody, 30
Brooklyn, in New York, Dutch, the

broken-up land
Bruges, 31
Brunswick, 172
Brussels, 30
Brzesce-Litewski, 28
Bucharest, the city of enjoyment
Buckingham, a tribe name, or the

dwelling among beeches, 33
Buda, 33
Budweis, 33
Buenos-Ayres, 28
Builth, 8
Bungay, 95
Burgos, 36
Burslem, Burward's dwelling in the

clayey soil, him
Bury, 34
Bushire, 174
Bute, 33
Buttermere, 136
Buxton, 33

CABEZA-DEL-BUEY, 117

Cabrach, the timber-moss, a parish in
Co. Banff

Cader-Idris, the chair of Idris, in Wales

Cadiz, 86

Cahors, named from the Cadurci

Cairo, Ar. Al-kahirah, the victorious

Calahorra, 114

Calais, 39

Calatayud, 114

Calcutta, 88

California is supposed to have taken its
name from an old romance, in which
this name was given to an imaginary
island filled with gold, and Cortes
applied the name to the whole dis-
trict

Callander, the corner of the water v.
DUR

The Calf of Man. The word calf
was frequently used by the Norse-
men for a smaller object in relation
to a larger i.e. the small island off
Man

Calvados, named from one of the vessels
of the Spanish Armada, wrecked on
the coast of France

Cambay, anc. Khumbavati, the city of
the pillar

Cambuskenneth, 39

Canada, Ind. Kannahta, a collection
of huts

Candahar, named after Alexander the
Great

Candia, Ar. Khandce, the trench island

Cannes, 40

Cannoch, i.e. cann, bright, and oich,
water, the ancient name of the spot
on which Conway Castle stands

Canopus was called by the Egyptians
the city of Kneph, a god

Cantal, the head of the rock, 41

Canton, i.e. K-wang Chou, the metro-
polis

Cantyre or Kintyre, 45

Capri and Caprera, the islands of wild
goats

INDEX

Cardigan, named after its ancient king

Ceredig, and is therefore corrupted

from Ceredigion
Carew, 38
Carlingford, 39
Carlisle, 38
Carlow, 129
Carlscroone, 118
Carlshamm, Charles's haven, 97
Carluke, 39

Carmel, Heb. the fruitful field
Carmichael, 39
Carnac, 41
Carnatic, named from the Carnates, a

tribe

Carniola, 41
Carolina, U. S. , named after Charles

II.
Caroline Isles, named after Carlos II.

of Spain
Carpathian Mountains, from Chrabat,

a mountain range

Carrantuohill, Ir. the reversed reap-
ing-hook, the highest mountain in

Ireland
Carthage, 86
Carthagena, 86
Casale, 42
Cashel, 42
Caspian Sea, named from the Caspii,

a tribe
Cassel, 42
Castile, 42

Catania, Phoen. the little city
Cattegat, 88
Caucasus, 147
Cavan, 44
Caxamarca in Peru, the place of

frost

Cefalu, 46
Cephalonia, 46

Cerigo, anc. Cythera, the harp-shaped
Cerro v. SIERRA
Cevennes, 46
Ceylon, 65
Chambery, the bend of the water, on

the R. Leysse, in France
Chamouni, 40
Champlain, named from the Governor-

General of Canada in the seventeenth
century

Charles Cape, named after Baby
Charles in the reign of James I.

Charlestown, named after Charles II.

Chatham, 55

Chaumont, 39

Chelsea, 46

Chemnitz, 114

Chepstow, 47

Chester, 43

Cheviot Hills, 46

Chilham, 99

Chiltern Hills, n

China, probably named from the
dynasty of Thsin in the third century
B.C.

Chippenham, 47

Chiusa, 116

Christchurch, in Hants, anc. Twinam-
burne, between two streams, and
afterwards named from a church and
priory founded by the W. Saxons
in the reign of Edward the Confessor

Christiana, named after Christian IV.
of Sweden

Ciudad, 49

Civita-Vecchia, 49

Clackmannan, 49

Clameny, 109

Clare Co., 50

Cleveland, 50

Cleves, 50

Clifton, 50

Clitheroe, 50

Clogheen, 49

Clonakilty, 50

Clones, 50

Clontarf, 50

Closeburn, 48

Cloyne, 50

Coblentz, 54

Cochin, kochi, a morass

Cockburnspath, in Berwickshire, cor-
rupt, from Colbrand's Path

Cognac, the corner of the water

Coire or Chur, 56

Colberg, 31

Coleraine, 58

INDEX

Colmar, Lat. Collis-Martis, the hill of

Mars
Colombo, corrupt, from Kalan-Totta,

the ferry on the Kalawa Ganga
Colonna, Cape, 117
Como, Lake, 54
Comorin, Cape, named from a temple

to the goddess Durga
Compostella, Santiago de, corrupt, from

Sanctus Jacobus Apostolus, so called

from a legend that the Apostle James

was buried there
Comrie, at the confluence of three

rivers, in Perthshire, 53
Cond6, 33
Congleton, 33
Connaught, anc. Conaichi, the territory

of the descendants of Conn of the

hundred battles
Connecticut, Ind. Qunnitukut, the

country on the long river
Connemara, 144
Constance, Lake, 172
Copeland Isle, 47
Copenhagen, 47
Corbridge, 56
Cork, 54
Cornwall, 54
Coromandel, corrupt, from Choloman-

dala, the district of the Cholas, a

tribe

Corrientes, Span, the currents
Corryvreckan, 52
Corsica, the woody
Corunna, corrupt, from Columna, the

pillars, in allusion to a tower of

Hercules

Cosenza, Lat. Cosentia, the confluence
Cotswold Hills, 52
Cottian Alps, named after a Celtic

chief
Coutance and Cotantin, named after

the Emperor Constantius
Coventry, 196
Cowal, in Ayrshire, named after King

Coill

Cowes, 45
Cracow, the town of Krak, Duke of

Poland

Cramond, 38

Crathie, 56

Cremona, anc. Cremonensis-ager, the
field named from a tribe

Crewe, 56

Crewkerne, 56

Crieff, Gael. Craobh, a tree

Croagh- Patrick, 56

Croatia, 109

Cromar, the heart of Mar, a district
in Aberdeenshire

Cronstadt, 118

Croydon, 70

CRUG, as prefix, 58

Cuenpa, Lat. concha,, a shell

Cueva-de-Vera, 45

Culebra R. , the snake river

Cumberland, 122

Cumbernauld, 53

Cumbraes Isles and Cumbrian Moun-
tains, named after the Cymbri

Cundinamarca, named after an Indian
goddess

Cura9oa, named from a kind of bird

Currie, 56

Cuzeo, the centre, in Peru

CWM, as prefix v. 53, at COMBE

Cyclades Isles, Grk. kuklos, a circle

Cyprus, perhaps named from the herb
kupros, with which, it abounded,
called by the Greeks Cerastes, the
horned

Czernowitz, Sclav, black town

D

DACCA, Sansc. Da-akka, the hidden
goddess, from a statue of Durga
found there

Dantzic, Danish fort, 61

Daventry, 196

Daviot, 6

Dax, 9

Deal, 59

Deccan, Sansc. Dakshina, the south
land

Delft, 62

Delhi, Sansc. dahal, a quagmire

222

INDEX

Denbigh, 64

Denmark, 134

Deptford, 54

Derbend, the shut-up gates or the
difficult pass

Deny or Londonderry, 61

Derwent R., 70

Desaguadero R. , Span, the drain

Detmold, 64

Detroit, the strait between Lake St.
Clair and Lake Erie

Devizes, anc. de vies, denoting a place
where two ways met

Devonshire, 64

Dhawalagiri Mountain, 90

Dieppe, 54

Digne, 64

Dijon, 69

Dinan and Dinant, 54

Dingle, 58

Dingwall, 190

Dinkelsbiihl, 33

Dmitrov, the town of St. Demetrius

Dnieper R. , i.e. Don-ieper, upper river

Dniester, Don-tester, lower river Don

Doab, 2

Dole, 59

Dolgelly, 60

Dominica Isle, so named because dis-
covered on Sunday, i.e. Dies Domi-
nica

Donagh, as prefix, 65

Dondra Head, 65

Donegall, 69

Donnybrook, 65

Doon R., 14

Dorchester, 44

Dorking, 70

Dornoch, 66

Dorset, 173

Dort or Dordrecht, 66

Douglas, 91

Douro R., 70

Dover, anc. Dubris, or anc. Brit. Dufy-
rraha

Dovrefield Mountains, 78

Downpatrick, 68

Downs, The, 69

Drachenfels, 78

Drenthe, 18

Dresden, Sclav. Dresany, the haven
Dreux, named from the Durocasses
Drogheda, 66

Drohobicz, Sclav, the woody place
Droitwich, 209
Dromore, 67
Drontheim, 99
Dry burgh, 62
Dubicza, 68
Dublin, 126
Dubro, 57
Dumbarton, 68
Dumfries, 68
Dungeness, 145
Dunkirk, 70
Dunluce, 128
Dunse, now Duns, 70
Dunstable, 182
Durham, 106
Durrow, 62
Dynevor, 64

Dyrrachium, Grk. the place with the
dangerous breakers, Dus and rachia
Dysart, 63

EAGLESHAM, church hamlet

Ecclefechan, the church of St. Fechan

Eccleshall, 72

Ecija, 12

Ecuador, i.e. on the equator

Edessa, 73

Edfou, corrupt, from Atbo, the Coptic

synonym forffut, the throneof Horus
Edinburgh, 68
Edom, the red land
Egripo or Negropont, 159
Ehrenbreitstein, 181
Eichstadt, Ger. oak town
Eiger, the giant, in Switzerland
Eisenach, 74
Eisenberg, 74
Elbing, named from the river on which

it stands
Elbceuf, 37
Elche', 109

INDEX

223

Elgin, named after Helgyn, a Nor-
wegian chief, about A.D. 927

Eli mo or Elath, the trees

Elizabeth, county in New York, named
from the daughter of James I.

Elizabethgrad, 94

Elmina, Ar. the mine

Elphin, Ir. Aill-finn, the rock of the
clear spring

Elsinore, 150

Elster R. , the alder-tree stream

Elstow, 183

Elvas, anc. Alba, Basque, the place on
the steep hill, alboa

Ely, 71

Emden, 69

Empoli, corrupt, from the Lat. empo-
rium, the market-place

Enkhuizen, 75

Ennis, in

Enniskillen, in

Eperies, Hung, the place of strawberries

Eperney, anc. aquce-perennes , the ever-
flowing water

Epinal, 177

Epping, no

Epsom, 99

Erekli, anc. Heraclea

Erfurt, 83

Erith, 105

Erivan, Pers. JRewan, named after its
founder

Erlangen, 75

Erlaw, 75

Errigal, Ir. Airegal, a small church

Erzeroom, corrupt, from Arz-er-Room,
the fortress of the Romans

Eschwege, ash-tree road

Eschweiller, 6

ESGAIR V. SKAFR, 175

Esk R., 198

Essek or Ossick, 211

Essex, 151

Estepa, 12

Estepona, 12

Esthonia, the district of the people of

the East
Estremadura, Lat. Estrema-Durii, the

extreme limits of the R. Douro

Etna, corrupt, from attuna, the furnace

Eton, 71

Eubcea, the well-tilled land

Euho or Yuho R. , 105

Euphrates R., the fruitful, Ar. Furat,

sweet water
Europe, Grk. euros and ops, the broad

face
Euxine, Grk. the hospitable, formerly

axinos the inhospitable sea
Evesham, 76
Evora, the ford, in Spain
Evreux, 9
Exeter, 44

FAENZA, Lat. Faventia, the favoured

Fair Head and Fair Island, fromfarr,
Scand. a sheep

Falaise, 78

Falkirk, 116

Famars, 77

Fano, 76

Fareham, 76

Farnham, 79

Faroe Islands, 71

Faulhorn, 108

Fazal, the beech-tree island, in the
Azores

Femern, n

Fermanagh, Ir. the men of Monagh

Fermoy, the men of the plain

Fernando Po, named after the dis-
coverer

Ferney, 77

Ferns, 77

Ferrara, 84

Ferriby, 76

Ferrol, Span, faro!, the beacon

Fetlar Isle, 72

Fez, Ar. fertile

Fife, said to be named from Feb. a
Pictish chief

Figueras, Span, the fig-trees

Finisterre, Cape, and district, 190

Finster-Aar-horn, 107

Fintray and Fintry, 196

Fishguard, 87

324

INDEX

Fiume, 81

Flamborough Head, anc. Fleamburgh,

the flame hill or beacon hill
Fleche, La, named from the lofty spire

of the church of St. Thomas
Fleetwood, 81
Flintshire, supposed to have derived

its name from the abundance of

quartz in the country
Flisk, the moist place, Gael, fleasg
Florence, Lat. Florentia, the flourish-
ing
Florida, called by the Spaniards Pascua-

Florida because discovered on Easter

Sunday
Flushing, 81
Fochabers, Gael. Faichaber, the plain

of the confluence, but more anciently

Beulath, the mouth of the ford
Foldvar, 81
Folkstone, the people's fortress, Lat.

Lapis-populi
Fondi, 8 1
Fontenay, 81
Fontenoy, 81

Fordyce, the south pasture
Forfar, supposed to have been named

from a tribe, the Forestii
Forli, 83

Formentara, abounding in grain
Formosa, Span, the beautiful
Forth R., Scot. Frock, and Welsh

Werid
Fossano, 81
Frankenstein, 181
Frankfort, 83
Frankfurt, 83
Fraubrunnen, 32
Frederickshald, 98
Freiburg, 84
Friesland, 122
Frische Haff, 97
Friuli, 84
Fuentarrabia, 82
Fiihnen Isle or Odensey, 71
Fulham, 100
Funchal, a place abounding mfuncho,

Port, fennel
Fiirth, 83

GAINSBOROUGH, the town of the

Ganii, a tribe
Galapago Isles, Span, the islands of

the water tortoises
Galashiels, 170
Galatia, 108
Galicia, 108
Galilee, Heb. a district
Galle, Point de, Cingalese, the rock

promontory, galle
Galway, named from Gaillimh, rocky

river, 86
Ganges R., 86
Garioch, 86
Garonne R., 86
Gateshead, 40
Gaza, Ar. a treasury
Gebirge v. BERG, 24
Genappe, 89
Geneva, 89
Genoa, 90

Georgia, named after George III.
Ghauts Mountains, 88
Ghent, 89

Giant's Causeway, 49
Gibraltar, 89

Giessbach, the rushing brook
Girgeh, St. George's town, on the Nile
Girvan R., the short stream
Giurgevo, St. George's town
Glamorgan, Welsh Morganwg, i.e.

Gwlad - Morgan, the territory of

Morgan-Mawr, its king in the tenth

century, 143
Glarus, corrupt, from St. Hilarius, to

whom the church was dedicated
Glogau, 92
Gloucester, 44
Gmiind, 89
Goat Fell, 78
Godalming, Godhelm's meadow, in

Surrey

Goes or Ter-Goes, at the R. Gosa
Gollnitz and Gollnow, 92
Goole, 86
Goritz, 93
Gorlitz, 93

INDEX

225

Goslar, 122

Gbttingen, a patronymic

Gouda, on the R. Gouwe

Gower, Welsh Gwyr, a peninsula in
Wales, sloping west from Swansea
it may signify the land of the
sunset

Grabow, 93

Gradentz, 94

Gran, on the R. Gran

Grasmere, the lake of swine

Gratz, 94

Gravelines, 93

Gravesend, 93

Greenland, 95

Greenlaw, 123

Greenock, 94

Greenwich, 209

Grenoble, 158

Gretna Green, 102

Grisnez, Cape, gray cape, 145

Grisons, Ger. Graubiinden, the gray
league, so called from the dress
worn by the Unionists in 1424

Grodno, 94

Grongar v. CAER, 38

Groningen, a patronymic

Grossenhain, 97

Guadalquivir, 95

Guadiana, 95

Gttben, Sclav, dove town

Gueret, Fr. land for tillage

Guienne, corrupt, from Aquitania

Gustrow, Sclav, guest town

Gwasanau, corrupt, from Hosannah,
a place in North Wales. The name
was given in allusion to the Vic-
toria -Alleluiatica, fought on the
spot in 420, between the Britons,
headed by the Germans, and the
Picts and Scots

H

HAARLEM, 96
Hadersleben, 124
Haemus Mountain, 18
Hague, The, 97

Haguenau, 97

Hainan, Chinese, south of the sea,

corrupt, from Hai Lam
Hainault, 88
Halicarnassus, Grk. Halikarnassos,

sea horn place
Halifax, 103
Halifax, Nova Scotia, named for the

Earl of Halifax
Hall and Halle, 98
Hamburg, 97
Hameln, 99
Hammerfest, 100
Hampstead, 98
Hankau or Hankow, the mouth of

commerce, a city in China
Hanover, 150
Harbottle, 27
Harrogate, 88
Hartlepool, 158
Hartz Mountains, 101
Harwich, 100
Haselt, 101
Hastings, A.S. Haestinga-ceaster,

the camp of Hastings, a Danish

pirate

Havana, the harbour
Havre, Le, 97

Hawarden, Welsh, upon the hill
Hawes, 97
Heboken, Ind. the smoked pipe, the

spot in New Jersey at which the

English settlers smoked the pipe of

peace with the Indian chiefs
Hechingen, a patronymic
Hedjas, the land of pilgrimage
Heidelberg, 24
Heilbron, 32
Heiligenstadt, 103
Heligoland, 103
Helvellyn, if Celtic, perhaps El-velin,

the hill of Baal
Hems, probably named from Hms, the

Egyptian name of Isis
Henly, Cym.-Cel. old place
Herat, anc. Aria-Civitas, the town

on the Arius, now the R. Heri
Hereford, 82
Hermon, the lofty peak

226

INDEX

Herstal, 180

Hesse, named from the Catti or Chatti

Himalaya Mountains, 123

Hinckley, the horse's meadow

Hindostan, 181

Hindu Koosh Mountains, i.e. the
Indian Caucasus

Hinojosa, Span, the place of fennel

Hirschberg, 105

Hitchen, 100

Hoang Ho, 105

Hobart Town, named after one of the
first settlers

Hohenlinden, 106

Holland, 106

Holstein, 174

Holt, 107

Holyhead, 103

Holy Island, 103

Holy well, 103

Holywood, 103

Homburg

Honduras, Span, deep water

Hong Kong, the place of fragrant
streams

Hoorn, 107

Hor, the mountain

Horeb, the desert

Horn, Cape, 107

Horncastle, 107

Horsham, 99

Howden, 102

Howth Head, 102

Hudson R. , named after Henry Hud-
son, who ascended the river A.D.
1607

Huelva, Basque Onoba, at the foot of
the hill ; and Ar. Wuebban, corrupt,
to Huelva

Huesca, anc. Osca, the town of the
Basques or Euscs

Hull, 117

Hungary, Ger. Ungarn, the country of
the Huns ; Hung. Magyar- Orzag,
the country of the Magyars

Huntingdon, hunter's hill, or a pat-
ronymic

Hurdwar, 70

Huron, Lake, from a tribe

Hurryhur, named from the goddess

Hari or Vishnu
Hurst, 101
Hythe, 105

ILFRACOMBE, 54

Illinois, named after the tribe Illini,

i.e. the men ; and ois, a tribe
Imaus, the snowy mountain
Inch v. INNIS, in
Ingleborough Mountain, 24
Inkermann, Turc. the place of caverns
Innerleithen, 112
Innsbruck, at the bridge, on the R.

Inn

Interlachen, 119
Inverness, 112
lona or I, 108
Iowa, the drowsy ones, a tribe name,

U.S.

Ipswich, 209
Ireland or lerne, 108
Irkutsk, 176
Irrawadi, the great river
Iscanderoon, named after Alexander

the Great
Iserlohn, 130
Isla, in the Hebrides, named after

Yula, a Danish princess who was

buried there

Ispahan, Pers. the place of horses
Issoire, 70
Issoudun, 69
Ithaca, the strait or steep

J

JABALON R., 112

Jaffa or Joppa, Semitic, beauty

Jamaica, corrupt, from Xaymaca, the

land of wood and water
Jamboli, Sclav, the city in the hollow
Janina, Sclav. John's town
Jaroslav, named after its founder
Jassy, Sclav, the marshy place
Jauer, 113

INDEX

227

Java, 65

Jersey, 71

Jersey, in U. S. , so named by Sir

George Carteret, who had come

from the Island of Jersey
Jerusalem, Semitic, the abode of

peace

Joinville, 201

Joppa v. Jaffa, the beautiful
Jouare, anc. Ara-Jovis, the altar of

Jove
Juggernaut, or more correctly Jaggana-

tha, the Lord of the world -jacat,

Sansc. the world, and natha, Lord
Juliers, 109
Jumna R. , named after Yamuna, a

goddess
Jungfrau Mountain, Ger. the maiden

or the fair one, so called from its

spotless white

Jura Isle, Scand. Deor-oe, deer island
Jiiterbogk, named for the Sclav, god

of spring
Jutland, named from the Jutes

K

KAFFRARIA^AT. the land of the Kafirs

or unbelievers
Kaisarizeh, the mod. name of anc.

Ccesarea

Kaiserlautern, 113
Kalgan, Tartar, the gate, a town in

China

Kampen, 35
Kandy, splendour
Kansas, a tribe name
Karlsbad, 16
Keith, Gael, the cloudy, from ceath, a

cloud or mist

Kel and Kil v. COILL or CILL
Kells, 48
Kelso, 38
Kempen, 40
Ken v. CEANN
Kendal, 60
Kenmare, 46
Kensington, the town of the Kensings

Kent, 45

Kentucky, the dark and bloodyground

Kerry Co. , Ir. Ciarraidhe, the district

of the race of Ciar
Kettering, a patronymic
Kew, 107

Khartoum, the promontory
Khelat, 114
Kin v. CEANN
Kinghorn, 45
Kingsclere, 5
King's Co., named after Philip II.

of Spain
Kingston, 147
Kingussie, 45

Kirkillisia, the forty churches in Turkey
Kirkintilloch, 38
Kirkwall, 115

Kishon R., i.e. the tortuous stream
Kissengen, a patronymic
Klagenfurt, 84
Knock v. CNOC
Koniggratz, the king's fortress
Kordofan, the white land
Koros R. , Hung, the red river
Koslin, 1 1 8
Kothendorf, 47
Kralowitz, 118
Kraszna R. , beautiful river
Kremenetz, 118
Kremnitz, 118
Krishna or Kistna R., the black

stream, in India
Kronstadt, 118
Kulm, 47
Kyle v. CAOL

LA HOGUE, Cape, 102

Laaland Isle, 119

Labuan Isle, Malay, the anchorage

Laccadives, 65

Laconia, 120

Ladrone Isles, Span, the islands of

thieves

Lagnieu, 120
Lagos, 120
Laguna, 120

228

INDEX

Lahr, 123

Lambeth, 105

Lambride, 121

Lamlash, 120

Lampeter, 121

Lamsaki, anc. Lampsacus, the passage

Lanark, 121

Land's End v. PEN

Landerneau, 121

Langres, anc. Langone, named from the
Lingones, a tribe

Languedoc, named from the use of the
wordoc, for yes, in their language, i.e.
Langue-d'oc

Lannion, 121

Laon, 130

Larbert, named from a man of this
name

Largo, 124

Largs, 124

Larissa, named after a daughter of
Pelasgus

Lassa, the land of the Divine intelli-
gence, the capital of Thibet

Latakia, corrupt, from anc. Laodicea

Latheron, 103

Lauder, named from the R. Leader

Lauffen, 123

Launceston, 121

Laval, anc. Vallis-Guidonis, the valley
of Guido

Lawrence R. , so named because dis-
covered on St. Laurence's Day, 1535

Laybach or Laubach, 15

Learn R., 125

Leamington, 125

Lebanon Mountain, 89

Leeds, 125

Leibnitz, 124

Leighlin, 91

Leighton-Buzzard, 21

Leinster, 183

Leipzig, 128

Leith, named from the river at whose
mouth it stands

Leitrim, 67

Lemberg, 24

Leobschiitz, the place of the Leubuzi,
a Sclavonic tribe

Leominster, 130

Leon, anc. Legio, the station of the yth

Roman Legion
Lepanto, Gulf of, corrupt, from Nau-

pactus, Grk. the ship station
Lerida, anc. Llerda, Basque, the town
Lesmahago, 128
Letterkenny, 125
Leuchars, the marshy land
Levant, Lat. the place of the sun-rising,

as seen from Italy
Leven R. , 124
Lewes, Les ewes, the waters
Lewis Island, Scand. Lyodhuus, the

wharf
Leyden, 69

Liberia, the country of the free, colon-
ised by emancipated slaves
Lichfield, 77
Lidkioping, 47
Liege, 125
Liegnitz, 130
Lifford, 25
Ligny, a patronymic
Lille, in

Lilybaeum, Phoen. opposite Libya
Lima, corrupt, from Rimce, the name

of the river on which it stands and

of a famous idol
Limbourg, 126
Limerick, corrupt, from Lomnech, a

barren spot ; lorn, bare
Limoges, anc. Lemovicum, the dwelling

of the Lemovici
Linares, Span, flax fields
Lincoln, 53
Lindesnaes, 126
Lindores, in Fife, probably a corruption

of Lann-Tours, being the seat of an

anc. Abbey of Tours, founded by

David, Earl of Huntingdon
Linkioping, 47
Linlithgow, 127
Lisbellaw, 128
Lisbon, 104
Lisieux, in France, Lat. Ncrviomagus,

the new field, subsequently named

from the Lexovii
Liskeard, 128

INDEX

229

Lissa, 125
Liverpool, 158

no> I named from the Liefs, a
Livonia, J ^ tribe
Llanerch-y-medd, the place of honey,

in Wales

Llanos, Span, the level plains
Lochaber, 3
Lockerby, 37
Lodi, anc. Laus-Pompeii
Logic, 1 20
Lombardy, the country of the Longo-

bardi, so called from a kind of

weapon which they used
London, 64
Londonderry, 61
Longford, 83

Longniddrie v. LLAN, 122
Loop Head, 123
Lorca, 109
Loretto, named from Lauretta, a lady

who gave the site for a chapel at that

place

L' Orient, so named from an establish-
ment of the East India Company at

the place in 1666
Lorn, Gael. Labhrin, named after one

of the Irish colonists from Dalriada
Lossie R., i
Loughill, Ir. Leamchoil, the elm-

wood
Louisiana, named after Louis XIV. of

France

Louisville, 201
Louth, in Lincoln, named from the R.

Ludd
Louth Co., Ir. Lugk Magh, the field

of Lugh
Lou vain, Ger. Lowen, the lion, named

after a person called Leo
Lowestoft, 192
Lubeck, 128
Luben, 128
Lublin, 128

Lucca, anc. Luca v. LUCUS
Lucena, Basque Lucea, the long town
Lucerne, named from a lighthouse or

beacon, lucerna, formerly placed on

a tower in the middle of the R. Rheus
Lucknow, corrupt, from the native

name Laksneanauti ', the fortunate
Ludlow, 123
Ludwigslust, 131
Lugano, 119
Lugo, 130
Lugos, 130
Lund, 131

Lurgan, Ir. the low ridge
Luxembourg, 131
Luxor, corrupt, from El-Kasur, the

palaces

Lycus R., Grk. leukos
Lyme, in Kent, anc. Kainos-limen,

Grk. the new haven
Lyme-Regis, on the R. Lyme
Lyons, 69

M

MACAO, in China, where there was a
temple sacred to an idol named Ama.
The Portuguese made it Amagoa,
the bay of Ama, corrupted first to
Amacao and then to Macao

Madeira, Port, the woody island

Madras, 153

Madrid, anc. Majetit, origin unknown,
but perhaps from Madarat, Ar.
a city

Maelawr, from mael, Welsh, mart,
and lawr, ground, a general name
for places in Wales where trade
could be carried on without any
hindrance from diversity of races.
James's Welsh Names of Places

Maestricht, 66

Magdala, Semitic, a watch-tower in
Abyssinia

Magdala, in Saxe- Weimar, on the R.
Midgel

Magor, corrupt, from Magwyr, Welsh,
a ruin, the name of a railway station
near Chepstow

Maidenhead, 105

Maidstone, 181

Main R., 132

230

INDEX

Maine, in France, named from the

Cenomani
Mainland, 132
Malabar Coast, or Malaywar, the hilly

country
Malacca, named from the tree called

Malacca
Malaga, Phcen. malac, salt, named

from its trade in salt
Malakoff, named after a sailor of that

name who established a public-house

there

Maldives Islands, 65
Maldon, 69
Mallow, 132

Malpas, Fr. the difficult pass
Malta, Phosn. Melita, a place of refuge
Malvern, 139
Mancha, La, Span, a spot of ground

covered with weeds
Manchester, 44
Manfredonia, named after Manfred,

King of Naples, by whom it was built
Mangalore, named after an Indian

deity
Mangerton Mountain, in Ireland,

corrupt, from Mangartach, i.e. the

mountain covered with mang, a long

hairlike grass

Mans, Le, named after the Cenomani
Mansorah, in Egypt, the victorious
Mantinea, Grk. the place of the pro-
phet or oracle, mantis
Mantua, 133
Manzanares, Span, the apple-tree

orchard

Maracaybo, 143
Maranao, Span, a place overgrown

with weeds
Marathon, a place abounding in fennel,

marathos
Marazion, 84
Marburg, 134
March, 134

Marchena, the marshy land
Marengo, 136

Margarita, the island of pearls
Margate, 88
Marienwerder, 205

Marlow, Great, 136

Marmora, Sea of, named from an
adjacent island, celebrated for its
marble, marmor

Marnoch, Co. Banff, named from St.
Marnoch

Maros R., 136

Maros-Vasarhely, 103

Marquesas Isles, named after Marquis
Mendoza, Viceroy of Peru, who
originated the voyage through which
they were discovered

Marsala, 135

Maryland, named after the queen of
Charles I.

Mathern, corrupt, from Merthyr, the
martyr, the name of a church near
Chepstow, built in memory of
Fewdrig, King of Gwent, who died
on its site as he was returning
wounded from a battle against the
Saxons

Mathravel, the land of apples, one of
the ancient provinces into which
Wales was divided

Matlock, 130

Mauritius, discovered by the Portuguese
in 1505, visited by the Dutch in
1596, who named it after Prince
Maurice of the Netherlands. From
1713 till 1810 it belonged to the
French, who called it Isle of France

May Island, 132

Maynooth, 132

Mayo, the plain of yew-trees

Mazzara, Phcen. the castle

Mazzarino, the little castle

Mearns, corrupt, from Maghgkerkkin,
the plain of Kerkin

Meaux, named from the Meldi

Mecklenburg, 137

Medellin, named after its founder,
Metellus, the Roman consul

Medina, 135

Mediterranean Sea, 138

Meiningen, 132

Meissen, on the R. Meissa

Melbourne, named after Lord Mel-
bourne in 1837

INDEX

231

Meldrum, 67

Melrose, 139

Melun, 69

Memmingen, a patronymic

Memphis or Memphe, i.e. Ma-m-

Phthah, the place of the Egyptian

god Phthah

Menai Strait, anc. Sruth-monena
Menam, the mother of waters, a river

of Siam
Mendip Hills, i.e. mune-duppe, rich in

mines
Mentone, It. the chin, on a point of

lead
Merida, Lat. Augusta Emerita, the

town of the emeriti or veterans,

founded by Emperor Augustus
Merioneth, named after Merion, a

British saint
Merthyr - Tydvil, named after the

daughter of an ancient British king
Meseritz, 138
Meshed, Ar. the mosque
Mesolonghi or Missolonghi, 119
Mesopotamia, 138
Metz, named from the Meomatrici, a

tribe
Michigan Lake, Ind. great lake, or

the weir, or fish-trap, from its shape
Middelburg, 138
Midhurst, 138
Miklos, 137
Milan, 115
Milton, 144

Minnesota R., the sky-coloured water
Miramichi, Ind. happy retreat
Mirgorod, 138
Mississippi R. , Ind. the father of

waters

Missouri, Ind. the muddy stream
Mitrovicz or Mitrovitz, 152
Mittau, named from Mita, a Sclav, deity
Modena, Lat. Mutina, the fortified

place

Moffat, the foot of the moss
Mogadore, named after a saint whose

tomb is on an island off the coast
Moguer, Ar. the caves
Mohawk R., named from a tribe

Moidart or Moydart, 132

Mola, It. the mound, anc. Turres-

Juliani, the town of Julian
Mold, 142
Monaghan, Ir. Muneachain, a place

abounding in little hills
Monaster, 138
Monasterevin, 138
Monda, 142
Mondego, 142

Monena, the river or sea of Mona
Monmouth, at the mouth of the

Mynwy, i.e. the border river, from

which it took its ancient name
Montgomery, 142
Montrose, 168
Moravia, 136
Morayshire, 119
Morbihan, 119
Morecambe Bay, 39
Morocco, the country of the Moors, 22
Morpeth, 143
Morven, 143
Morvern, 143
Moscow, 142
Moulins, 141
Mourne Mountains, 142
Moy, Moyne, 132
Muhlhausen, 141
Mull Island, 145
Miinden, 140
Munich, 140

Munster, in Germany, 138
Munster, in Ireland, 138
Murcia, 134
Murviedro, 145
Muscat or Meschid, Ar. the tomb of

a saint
Muthil, 143
Mysore, corrupt from Mahesh-Asura,

the name of a buffalo-headed monster,

said to have been destroyed by the

goddess Kali

N

NAAS, Ir. a fair or place of meeting
Nablous, 158

232

INDEX

Nagore, na-gara, Sansc. a city

Nagpore, 160

Nagy-Banja, 18

Nagy-Koros, 146

Nairn, on the R. Nairn, anc. Ainear-
nan, east-flowing river

Nancy, 146

Nankin, Chinese, the southern capital

Nantes, 146

Nantwich, 146

Naples, 158

Narbonne, named from iheNarbonenses

Naseby, the town on the cape

Nashville, named from Colonel Nash

Nassau, 146

Natal, Colony, so named because dis-
covered on Christmas Day, Dies-
natalis, by Vasco de Gama in 1498

Natchez, a tribe name

Naumburg, 148

Naupactus, the place of ships

Nauplia, a sea -port, from the Grk.
naus, a ship, and pleos, full

Navan, Ir. ri ' Eamhain, literally the
neck brooch, so named from a legend
connected with the foundation of an
ancient palace there

Navarre, 147

Naxos, the floating island

Naze, Cape, 145

Nebraska, Ind. the shallow river

Nedjed, Ar. the elevated country

Negropont, 159

Neilgherry Hills, 90

Nemours, the place of the sacred grove,
nemus

Nenagh, 74

Ness, Loch and R. , 73

Neston, 73

Netherlands, 147

Neusatz, 148

Neusohl, 148

Neuwied, 148

Nevada Mountains v. SIERRA, 175

Nevers, anc. Nivernum and Novio-
dunum, the new fort or the R. Nievre

Neviansk, on the R. Neva

Newark, 206

Newcastle, 43

Newport, 156

New Ross, 167

Newry, Ir. lubhar-cinn-tragha, the

yew-tree at the head of the strand
New York, named after the Duke of

York, brother of Charles II.
Niagara, corrupt, from Oni-aw-ga-rah,

the thunder of waters
Nicastro, new camp
Nicopoli, 158
Nijni Novgorod, 148
Nile R. , native name Sihor, the blue,

called by the Jews Nile, the stream
Nimeguen, 133
Nimes or Nismes, 147
Ningpo, the repose of the waves
Niphon Mount, the source of light
Nippissing, a tribe name
Nogent, 149
Noirmoutier, 138
Nola, 148
Nombre-de-dios, the name of God, a

city of Mexico
Norrkoping, 47
Northumberland, 149
Norway, 149
Nova Scotia, so named in concession to

Sir William Alexander, a Scotsman,

who settled there in the reign of

James II. It was named Markland

by its Norse discoverer, Eric the

Red

Nova Zembla, 148
Noyon, anc. Noviodunum, the new

fort

Nubia, Coptic, the land of gold
Nuneaton, the nun's town, on the R.

Ea, in Warwickshire, the seat of an

ancient priory
Nurnberg, 24

Nyassa and Nyanza, the water
Nyborg, 148

Nykoping or Nykobing, 47
Nystadt, 148

OAKHAM, 5

Oban, Gael, the little bay

INDEX

233

Ochill Hills, 198

Ochiltree, 198

Odensee, 71

Oeta Mount, sheep mountain

Ofen or Buda, 33

Ohio, beautiful river, called by the

French La Belle riviere
Oldenburg, 7
Olekminsk, 176

Olympus Mountain, the shining
Omagh, Omeha, named from a tribe
Omsk, 176
Oosterhout, 107
Oporto, 156

Oppeln, the town on the R. Oppo
Oppido, Lat. Oppidum
Orange, anc. Arausione, the town on

the R. Araise
Orange R. and Republic, named after

Maurice, Prince of Orange
Oregon R., from the Span, organa, wild

marjoram

Orellana R. , named from its discoverer
Orissa, named from a tribe
Orkney Islands, in
Orleans, corrupt, from Aurelianum,

named after the Emperor Aurelian
Orme's Head, Norse ormr, a serpent,

from its shape
Ormskirk, 125
Orvieto, 199
Osborne, named after the Fitz-Osborne

family

Oschatz, Sclav. Osada, the colony
Osimo, 199
Osnabriick, 31

Ossa Mountain, Grk. the watch-tower
Ostend, 74
Ostia, Lat. the place at the river's

mouth, Os
Oswestry, 57

Othrys, the mountain with the over-
hanging brow, Grk. othrus
Otranto, anc. Hydruntum, a place

almost surrounded by water, Mor,

Grk.

Ottawa, a tribe name
Ottawa R. , a tribe name
Oudenarde, 7

Oudh or Awadh, corrupt, from Ayodfia,

the invincible
Oulart, corrupt, from Abhalgort, Ir.

apple field
Oundle, 60
Ouro-preto, 160
Ouse R., 198
Overyssel R., 150
Oviedo is said to have derived this

name from the Rivers Ove and Divo.

Its Latin name was Lucus-Asturum,

the grove of the Asturians
Owyhee, the hot place

PADERBORN, 32

Padstow, 183

Paestum, anc. Poseidonia, the city of
Poseidon or Neptune

Palamcotta, 55

Palermo, corrupt, from Panormus, Grk.
the spacious harbour

Palestine, the land of the Philistines,
strangers ; from Crete, who occupied
merely a strip of the country on the
coast, and yet gave their own name
to the whole land

Palma, the palm-tree

Palmas, Lat. the palm-trees

Palmyra or Tadmor, the city of palms

Pampeluna or Pamplona, 158

Panama Bay, the bay of mud fish

Panjab or Punjaub, 2

Paraguay, 153

Parahyba, 153

Paramaribo, 144

Parapamisan Mountains, the flat-
topped hills

Parchim, 153

Paris, 130

Parsonstown, named form Sir William
Parsons, who received a grant of the
land on which the town stands, with
the adjoining estate, from James I.
in 1670

Passau, 44

Patagonia, so called from the clumsy
shoes of its native inhabitants

234

INDEX

Patna, 153

Paunton, 159

Pays de Vaud, 200

Peebles, anc. Peblis, Cym.-Cel. the
tents or sheds

Peel, 153

Peiho R. , 105

Pe-king, Chinese, the northern capital

Pe-ling Mountains, the northern moun-
tains

Pelion, the clayey mountains, ' pelos,
Grk. clay

Pella, the stony

Pembroke, 30

Penicuik, 154

Pennsylvania, named after William
Penn, whose son had obtained a
grant of forest land in compensa-
tion for ^16,000 which the king
owed to his father

Pentland Hills, corrupt, from the
Pictsland Hills

Penzance, 154

Perekop, the rampart

Perigord, named from the Petrocorii

Perm, anc. Biarmaland, the country
of the Biarmi

Pernambuco, the mouth of hell, so
called from the violent surf at the
mouth of its harbour

Pernau, 126

Pershore, 150

Perth, 19

Perthddu, Welsh, the black brake or
brushwood, in Wales

Perugia, 152

Peshawur, the advanced fortress

Pesth, 150

Peterhead, 112

Peterwarden, the fortress of Peter the
Hermit

Petra, the stony

Petropaulovski, the port of Peter and
Paul

Pforzheim, 135

Philadelphia, the town of brotherly
love, in America

Philippi, named after Philip of Mace-
don

Philippine Isles, named after Philip II.

of Spain
Philipstown, in Ireland, named after

Philip, the husband of Queen Mary
Phocis, the place of seals
Phoenice, either the place of palms

or the Phoenician settlement
Phoenix Park, in Dublin, 80
Piedmont, the foot of the mountain
Pietermaritzburg, named after two

Boer leaders
Pillau, 153

Pisgah Mountain, the height
Pittenweem, 157

Pittsburg, named after William Pitt
Placentia, Lat. the pleasant place
Plassy, named from a grove of a cer-
tain kind of tree
Plattensee or Balaton, 173
Plenlimmon Mountain, Welsh, the

mountain with five peaks
Plock, or Plotsk, 26
Ploermel, 157
Podgoricza, 157

Poictiers, named from the Pictones
Poland, Sclav, the level land
Polynesia, 112
Pomerania, 143

Pondicherri, Tamil, the new village
Pontoise, 159
Poole, 158
Popocatepetl Mountain, the smoking

mountain
Portrush, 168
Portugal, 156

Potenza, Lat. Potentia, the powerful
Potsdam, 157
Powys, the name of an ancient district

in North Wales, signifying a place

of rest

Pozoblanco, 161

Prague, Sclav. Prako, the threshold
Prato-Vecchio, 160
Prenzlow, the town of Pribislav, a

personal name
Presburg or Brezisburg, the town of

Brazilaus
Prescot, 55
Presteign and Preston, 194

INDEX

235

Privas, anc. Privatium Castra, the
fortress not belonging to the state,
but private property"

Prossnitz, on the R. Prosna

Providence, in U.S., so named by
Roger Williams, who was perse-
cuted by the Puritan settlers in
Massachusetts because he preached
toleration in religion, and was
obliged to take refuge at that place,
to which, in gratitude to God, he
gave this name

Prussia, the country of the Pruezi

Puebla, Span, a town or village

Puebla-de-los-Angelos, the town of the
angels, so called from its fine
climate

Puenta-de-la-Reyna, 159

Puerto, the harbour

Pulo-Penang, 161

Puozzuoli, 161

Puy-de-dome, 156

Pwlhelli, 159

Pyrenees Mountains, named either
from the Basque pyrge, high, or
from the Celtic pyr, a fir-tree

Pyrmont, 142

QUANG-SE, the western province, in

China

Quang-tung, the eastern province
Quatre-Bras, Fr. the four arms, i.e.

at the meeting of four roads
Quebec, in Canada, named after

Quebec in Brittany, the village on

the point
Queensberry, 24
Queen's County, named after Queen

Mary

Queensferry, 76
Queensland and Queenstown, named

after Queen Victoria
Quimper, 53
Quimper-16, 53
Quita, the deep ravine

R

RADNORSHIRE, 165

Radom and Radomka, named after

the Sclav, deity Ratzi
Rajputana, 163
Ramgunga, 86
Ramnaggur, ram's fort
Ramsgate, 88
Randers, 162
Raphoe, 163

Rapidan R. , named after Queen Anne
Rappahannock R., Ind. the river of

quick-rising waters
Rastadt, 163
Ratibor, 28
Ratisbon, Sclav, the fortress on the

R. Regen, Ger. Regena Castra or

Regensburg
Ravenna, 79
Rayne, Gael, raon, a plain, a parish

in Aberdeenshire
Reading, a patronymic
Redruth, in Cornwall, in old deeds,

Tre-Druith, the dwelling of the

Druids

Reeth, on the stream, rith
Rega R., 164
Reichenbach, 15
Reichenhall, 98
Reigate, 88
Reims or Rheims, named for the

Remi, a tribe
Remscheid, 171
Renaix, corrupt, from Hrodnace, the

town of Hrodno
Renfrew, 162
Rennes, named from the Rhedoni, a

tribe

Resht, Ar. headship
Resolven, Welsh Rhiw, Scotch maen,

the brow of the stonehead, in

Glamorganshire
Reculver, in Kent, corrupt, from

Regoluion, the point against the

waves

Retford, 166

Reutlingen, a patronymic
Revel, named from two small islands

236

INDEX

near the town, called reffe, the
sand-banks

Reykjavik or Reikiavik, 209

Rhine R. and Rhone R. , 164

Rhode Island, 74

Rhodes and Rosas, in Spain, named
from the Rhodians, a Grecian tribe

Rhyddlan or Rhuddlan, Cym. - t Cel
the red church

Rhyl, the cleft, a watering-place in
North Wales

Rhymni, the marshy land, in Mon-
mouthshire, on a river called the
Rhymni, from the nature of the
land through which it flows v.
Romney, at EA, 71

Riga, 126

Ringwood, in Hants, the wood of the
Regni

Rio-de-Janeiro, 164

Ripon, 167

Ritzbuttel, 27

Rive-de-Gier, 166

Rivoli, 166

Rochdale, the valley of the R. Roche

Rochefort, 167

Rochelle, 167

Rochester, 167

Roermonde, 140

Romania or Roumilli, 109

Romans, anc. Romanum-Monasterium,
the monastery of the Romans,
founded by St. Bernard

Rome, perhaps named from ihegroma,
or four cross roads that, at the
forum formed the nucleus of the
city

Romorantin, 166

Roncesvalles, 200

Roque, La, Cape, the rock

Roscommon, 167

Roscrea, 167

Rosetta, anc. Ar. Rasched, headship

Ross, in Hereford, 165

Rossbach, the horse's brook

Ross-shire, 168

Rothenburg, 165

Rotherham, 165

Rotherthurm, 165

Rothesay, the isle of Rother, the

ancient name of Bute
Rotterdam, 60
Rouen, 133
Rousillon, named from the ancient

town of Ruscino, a Roman colony
Roveredo, Lat Roboretum, a place

planted with oaks, in Tyrol
Row, in Dumbartonshire, from rubha,

Gael, a promontory running into

the sea

Roxburgh, 167
Ruabon, corrupt, from Rhiw-Mabon-

Sant, the ascent of St. Mabon, in

North Wales
Rudgeley or Rugely, 166
Rugen, named from the Rugii
Runcorn, 45
Runnymede, 132
Rushbrook and Rushford, 167
Russia, named from the Rossi, a tribe

of Norsemen in the ninth century
Ruthin and Rhuddlan, 165
Rutland, 165
Rybinsk, 168
Ryde, 167
Ryswick, 168

SAALE R. , 169

Saarbriick, 31

Saar-Louis, 12

Sabor, 28

Sabor R., 28

Saffron Walden, 202

Sagan, Sclav, behind the road

Sahara, 176

Saida or Sidon, Semitic, fish town

Saintes, named from the Santones

Salamanca, 169

Salem, in U.S., intended by the

Puritans to be a type of the New

Jerusalem
Salford, 169
Salins, 169
Salisbury, 35

Salonica, corrupt, from Thessalonica
Salop, contracted from Sloppesbury,

INDEX

237

the Norman corruption of Scrobbes-

bury, the town among shrubs, now

Shrewsbury v. 34
Saltcoats, 55
Salzburg, 169
Samarcand, said to have been named

after Alexander the Great
Samaria, the town of Shemir
Samos, Phoen. the lofty
Sandwich, 209
Sangerhausen v. SANG
Sanquhar, 172
San Salvador, the Holy Saviour, the

first land descried by Columbus, and

therefore named by him from the

Saviour, who had guarded him in so

many perils
San Sebastian, the first Spanish colony

founded in South America
Santa Cruz, 57
Santa F6, the city of the holy faith,

founded by Queen Isabella after the

siege of Granada

Santander, named after St. Andrew
Saragossa, corrupt, from Ccesarea

Augusta; its Basque name was

Saluba, the sheep's ford
Sarawak, Malay Sarakaw, the cove
Sarnow, 212
Saskatchewan, swift current, a river in

British North America
Saul, in Gloucester v. SALH, 169
Saul, Co. Down v. SABHALL, 168
Saumur, anc. Salmurium, the walled

building
Saxony, 170
Scala-nova, 39
Scalloway, 170
Scarborough, 175
Scawfell Mountain, 78
Schaffhausen, 102
Schemnitz, 114
Schichallion Mountain, Gael. Ti-chail-

linn, the maiden's pap
Schleswick, 209
Schmalkalden, 171
Schotturen, the Scotch Vienna, a

colony of Scottish monks having

settled there

Schreckhorn Mountain, 107
Schweidnitz, Sclav, the place of the

cornel-tree

Schweinfurt, the ford of the Suevi
Schwerin, 172
Scilly Islands, the islands of the rock,

siglio
Scinde, the country of the R. Indus or

Sinde
Scratch meal Scar, in Cumberland

V. SKAER, 175

Scutari, in Albania, corrupt, from

Scodra, hill town
Scutari, in Turkey, from Uskudar,

Pers. a messenger, having been in

remote periods, what it is to this day,

a station for Asiatic couriers
Sebastopol, 158
Sedlitz, 174
Segovia, anc. Segubia, probably the

plain on the river-bend ; ce, a plain,

and gubia, a bend
Selby, 173
Selinga, 173
Semipalatinsk, 152
Senlis, 173

Sens, named from the Senones
Seringapatam, 153
Settle, 173

Seville, Phoen. Sephala, a marshy plain
Sevres, named from the two rivers

which traverse it, anc. Villa Savara
Shamo, Chinese, the desert
Shan v. SEANN, 172
Shanghai, supreme court
Shansi, west of the mountain
Shantung, east of the mountain
Sherborne, 172
Shetland Islands, 104
Shields, 170
Shiraz, 174
Shirvan, said to have been named after

Nieshirvan, a king of Persia
Shotover, corrupt, from Chateauvert,

green castle
Shrewsbury v. Salop
Sicily, named from the Siculi, a tribe
Sidlaw Hills, fairy hills v. SIDH
Sidon v. Saida, in Index,

INDEX

Silesia, Sclav. Zlezia, the bad land
Silhet or Sirihat, the rich market
Silloth Bay, perhaps herring bay, sil,

Norse, a herring, and lod, a bundle

of fishing lines
Sion or Sitten, 174
Sion, Mount, the upraised
Skagen, Cape, 176
Skager-rack, 176
Skaw Cape, 176
Skipton, 176
Skye Island, Gael. Ealan - skianach,

the winged island
Slamanan, 177
Sligo, named from the R. Sligeach,

shelly water
Sluys, 171
Slyne Head, 46
Snafell Mountain, 78
Snaith, 177

Snowdon Mountain, 70
Socotra, 65

Soissons, named from the Suessiones
Sokoto, the market-place
Soleure, corrupt, from St. Ours or

Ursinus, to whom the church was

dedicated
Solway Firth, according to Camden,

was named from a small village in

Scotland called Solam
Somerset, 173

Sommariva, the summit of the bank
Somogy, Hung, the place of cornel-
trees
Sophia, Grk. wisdom, dedicated to the

second person of the Trinity
Sorbonne, mamed from Robert de Sor-

bonne, almoner of St. Louis
Sost or Soest, 174
Soudan v. BELED
Southampton, 194
Southwark, 206
Souvigny, 173
Spa, 82
Spalatro, 152
Sparta, Grk. the sowed land or the

place of scattered houses
Spires or Speyer, named from the

R. Speyerbach

Spitzbergen, 156

Spurn Head, the look-out cape, from
spyrian, to look out

St. Alban's Head, corrupt, from St.
Aldhelm's Head

St. Andrews, so named from a tradi-
tion that the bones of St. Andrew
were brought to that place by St.
Regulus : formerly called Mucros,
the boar's headland, and then Kil-
rymont, the church or cell of the
king's mount

St. Cloud for St. Hloddwald

St. David's, in Wales, Welsh Ty-
Ddewi v. TY

St. Heliers for St. Hilarius

St. Omer for St. Awdomar

Stadel, etc., 179

Staffa, 1 80

Staines, 181

Stamboul, 158

Stanislaus, named after Stanislaus of
Poland

Stantz, 1 8 1

Stargard, 182

Starodub, 182

Startpoint, 182

Stavropol, 158

Stellenbosch, 36

Stepney, 105

Stetten, Sclav. Zytyn, the place of green
corn

Stirling, Cym.-Cel. Ystrevelyn, the
town of the Easterlings, from
Flanders

Stockholm, 106

Stockport, 184

Stockton, 184

Stoke, 183

Stolpe, 184

Stonehaven, 97

Stow-market, 183

Stradbally, 184

Stralsund, 185

Strasbourg, 184

Strehlitz, 184

Striegau or Cziska, Sclav, the place on
the small stream, tschuga

Stulweissenburg v. FEHER

INDEX

239

Stuttgard, 87

Styria or Steyermark, the boundary
of the R. Steyer

Sudetic Mountains, 185

Suez, the mouth or opening

Suffolk, 185

Sumatra, corrupt, from Trimatra, the
happy

Sunderbunds, corrupt, from Sundari-
vana, so called from the forest,
uana, of Sundari-trees

Sunderland, 186

Surat, i.e. Su-rashta, the good country

Surrey, 164

Susa, a city of ancient Persia, so
called from the lilies in its neigh-
bourhood ; susa, a lily

Sussex, 170

Sutherlandshire, 185

Sviatoi-nos, 146

Swan R. , so named from the number
of black swans seen by the first dis-
coverer

Swansea, 71

Sweden, 164

Sydney, named after a governor of
the colony

Syria v. BELED, 20

Szent-kercsyt, 186

Szentes, for saint, 186

TABRIZ, anc. Taurus, the mountain
town

Tagus or Tejo R., Phoen. the fish
river

Tain, 190

Takhtapul, the throne city, the seat
of the Turkish Afghan government

Takht-i-Soliman, the throne of Solo-
mon, being the highest of the Solo-
mon Mountains

Talavera, 29

Tamsai, fresh water town, in China

Tananarive, the city of one thousand
towns, the capital of Madagascar

Tanderagee, Ir. Ton-legasitk, the place

with its back to the wind
Tanjier, Phosn. the city protected by

God

Tanjore, corrupt, from Tanjavur,
derived from its ancient name
Tanja-Nagaram, the city of refuge
Tarazona, 199

Tarifa, named after a Moorish chief
Tarnopol, 187
Tarporley, 126
Tarragona, anc. Tarraco, Phoen.

Tarchon, the citadel or palace
Tarsus, Phoen. the strong place
Tasmania, named after Abel Tasman,
who discovered it in 1642. It was
called Van Diemen's Land in honour
of the Governor - General of the
Dutch East India Company
Taurus Mountain, 196
Tavistock, 184
Tay R., 187
Tcherniz, 212
Teflis, ^89

Teltown, Ir. Tailten, where Taillte,
the daughter of the King of Spain,
was buried
Temeswar, Hung, the fortress on the

R. Temes
Temisconata, the wonder of water, a

county and lake in Canada
Temple, a parish in Mid-Lothian, where
there was an establishment for the
Templars or Red Friars, founded
by David I.
Tennessee R., the spoon-shaped river,

so called from its curve
Tenterden, 62
Teramo, 14
Terni, 14
Terranova, 189
Texas, Ind. hunting ground
Tezcuco, Mexican, the place of de-
tention

Thames R., 187
Thannheim, 187
Thapsus, the passage
Thaxsted, 180
Thebes, in Egypt, Taba, the capital

240

INDEX

Thermia, Grk. the place of warm

springs, in Sicily
Thermopylae, the defile of the warm

springs
Thian-shan, Chinese, the celestial

mountains
Thian-shan-nan-loo, the country south

of the celestial mountains
Thian-shan-pe-loo, the country north

of the celestial mountains
Thibet, supposed to be a corrupt, of

Thupo, the country of the Thou, a

people who founded an empire there

in the sixth century
This or Abou-This, i.e. the city of

This, corrupted by the Greeks into

Abydos
Thouars, 12

Thrace, Grk. the rough land, trachus
Thun, 69
Thurgau, 88
Thurles, 128
Thurso, i
Tiber R., 192
Tideswell, 161
Tierra-del-Fuego, 189
Tillicoultry, 198
Tilsit or Tilzela, at the conf. of the

R. Tilzele with the Memel
Tinnevelly, corrupt, from Trinavali,

one of the names of Vishnu
Tinto Hill, 189
Tipperary, 192
Tiree Island, 189
Tiverton, 83

Tlascala, Mexican, the place of bread
Tobermory, 192
Tobolsk, 176
Todmorden, corrupt, from Todmare-

dean, the valley of the foxes' mere

or marsh
Tomantoul, 192
Tomsk, 176
Tongres, 186

Tonquin, Chinese Tang-king, the east-
ern capital

Toome v. TUAIM, 197
Toplitz, Neu and Alt
Torgau, 195

Torquay, 195

Torres Straits, named after one of

Magalhaen's lieutenants
Torres- Vedras, 195
Torquemada, 195
Tory Island, 195
Toul and Toulouse, 50
Toulon, anc. Telonium or Telo Mar-
tins, named after its founder
Tourcoing, 195
Tours, 196
Towie and Tough, parishes in Aber-

deenshire, from Gael, tuath, the

north

Trafalgar, 90
Tralee, 196
Tranent, 197
Transylvania, 173
Trapani, anc. Drafanum, the sickle,

Grk. drepanon
Tras-os-Montes, 142
Traun R. , 196
Traunik, 196
Traunviertel, 196
Trave R., 196
Trebizond, Grk. trapezus, the table, so

called from its form
Trent, anc. Civitas-Tridentium, the

town of the Tridenti
Troves, named from the Treviri, a

tribe
Trichinapalli, the town of the giant

Trisira

Trim, at the elder- tree, 197
Trinidad, so named by Columbus

from its three peaks, emblematic of

the Holy Trinity
Tring, a patronymic
Tripoli, 158
Tripolitza, 158
Trolhatta Fall, Goth, the abyss of the

trolls or demons
Trondhjem or Drontheim
Troon, 178

Troppau, i.e. Zur-Oppa, on the R. Oppa
Troyes, named from the Tricasses
Truro, 197
Truxillo, in Spain, corrupt, from

Turris-Julii , Julius's tower

INDEX

241

Tuam, 197

Tubingen, anc. Diawingen, probably
a patronymic

Tudela, anc. Tutela, the watch-tower

Tullamore, 197

Tulle, anc. Tutela, the watch-tower

Tullow, 197

Turin, anc. Augusta- Taurinorum,
named from the Taurini, i.e. dwell-
ers among hills

Tweed R. , Brit, tuedd, a border

Tyndrum, 188

Tynron, 188

Tyre, 196

Tyrnau, on the R. Tyrnau

Tyrone, 189

Tzerna or Czerna R. , 212

Tzernagora, 212

U

UDNY, a parish in Aberdeenshire,

i.e. Wodeney, from the Saxon god

Woden
Uist, North and South, Scand. Vist,

an abode

Uj-hely, Hung, new place
Ukraine, Sclav, the frontier or boundary
Ulleswater, 206

Ulm or Ulma, the place of elm-trees
Ulster, 183
Unst Island, anc. Ornyst, Scand. the

eagle's nest

Unyamuezi, the land of the moon
Upsala, 169
Ural Mountains and R., Tartar, the

belt or girdle
Usedom, the Germanised form of Huz-

ysch, Sclav, the place of learning
Usk R., 198
Utrecht, 66

V

VALAIS, 199
Valence, in France, and
Valencia, in Spain, anc. Valentia, the

powerful
Valenciennes and Valenza, or Valence,

said to have been named after the

Emperor Valentinian
Valentia Island, in Ireland, Ir.

Dearbhre, the oak wood
Valetta, in Malta, named after the

Grand Master of the Knights of St.

John in 1566
Valparaiso, 200
Van Diemen's Land, named after

Maria Van Diemen by Tasman
Vannes, named from the Veneti
Varna, Turc. the fortress
Varosvar, 200
Vasarhely, 103
Vaucluse, 200
Vaud, Pays de, 200
Velekaja R. , 200
Vende"e, La, and
Vendome, named from the Veneti
Venezuela, little Venice, so called from

an Indian village constructed on

piles, discovered by the Spaniards
Venice, 79
Venloo, 79
Ventnor, 150
Ventry, 196
Verdun and Verden, 69
Vermont, green mountain
Vevey, anc. Vibiscum, on the R. Vip
Viborg, 20 1
Vick, 210
Vienna, Ger. Wien, on the R. Wien,

an affluent of the Danube
Viesti, named from a temple dedicated

to Vesta
Vigo, 209
Vimeira, Port, the place of osiers,

vime

Vincennes, anc. Ad-Vicenas
Virginia, named after Queen Elizabeth
Vistula or Wisla, the west -flowing

river
Vitre", corrupt, from Victoriacum, the

victorious
Vitry, the victorious, founded by

Francis I.
Vladimir, founded by the ducal family

of that name in the twelfth century
Vogelberg, the hill of birds

242

INDEX

Volga, the great water

Volhynia, Sclav, the plain

Voorburg, 84

Voralberg, i.e. in front of the Arlberg

ridge
Vukovar, the fortress on the R. Vuka

W

WAKEFIELD, 206

Walcherin Island, 204

Waldeck, 202

Walden, Saffron, 202

Wales, 203

Wallachia, 204

Wallendorf, 204

Wallenstadt, 204

Wallingford, 203

Walthamstow, 202

Ware, 207

Wareham, 207

Warminster, 207

Warrington, a patronymic

Warsaw, the fortified place v. VAR

Warwick, 205

Waterford, 80

Waterloo, 130

Weimar, 134

Weissenfels, 207

Weistritz R. , the swift, straight stream

Well v. QUELLE

Welland R. , the river into which the

tide flows

Wellingborough, a patronymic
Wellington, a patronymic
Weljs, 161
Welshpool, Welsh Trallwng, the

quagmire
Wem, 198

Wemys, uamk, the cave
Werden, 205
Wesely, Hung, pleasant
Weser R. , i
Westeraas, 208
Westphalia, the western plain
Wetterhorn, 108
Wexford, 80
Whitby, 37

Whitehaven, 97

Whi thorn, n

Wiborg, 20 1

Wick, 209

Wicklow, 209

Wiesbaden, 16

Wigan, 201

Wight, Isle of, anc. Zuzo-yr-with, the

island of the channel
Wigton, 201
Wiltshire, 173
Wimbleton, 193
Wimborne, 210
Winchester, 44
Windsor, 150
Wirksworth, 208
Wisbeach, the shore of the R. Ouse,

uisge, water
Wisconsin, Ind. the wild rushing

channel
Wismar, 210
Withey, 207
Wittenberg, 207
Wittstock, 210

Wladislawaw, the town of Wladislav
Wokingham, 5
Wolfenbuttel, 27
Wolga v. Volga
Wolverhampton, 193
Woodstock, 210
Wooler, 211
Woolwich, 104
Worcester, anc. Huic-wara-ceaster,

the camp of the Huieci
Worms, 133
Worm's Head, the serpent's head,

ornr, from its form
Worthing, 211
Wrath, Cape, Scand. the cape of the

hvarf, or turning
Wrietzen or Brietzen, Sclav, the place

of birch-trees v. BRASA
Wroxeter, anc. Uriconium
Wurtemberg, anc. Wrtinisberk, from

a personal name
Wurtzburg, 212
Wycombe, 53
Wyoming Valley, corrupt. iromMaztgh-

wauwame, Ind. the large plains

INDEX

243

X

XANTHUS R., Grk. the yellow river
Xeres de la Frontera, anc. Asta Regia

C<zsariana, Caesar's royal fortress
Xeres de los Caballeros, Cassar's

cavalry town

YAKUTSK, named from the Yakuts, a

Tartar tribe
Yang-tse Kiang R., the son of the

great water
Yarra, the ever -flowing, a river in

Australia

Yeddo or Jeddo, river door
Yell, barren

Yemen, to the south or right
Yeni- Bazaar, 212
Yenisi R., 212
Yeovil, 20 1
York, 209

Youghal, anc. Eochaill, the yew wood
Ypres or Yperen, the dwelling on the

Yperlea

Ysselmonde, 140
Yunnan, the cloudy south region, in

China
Yvetot, 192
Yvoire, 9

ZAB R., 212

Zabern, 186

Zambor, Sclav, behind the wood

Zanguebar or Zanjistan, Pers. and

Arab., the land of the Zangis and

Bahr

Zaragossa v. Saragossa
Zealand, in Denmark, Sjvelland,

spirit land

Zealand, in Netherlands, land sur-
rounded by the sea
Zeitz, named after Ciza, a Sclav.

goddess
Zell or Cell, 48
Zerbst, belonging to the Wends,

Sserbski

Zittau, the place of corn
Zug, anc. Tugium, named from the

Tugeni, a tribe
Zurich, anc. Thiouricum, the town

of the Thuricii, who built it after it

had been destroyed by Attila
Zutphen, 79
Zuyder-Zee, 172
Zweibriicken, 31
Zwickau, the place of goats, Ger.

Ziege
Zwolle, anc. Suole, Old Ger. Sval, at

the swell of the water

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